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1. Mineral Detection of Neutrinos and Dark Matter 2024. Proceedings

Author

Baum, Sebastian, Huber, Patrick, Stengel, Patrick, Abe, Natsue, Ang, Daniel G., Apollonio, Lorenzo, Araujo, Gabriela R., Balogh, Levente, Boukhtouchen, Pranshu Bhaumik Yilda, Bramante, Joseph, Caccianiga, Lorenzo, Calabrese-Day, Andrew, Chang, Qing, Collar, Juan I., Ebadi, Reza, Elykov, Alexey, Freese, Katherine, Fung, Audrey, Galelli, Claudio, Gleason, Arianna E., Perez, Mariano Guerrero, Hakenmüller, Janina, Hanyu, Takeshi, Hasebe, Noriko, Hirose, Shigenobu, Horiuchi, Shunsaku, Hoshino, Yasushi, Ido, Yuki, Ivanov, Vsevolod, Kamiyama, Takashi, Kato, Takenori, Kawamura, Yoji, Kelso, Chris, Khodaparast, Giti A., LaVoie-Ingram, Emilie M., Leybourne, Matthew, Liu, Xingxin, Lucas, Thalles, Mariani, Brenden A. Magill Federico M., Mkhonto, Sharlotte, Mumm, Hans Pieter, Murase, Kohta, Naka, Tatsuhiro, Oguni, Kenji, Ream, Kathryn, Scholberg, Kate, Shen, Maximilian, Spitz, Joshua, Suzuki, Katsuhiko, Takla, Alexander, Tang, Jiashen, Tapia-Arellano, Natalia, Vermeesch, Pieter, Vincent, Aaron C., Vladimirov, Nikita, Walsworth, Ronald, Waters, David, Wurtz, Greg, Yamasaki, Seiko, and Zhang, Xianyi

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The second "Mineral Detection of Neutrinos and Dark Matter" (MDvDM'24) meeting was held January 8-11, 2024 in Arlington, VA, USA, hosted by Virginia Tech's Center for Neutrino Physics. This document collects contributions from this workshop, providing an overview of activities in the field. MDvDM'24 was the second topical workshop dedicated to the emerging field of mineral detection of neutrinos and dark matter, following a meeting hosted by IFPU in Trieste, Italy in October 2022. Mineral detectors have been proposed for a wide variety of applications, including searching for dark matter, measuring various fluxes of astrophysical neutrinos over gigayear timescales, monitoring nuclear reactors, and nuclear disarmament protocols; both as paleo-detectors using natural minerals that could have recorded the traces of nuclear recoils for timescales as long as a billion years and as detectors recording nuclear recoil events on laboratory timescales using natural or artificial minerals. Contributions to this proceedings discuss the vast physics potential, the progress in experimental studies, and the numerous challenges lying ahead on the path towards mineral detection. These include a better understanding of the formation and annealing of recoil defects in crystals; identifying the best classes of minerals and, for paleo-detectors, understanding their geology; modeling and control of the relevant backgrounds; developing, combining, and scaling up imaging and data analysis techniques; and many others. During the last years, MDvDM has grown rapidly and gained attention. Small-scale experimental efforts focused on establishing various microscopic readout techniques are underway at institutions in North America, Europe and Asia. We are looking ahead to an exciting future full of challenges to overcome, surprises to be encountered, and discoveries lying ahead of us., Comment: Summary and proceedings of the MDvDM'24 conference, Jan 8-11 2024

Published
2024

2. Mineral Detection of Neutrinos and Dark Matter. A Whitepaper

Author

Baum, Sebastian, Stengel, Patrick, Abe, Natsue, Acevedo, Javier F., Araujo, Gabriela R., Asahara, Yoshihiro, Avignone, Frank, Balogh, Levente, Baudis, Laura, Boukhtouchen, Yilda, Bramante, Joseph, Breur, Pieter Alexander, Caccianiga, Lorenzo, Capozzi, Francesco, Collar, Juan I., Ebadi, Reza, Edwards, Thomas, Eitel, Klaus, Elykov, Alexey, Ewing, Rodney C., Freese, Katherine, Fung, Audrey, Galelli, Claudio, Glasmacher, Ulrich A., Gleason, Arianna, Hasebe, Noriko, Hirose, Shigenobu, Horiuchi, Shunsaku, Hoshino, Yasushi, Huber, Patrick, Ido, Yuki, Igami, Yohei, Ishikawa, Norito, Itow, Yoshitaka, Kamiyama, Takashi, Kato, Takenori, Kavanagh, Bradley J., Kawamura, Yoji, Kazama, Shingo, Kenney, Christopher J., Kilminster, Ben, Kouketsu, Yui, Kozaka, Yukiko, Kurinsky, Noah A., Leybourne, Matthew, Lucas, Thalles, McDonough, William F., Marshall, Mason C., Mateos, Jose Maria, Mathur, Anubhav, Michibayashi, Katsuyoshi, Mkhonto, Sharlotte, Murase, Kohta, Naka, Tatsuhiro, Oguni, Kenji, Rajendran, Surjeet, Sakane, Hitoshi, Sala, Paola, Scholberg, Kate, Semenec, Ingrida, Shiraishi, Takuya, Spitz, Joshua, Sun, Kai, Suzuki, Katsuhiko, Tanin, Erwin H., Vincent, Aaron, Vladimirov, Nikita, Walsworth, Ronald L., and Watanabe, Hiroko

