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The objective of the CONTOUR mission was to conduct scientific fly-by studies of comets, Encke and Schwassmann-Wachmann 3, with the option of changing targets in-flight or visiting anadditional target after the SW3 encounter. The paper will describe the mission's planned trajectory, the navigation challenges, as well as the navigation tasks that were involved in achieving mission objectives.

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Radio range measurements of total solar plasma delay obtained during the solar conjunction of the Voyager 2 spacecraft in December 1988, which occurred near solar maximum activity in the 11 yr cycle are reported. The radio range measurements were generated by the Deep Space Network at two wavelengths on the downlink from the spacecraft: 3.6 and 13 cm. A direct measurement of the integrated electron density along the ray path between the earth stations and the spacecraft was obtained by differencing the range at the two wavelengths. Coronal electron density profiles have been derived during ingress and egress of the ray path, which approached the sun to within 5 solar radii. At 10 solar radii, the derived density profiles yield 34079 + or - 611/cu cm on ingress and 49688 + or - 983/cu cm on egress. These density levels are significantly higher than observed near previous solar maxima.

Voyager's flyby of Neptune in August of 1989 was the most distant planetary encounter ever achieved. Round trip light travel time was more than eight hours, exceeding view periods at two of the three tracking station sites. Consequently, the majority of radiometric tracking was accomplished by transmitting the uplink from one station, and receiving the downlink at a different station. This procedure defines three-way data. Dependence on three-way data for orbit determination is one distinguishing element of Voyager's successful encounter with Neptune. This paper addresses the performance of three-way range and Doppler data supporting pre-encounter orbit determination and post-encounter orbit reconstruction. Also, calibrations which reduce systematic errors inherent to three-way data are described and analyzed.

The Voyager project used Neptunian satellite ephemerides to support both navigation and acquisition of scientific data. The development of postencounter ephemerides for the satellites Triton, Nereid, and 1989N1 is discussed. Primary results are the final set of model parameters which generate orbits that best fit both the earth-based satellite observations and data acquired by Voyager. The ephemerides are compared with those generated preencounter, and the accuracy of the final ephemerides is assessed. Mean orbital elements are also provided as a geometrical representation for the satellite orbits.

In August 1989 the Voyager 2 spacecraft encountered Neptune and Triton. Precise knowledge of the trajectory of the spacecraft relative to the Neptunian system was essential to ensure successful observations during the flyby, and to perform trajectory control. Determination of the orbit of Voyager 2 with respect to the Neptunian system was accomplished by the use of radiometric Doppler, range, and VLBI observations of the spacecraft in combination with spacecraft-based optical observations of Neptune, Triton, Nereid, and the Voyager-discovered satellite 1989N1. These data types were used in a new version of the JPL Orbit Determination Program to determine the orbit of the spacecraft as well as Neptunian system ephemerides and dynamical parameters, resulting in accurate delivery of the spacecraft to targeted conditions at Neptune and Triton.

The Voyager II flyby of Uranus in January 1986 was the most distant planetary encounter ever attempted, and presented unique challenges to the process of orbit determination. Long light-times and spacecraft receiver difficulties hampered the collection of two-way radiometric data and helped bring about the maturation of a Very Long Baseline Interferometry navigational data type during the long cruise from Saturn. Planet and satellite ephemeris uncertainties necessitated the use of the onboard spacecraft optical system for Uranus-relative navigation. During the close approach phase, these optical data were combined with radiometric data to drive the Uranus system-relative uncertainties down to the level of a few tens of kilometers. This paper contains qualitative and quantitative results and conclusions based on orbit determination experience during Uranus cruise and encounter. Topics include an overview of the navigation-related mission events and requirements, and a review of the salient orbit determination results.

Navigating the upcoming Voyager 2 encounter with Uranus presents unique challenges and opportunities. Uranus will be the most distant planetary encounter carried out to date, with a 2.75 hour delay each way for communication. Furthermore, Voyager 2 is the most sophisticated spacecraft ever used for first encounter with a planetary system. In this paper the special features of the encounter are analyzed from a navigation point of view. First, the most relevant science opportunities are introduced. Then the challenges posed by the Uranian distance and geometry are outlined. The result of a detailed navigation accuracy study is presented. Finally, the unique features of optical navigation at Uranus are shown.

Uranian satellite ephemerides were needed by the Voyager project to support both navigation and acquisition of scientific data. This paper outlines the mathematical modeling approach taken to generate those ephemerides and discusses their pre-encounter development, real time updating, and post-encounter refinement. The results presented include the final set of model parameters which generate the ephemerides that best fit the Voyager optical data as well as the earth based observations of the satellites.