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Theaim of this study was to get the views of academics on the importance ofbalancing and permanence oflearning of the conceptual and operational learning. The sample group of theresearch was composed of eight academics employed in Science and Physicsdepartments in Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University and Atatürk University. In thisstudy, 12 interview questions which are prepared with the aim of identifyingthe descriptions and steps of cognitive and operational learning are groupedbased on phenomenographic approach which is an explicative approach. As a result of grouping, four differentcategories (A, B, C and D) have been formed. It is aimed at; identifying therelations between cognitive knowledge and operational knowledge in category A,identifying the importance of cognitive knowledge and operational knowledge inscience education in category B, expressiveness of cognitive and operationallearning and examination of the influence on each other in terms of permanencein category C, while in category D, it is aimed at examining the influence oflearning mathematics and learning physics on each other. According to theresults gained from the interviews, it is stated that cognitive learning andoperational learning are of crucial importance in science education,operational knowledge includes cognitive knowledge and vice-versa, havinggained the cognitive knowledge (or might have) has influence on gainingoperational knowledge, whereas having gained the operational knowledge mightnot have influence on gaining cognitive knowledge, it is necessary thatcognitive learning and operational learning be balanced, in case the balance isruined/disturbed (in case of unbalance) the students might set up positiverelations with their permanent learning, various factors emanating fromteacher, student, educational system have influence on difficulties experiencedby the students in using mathematics for solving physics problems

Throughout the history of mankind, tuberculosis (TB) has caused serious illness and still continues to do so. Archaeobiological studies indicated that TB in humans dates back to 4000-8000 BC, and cases were shown to be due to Mycobacterium bovis subsp.bovis rather than Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Moreover, this situation was thought to begin with domestication of animals, consumption of their milk, and living together in the same environment with them. Over time, with the consumption of boiled milk and with the establishment of separate animal shelters, M.bovis subsp. bovis infection began to be seen rarely. Today, M.bovis infection is mostly transmitted from animals to humans and very rarely from humans to other humans. The most significant means of transmission of the infection are to the gastrointestinal tract via consumption of raw milk and to the respiratory system via droplet infection from the animals with disease. In this study, it was planned to investigate the cause of occurrence of TB in cattles in Duzce in the past few years along with the presence of bovine type TB in cases of human tuberculosis. We aimed to carry out subtype determination of the M.tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains isolated in our mycobacteriology laboratory between the years 2004-2014, and evaluate the clinical and sociodemographic data of patients in whom M.bovis subsp. bovis was detected. The strains that were selected for the study have been isolated from radiometric BACTEC™ 12B broth and/or Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) media between 2004-2009, and BACTEC™ MGIT™ (Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube) and/or LJ media between 2009-2014 periods. The GenoType MTBC Kit (Hain-Lifescience GmbH, Germany) was used in the study for determination of the subspecies. Extraction and amplification of DNA and hybridizations were performed according to test procedure in order to investigate the presence of subtypes of the MTBC species in skimmed milk from collections stored at -20°C. In the study, MTBC strains isolated from 220 patients (217 adults, 3 children; 145 male, 75 female) were evaluated and 217 (98.6%) of them were identified as M.tuberculosis/M.canettii and three (1.4%) as M.bovis subsp. bovis. When the distribution of the isolates were evaluated according to the years, it was noted that three (2.8%) cases out of 106 patients within the last three years, were found to be infected with M.bovis subsp. bovis, while none were detected in the 114 cases from the previous years. This data emphasized a parallel course with the reported cases of cattle tuberculosis in recent years. The risk factors, clinical and sociodemographic features, treatment process, outcomes, and mycobacteriological findings of those three patients were reviewed. Accordingly, the first case was a 63-year-old female with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure, who was dealing with animal husbandry. She was diagnosed as miliary TB on July 2012 and completed her treatment schedule. The second case, who was also dealing with animal husbandry was a 85-year-old male with prostate carcinoma. This case was diagnosed as pulmonary TB on December 2013, however he has quited the treatment and died two months later. The third case, a 27-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with a cervical mass that developed when she was working as a seasonal laborer. She was diagnosed to have lymph node TB in September 2014 and completed her treatment schedule. The strains isolated from the first and third cases were found to be susceptible to streptomycin (STR), isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF) and ethambutol (EMB), while the strain isolated from the second case was susceptible to STR, INH and RIF, but resistant to EMB. All of the three isolates were resistant to pyrazinamide. As a result, it was concluded that large-scaled and attentive monitoring of TB infections in animals, as well as searching for M.bovis subsp. bovis in TB cases, especially in high-risk groups would be essential for an accurate diagnosis.