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

Minerals are solid state nuclear track detectors - nuclear recoils in a mineral leave latent damage to the crystal structure. Depending on the mineral and its temperature, the damage features are retained in the material from minutes (in low-melting point materials such as salts at a few hundred degrees C) to timescales much larger than the 4.5 Gyr-age of the Solar System (in refractory materials at room temperature). The damage features from the $O(50)$ MeV fission fragments left by spontaneous fission of $^{238}$U and other heavy unstable isotopes have long been used for fission track dating of geological samples. Laboratory studies have demonstrated the readout of defects caused by nuclear recoils with energies as small as $O(1)$ keV. This whitepaper discusses a wide range of possible applications of minerals as detectors for $E_R \gtrsim O(1)$ keV nuclear recoils: Using natural minerals, one could use the damage features accumulated over $O(10)$ Myr$-O(1)$ Gyr to measure astrophysical neutrino fluxes (from the Sun, supernovae, or cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere) as well as search for Dark Matter. Using signals accumulated over months to few-years timescales in laboratory-manufactured minerals, one could measure reactor neutrinos or use them as Dark Matter detectors, potentially with directional sensitivity. Research groups in Europe, Asia, and America have started developing microscopy techniques to read out the $O(1) - O(100)$ nm damage features in crystals left by $O(0.1) - O(100)$ keV nuclear recoils. We report on the status and plans of these programs. The research program towards the realization of such detectors is highly interdisciplinary, combining geoscience, material science, applied and fundamental physics with techniques from quantum information and Artificial Intelligence., Comment: 115 pages, many pictures of tracks. Please see the source file for higher resolution versions of some plots. v2: matches the published version

Published
2023
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26. Petrology and lithogeochemistry of Paleozoic alkalic magmatism in the Selwyn Basin, Yukon, Canada.

Author

Scanlan, Emma J., Leybourne, Matthew I., Layton-Matthews, Daniel, Van Wagoner, Nancy, Paradis, Suzanne, Piercey, Steve, and Crowley, James L.

Subjects
*PETROLOGY, *RARE earth metals, *VOLCANIC ash, tuff, etc., *PALEOZOIC Era, *GEOCHEMISTRY, *MAGMATISM, *DIKES (Geology)
Abstract

Alkalic magmatism occurred in the Selwyn Basin, Yukon, Canada throughout the Paleozoic, concurrent with extension during passive margin sedimentation. To examine magmatism associated with this extension, geochemical data were obtained from several locations in the Selwyn Basin (MacMillan Pass, Anvil District, Keno Hill, and the Misty Creek Embayment). Volcanic rocks from the Anvil District and the Misty Creek Embayment are dominated by alkalic basalts with light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched geochemical signatures, whereas metavolcanic and dike samples from Keno Hill comprise subalkaline basalts with enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB) signatures. The Early Ordovician Menzie Creek volcanic rocks of the Anvil District display trace element geochemical signatures intermediate between ocean island basalt (OIB) and E-MORB, whereas the Middle–Late Ordovician volcanic rocks from the Misty Creek Embayment have OIB signatures. Differences in the trace element geochemistry of the sample suites are attributed to the degree of partial melting. The Menzie Creek volcanic rocks formed from large volume melts of enriched mantle that diluted incompatible element signatures in the Early Ordovician. Late Ordovician magmatism produced the Misty Creek Embayment samples, where restricted melt volumes of an enriched mantle source resulted in the most enriched samples geochemically. The Keno Hill samples represent the shallowest melting of the analysed samples and may have resulted from melting of heterogenous subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Magmatic zircons from a Keno Hill metavolcanic sample analysed by chemical abrasion thermal ionization mass spectrometry resulted in a primary deposition age of c. 296 ± 0.36 Ma (Early Permian), during a period with little magmatism in the Selwyn Basin and representing a previously unknown unit in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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30. Mineral detection of neutrinos and dark matter. A whitepaper

