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Industry 4.0 lends itself to an ecosystem of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) related new concepts, such as Mining 4.0, Safety 4.0, Operator 4.0 and Ergonomics 4.0 which we studied here. Industry 4.0 refers to system elements such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR), connections through the Internet of Things (IoT) and storage on Cloud Platforms (CP) to facilitate Cognitive Computing (CC) analysis and knowledge extraction. While the Industry 4.0 concept is centred around data, it also provides a platform to integrate the human operator with other elements of a system. Industry 4.0 and Ergonomics thus appear integrated and suggest the development of an Ergonomics 4.0 concept. This study searched and reviewed publications focusing on the enablers of Ergonomics 4.0. We identified their main elements and relationships with a focus on Digital Human Modelling (DHM). We systemized, clustered and synthesized the reviewed information and generated a taxonomy of Ergonomics 4.0 under the lens of digital human modelling using semantic analysis. We conclude that Ergonomics 4.0 is an essential part of Industry 4.0 and that DHM is a key enabler for Ergonomics 4.0.

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the main environmental risk-factor for cancer of the skin. Sun-protective clothing provides a physical barrier that reduces the UVR dose reaching the skin and European and Australian standards for sun-protective clothing set minimum clothing coverage requirements. Body Surface Area Coverage by clothing (BSAC) is calculated by means of indirect or direct methods, which are laborious and do not support computer-based apparel design. To support the sun-safe specification and design of garments, parametric digital human models and protective clothing mesh covering the minimum Body Surface Area specified in AS/NZS 4399:2017, were created making use of MakeHuman v1.1.1 and Blender software. The Whole Body Surface Area (WBSA) and the BSAC were calculated employing code developed in Blender. Thus, different groups of subjects were analysed to explore BSAC. The method assists in the evaluation of exposed body areas in a wider spectrum of different occupations. Practitioner summary: Sun-protective clothing provides a physical barrier that reduces the UVR dose reaching the skin's surface. Body Surface Area Coverage (BSAC) by clothing is an important determinant of the sun protective capabilities of a garment. In this study, BSAC is calculated using parametric digital human modelling. Abbreviation: UVR: (Solar) ultraviolet radiation; DHM: digital human modeling; BSA: body surface area; BSAC: body surface area coverage (by clothing); BSANC: body surface area not covered (by clothing); WBSA: whole body surface area; BCC: basal cell carcinoma; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; UPF: ultraviolet protection factor; GPF: garment protection factor.

The accumulated exposure to ultra-violet radiation creates an occupational and public health risk, and is carcinogenic to humans. The body surface area coverage by clothing (BSAC) contributes to skin cancer risk, and is a requirement in international standards on sun protective clothing, such as AS/NZS 4399:2017. BSAC is usually calculated utilising human subjects or physical mannequins using coating methods, indirect methods or direct measurements estimating the fraction of body covered. These methods are laborious and inflexible, and do not support computer based apparel design. To obtain a simpler, process integrated method, we determine the proportion of exposed body surface area using variable digital human models as virtual subjects, and image processing tools. Parametric, neutral posture human bodies of varying body stature, weight and age, including females and males, were generated in MakeHuman v1.1.1, and a protective clothing mesh, covering the minimum BSA specified in AS/NZS 4399:2017 was added. The MakeHuman definition of a human is based on fuzzy logic, with the main parameters normalised, and linked in a non-linear relation. The Whole Body Surface Area (WBSA) and the BSAC were obtained employing MeshLab, integrating elements on the respective surfaces, which were processed to improve precision. A procedure was developed to control geometric inconsistencies between the body base mesh and the clothing mesh. Thus different representative, generalized groups of subjects were analysed to explore BSAC. The method assists in the evaluation of exposed body areas in a wider spectrum of different occupations with their respective typical protective clothing conditions.