WOS: 000421350700006 PubMed: 26523900 Introduction: Tuberculosis dispensaries have played important roles in management of patients with tuberculosis. Tuberculosis patients diagnosed and treatments are started at dispensaries as well as other health care institutions. Other institutions must be aware of the mission of dispensaries especially at the treatment and follow-up of patients. We aimed to investigate in which health care institutions tuberculosis patients diagnosed and treatment started and whether the awareness about dispanseries is sufficient. Patients and Methods: Records of tuberculosis patients in Elazig dispansery examined retrospectively. The data obtained were analyzed by Microsoft Excel. Results: Records of 854 patients with tuberculosis has been reached those followed in Elazig dispensary between the years 2005-2011. Percentages of the patients diagnosed in university hospital, dispensary and state hospitals were 36.3%, 18.5% and 17.3%; respectively. Treatments of patients were started in dispensary (81.9%), university hospital (7.7%), and chest disease hospital (4.3%). Conclusion: Treatment starting rate of dispensary was high because patients diagnosed by other health institutions directed to dispensary for taking the first drugs and beginning of the treatment. In tuberculosis control program; dispensaries carry out important operational functions in management of tuberculosis patients and other health institutions are aware of this situation.

We aimed to compare the inspiratory and expiratory quantitative computed tomography (CT) densitometric data of healthy volunteers, individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk, and COPD patients to aid in the early diagnosis of COPD.Of the study patients, 14 were healthy volunteers (Group I), 12 were patients at risk for COPD (Group II), and 13 were COPD patients (Group III). The high-resolution CT was performed at three levels (the upper, middle, and lower parts of the lungs). All images were evaluated with a specific program for the segmentation of pulmonary parenchyma. The mean lung density (MLD) was measured, and the emphysema index (EI) was calculated using this program.Both MLD values and calculated EI ratios showed significant differences between Groups I and III, and Groups II and III in both expiratory and inspiratory phases (P0.05). However, in the comparison of healthy volunteers and patients at risk for COPD (Group I and II), only expiratory-phase MLD values showed statistically significant difference (P0.001).In patients at risk for COPD, expiratory-phase MLD measurements can be used as an early diagnostic method.

Genç erişkinler arasında popüler olan enerji içecekleri, özellikle 21-35 yaş arası üniversite öğrencilerine, atletlere ve aktif kişilere pazarlanmaktadır. Enerji içeceklerinin kullanımı başlangıçta fiziksel ve mental performansı belirgin olarak artırabilir. Enerji içeceklerinin ana bileşenlerini ginkgo ve gingsengin oluşturduğu bitkisel ürünler oluşturmuş olup, kafein ve guarana içeren gibi bileşenler karışımını içerir Ne yazık ki enerji içeceklerinin vücut üzerine etkileri ile ilgili literatür sınırlıdır ve bu iyileşmenin kafein veya diğer bitkisel içeriklere bağlı olup olmadığı bilinmemektedir. Alkol ile enerji içeceklerinin beraber kullanımı sonrası ciddi klinik tablolar ortaya çıkabilir. Bu makalenin amacı; enerji içeceklerinin içerikleri ve kullanımı sonrasın da oluşabilecek klinik tablolarla ilgili farkındalığı artırma ve bilgileri güncellemektir. Energy drinks are popular among young individuals and marketed to college students, athletes, and active individuals between the ages of 21 and 35 years. In the beginning consumption of energy drinks can significantly improve physical and mental performance. Energy drinks contain a mixture of compounds, of which caffeine, guarana, and herbal supplements such as ginkgo and ginseng are major components. Unfortunately, the body of literature is limited and it is not known whether these improvements are due to the caffeine other herbal ingredients. Severe clinical manifestations may occur after use of energy drinks with alcohol The aim of this article is rising awareness about the ingredients of energy drinks and clinical manifestations that may occur after usage and update about knowledge.