Author

Baum, Sebastian, primary, Stengel, Patrick, additional, Abe, Natsue, additional, Acevedo, Javier F., additional, Araujo, Gabriela R., additional, Asahara, Yoshihiro, additional, Avignone, Frank, additional, Balogh, Levente, additional, Baudis, Laura, additional, Boukhtouchen, Yilda, additional, Bramante, Joseph, additional, Breur, Pieter Alexander, additional, Caccianiga, Lorenzo, additional, Capozzi, Francesco, additional, Collar, Juan I., additional, Ebadi, Reza, additional, Edwards, Thomas, additional, Eitel, Klaus, additional, Elykov, Alexey, additional, Ewing, Rodney C., additional, Freese, Katherine, additional, Fung, Audrey, additional, Galelli, Claudio, additional, Glasmacher, Ulrich A., additional, Gleason, Arianna, additional, Hasebe, Noriko, additional, Hirose, Shigenobu, additional, Horiuchi, Shunsaku, additional, Hoshino, Yasushi, additional, Huber, Patrick, additional, Ido, Yuki, additional, Igami, Yohei, additional, Ishikawa, Norito, additional, Itow, Yoshitaka, additional, Kamiyama, Takashi, additional, Kato, Takenori, additional, Kavanagh, Bradley J., additional, Kawamura, Yoji, additional, Kazama, Shingo, additional, Kenney, Christopher J., additional, Kilminster, Ben, additional, Kouketsu, Yui, additional, Kozaka, Yukiko, additional, Kurinsky, Noah A., additional, Leybourne, Matthew, additional, Lucas, Thalles, additional, McDonough, William F., additional, Marshall, Mason C., additional, Mateos, Jose Maria, additional, Mathur, Anubhav, additional, Michibayashi, Katsuyoshi, additional, Mkhonto, Sharlotte, additional, Murase, Kohta, additional, Naka, Tatsuhiro, additional, Oguni, Kenji, additional, Rajendran, Surjeet, additional, Sakane, Hitoshi, additional, Sala, Paola, additional, Scholberg, Kate, additional, Semenec, Ingrida, additional, Shiraishi, Takuya, additional, Spitz, Joshua, additional, Sun, Kai, additional, Suzuki, Katsuhiko, additional, Tanin, Erwin H., additional, Vincent, Aaron, additional, Vladimirov, Nikita, additional, Walsworth, Ronald L., additional, and Watanabe, Hiroko, additional

Published
2023
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34. Stratigraphic variations in chromite chemistry through the UG-2 and UG-2E chromitites, bushveld igneous complex: implications for chromitite petrogenesis.

Author

Langa, Malose M., Jugo, Pedro J., Leybourne, Matthew I., and Grobler, Danie F.

Subjects
CHROMITE, PETROGENESIS, TRACE elements, SLURRY, CRYSTALLIZATION
Abstract

Chromitite petrogenesis in layered intrusions is important because some chromitites host economic Ni-Cu-platinum group element mineralization. Cryptic layering, which could be useful to reconstruct the chromitite origin, has been documented for some chromitites. Here, we document cm-scale stratigraphic profiles of the major and trace element contents in chromite across two chromitite seams from the Bushveld Igneous Complex. One set is from a massive UG-2 seam from the western limb, the other from a chromitite seam in the Turfspruit area of the northern limb, considered stratigraphically equivalent to the UG-2 (henceforth the 'UG-2 equivalent' or 'UG-2E'). Stratigraphic profiles across the massive UG-2 only show a gradual increase in V contents (from bottom to top) and subtle variations in Mg#, Cr#, Mn, Zn, Co, Ti, and Ga contents. In contrast, the UG-2E profiles show significant variations in Mg# but not in Cr#, and distinct shifts in Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Ti, and Ga contents and Fe3+/∑Fe values. These shifts correlate in part with variations in chromite abundance but also occur in sections as massive as the UG-2 reference. We argue that, in general, the presence of cryptic layering is more consistent with chromitite formation via gravitational settling or in situ crystallization rather than via slurries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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35. Radio- and Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis Reveals Minimal Assimilation of Petrogenic Carbon Into an Oligotrophic Freshwater Food Web After Experimental Spills of Diluted Bitumen

Author

Graves, Stephanie, Mason, Johanna, Rodriguez-Gil, Jose Luis, Seguin, Jonathan Y., Blais, Jules, Hanson, Mark, Hollebone, Bruce P., Palace, Vince, Clark, Ian, Cundall, Leah, Layton-Matthews, Daniel, Leybourne, Matthew, and Orihel, Diane

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Diluted bitumen, Assimilation, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Carbon isotopes, Biodegradation, Environmental Chemistry, Food web, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Mesocosm, Pollution
Abstract

Following an oil spill into water, bacteria can biodegrade petroleum hydrocarbons which could lead to petrogenic carbon assimilation by aquatic biota. We used changes in the isotope ratios of radio- (Δ14C) and stable (δ13C) carbon to examine the potential for assimilation of petrogenic carbon into a freshwater food web following experimental spills of diluted bitumen (dilbit) into a boreal lake in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Different volumes (1.5, 2.9, 5.5, 18, 42, 82, and 180 L) of Cold Lake Winter Blend (a heavy crude blend of bitumen and condensate) dilbit were applied to seven 10-m diameter littoral limnocorrals (approximate volume of 100 m3), and two additional limnocorrals had no added dilbit to serve as controls. Particulate organic matter (POM) and periphyton from oil-treated limnocorrals had lower δ13C (up to 3.2‰ and 2.1‰ for POM and periphyton, respectively) than the control at every sampled interval (3, 6 and 10 weeks for POM and 6, 8 and 10 weeks for periphyton). Dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC, respectively) had lower Δ14C in the oil-treated limnocorrals relative to the control (up to 122‰ and 440‰ lower, respectively). Giant floater mussel (Pyganodon grandis) housed for 25 days in aquaria containing oil-contaminated water from the limnocorrals did not show significant changes in δ13C values of muscle tissue compared to mussels housed in control water. Overall, the changes in δ13C and Δ14C observed indicated small amounts (up to 11% in DIC) of oil carbon incorporation into the food web. The combined δ13C and Δ14C data provide evidence for minimal incorporation of dilbit into the food web of this oligotrophic lake, suggesting that microbial degradation and subsequent incorporation of oil C into the food web may play a relatively small role in the ultimate fate of oil in this type of ecosystem.

Published
2023

41. Characterization of Particulate Matter Generated at a Nickel Smelter Using Quantitative Mineralogy

Author

Kelvin, Michelle, Whiteman, Elizabeth, and Leybourne, Matthew

Subjects
General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract

Activities performed at mineral processing operations are capable of producing significant quantities of dust. To ensure that regulatory compliance is maintained throughout operation, dust levels are monitored by routine analysis of air filter samples. Determining the quantity and type of particulate matter present in dust allows for the operation to identify the sources of dust and where warranted, implement a dust suppressant strategy. Conventional methods of analysis, such as chemical assay, are unable to rigorously differentiate between phases containing the same elements and may result in ambiguity related to the identification of dust sources. By incorporating Quantitative Evaluation of Materials by Scanning Electron Microscope (QEMSCAN) into their routine monitoring programs, the Sudbury INO smelter has greatly improved characterization of the Ni and Co dust emissions generated at the operation. To determine specific activities responsible for emissions, bulk particulate matter was sampled from several key locations at the smelter that regularly produce dust. QEMSCAN was able to distinguish between critical subspecies of Ni and Co and mineralogical, and chemical signatures in the dust that are representative of locational activity were established. An apportionment of elements contributed by each source was calculated based on this information. The results of the characterization study assisted personnel in developing strategies to mitigate dust emissions that originate from the Smelter operations, and have general implications to occupational hygiene and environmental risk assessment.

Published
2022

47. Evaluation of magnetite as an indicator mineral for porphyry Cu exploration: a case study using bedrock and stream sediments at the Casino porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit, Yukon, Canada

Author

McCurdy, Martin W., primary, Peter, Jan M., additional, McClenaghan, M. Beth, additional, Gadd, Michael G., additional, Layton-Matthews, Dan, additional, Leybourne, Matthew I., additional, Garrett, Robert G., additional, Petts, Duane C., additional, Jackson, Simon E., additional, and Casselman, Scott, additional

Published
2022
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48. Erratum

Author

Lu, Yiguan, primary, Lesher, C. Michael, additional, Yang, Liqiang, additional, Leybourne, Matthew I., additional, He, Wenyan, additional, Yuan, Mingwei, additional, Yang, Zhen, additional, and Gao, Xue, additional

Published
2022
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