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The purpose of this paper was to unfold factors that influence household expenditure using quantile regression methods. Secondary data were used with a probability sample of 9,552 households from the 2017-18 Household Budget Survey (HBS) covered the population residing in private households in Tanzania Mainland. The sample was designed to allow separate estimates for each of the 26 regions of the Tanzania Mainland, as well as urban and rural areas separately at the national level. The 2017-18 HBS adopted a two-stage cluster sample design. In the quantiles analysis, there has been consistency on the effect of household consumption, education level and household age on household expenditure. These showed a statistical significance at 5% level of significance. Except for the 25th quantile, all the three variables were statistically significant in the 50th and 75th quantiles. Further household age, household consumption and marital status of the household head had positive coefficients which implied a positive relationship with the household expenditure. It can thus be concluded that, of the seven independent variables, household age, household consumption and household marital status are the variables which influences positively household expenditure. By considering these findings, policymakers and researchers can develop targeted strategies to address economic disparities and enhance household financial well-being effectively to balance between household income and expenditure.

Maria Hollmen,1 Marlies Wijsenbeek,2 Tom Bromilow,3 Adam B Smith,3 Stuart Mealing,3 Damian Lewis,3 Liam Galvin,4 Steve Jones,4 Guus Asijee,5 Stéphane Soulard,5 Antoine Froidure6,7 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; 2Centre of Excellence for Interstitial Lung Diseases and Sarcoidosis, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; 3York Health Economics Consortium (YHEC), York, UK; 4European Pulmonary Fibrosis & Related Disorders Federation, Overijse, Belgium; 5Boehringer Ingelheim, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 6Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; 7Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, BelgiumCorrespondence: Maria Hollmen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8 P.O. Box 63, Helsinki, 00014, Uusimaa, Finland, Email maria.hollmen@hus.fiPurpose: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and ultimately fatal lung disease that, while rare, has seen incidence rise over time. There is no cure for IPF other than a lung transplant, though two antifibrotic (AF) drugs do exist to slow disease progression. While these drugs are efficacious, they are both associated with differing profiles of adverse events. This study aimed to elicit patient, caregiver and pulmonologist preferences on the treatment profiles of AFs via a discrete choice experiment (DCE).Patients and Methods: The DCE and associated survey were distributed across 7 European countries, and bespoke DCEs were developed for patients/caregivers and pulmonologists. After collaboration with European Pulmonary Fibrosis & Related Disorders Federation (EU-PFF) and expert pulmonologists, respectively, a patient/caregiver DCE with 5 attributes and a pulmonologist DCE with 6 attributes were finalized. The DCEs had a blocked approach to reduce participant burden and were distributed on an online surve

Maria Hollmen,1 Tom Bromilow,2 Adam B Smith,2 Stuart Mealing,2 Damian Lewis,2 Liam Galvin,3 Steve Jones,3 Luís Pacheco,4 Stéphane Soulard,4 Antoine Froidure5,6 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; 2York Health Economics Consortium (YHEC), York, UK; 3European Pulmonary Fibrosis & Related Disorders Federation, Overijse, Belgium; 4Boehringer Ingelheim, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 5Service de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; 6Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumCorrespondence: Maria Hollmen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Email maria.hollmen@helsinki.fiIntroduction: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a rare disease that causes shortness of breath, dry cough, and tiredness. While there is no cure for IPF, current therapeutic treatments aim to slow lung degeneration while managing side effects. There is little known about patient experience and attitude with regards to their disease and medication.Purpose: To understand the perceptions, behaviors and drivers of treatment decision-making among patients, caregivers and pulmonologists in IPF.Patients and Methods: Online surveys to patients with IPF, caregivers and pulmonologists were developed and administered in Belgium, Finland, France, Greece (pulmonologists only), the Netherlands, Ireland and the United Kingdom between November 2021 and January 2022.Results: A total of 111 patients, 22 caregivers and 140 pulmonologists participated. Half (47%) of patients rated their disease as “severe”, while pulmonologists reported that a quarter of their patients had a low Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) (below 50% of the predicted value). Between 21% and 42% of the patients do not take an IPF medication (patients’ perception) or antifibrotic (physicians’ perception). Pulmonologists reported that a tota

Purpose: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and ultimately fatal lung disease that, while rare, has seen incidence rise over time. There is no cure for IPF other than a lung transplant, though two antifibrotic (AF) drugs do exist to slow disease progression. While these drugs are efficacious, they are both associated with differing profiles of adverse events. This study aimed to elicit patient, caregiver and pulmonologist preferences on the treatment profiles of AFs via a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Patients and Methods: The DCE and associated survey were distributed across 7 European countries, and bespoke DCEs were developed for patients/caregivers and pulmonologists. After collaboration with European Pulmonary Fibrosis & Related Disorders Federation (EU-PFF) and expert pulmonologists, respectively, a patient/caregiver DCE with 5 attributes and a pulmonologist DCE with 6 attributes were finalized. The DCEs had a blocked approach to reduce participant burden and were distributed on an online survey platform. Preferences were estimated through conditional multinomial logit regression analysis. Results: Ninety-five patients, 22 caregivers and 115 pulmonologists fully completed their respective DCEs. Overall, patients and caregivers preferred management of treatment-related adverse events over both survival benefits and disease progression. Nearly all preference levels were found to be significantly different from their reference level. In contrast, pulmonologists showed a greater preference for control of lung function and exacerbations over adverse events. Although there were relative differences between the univariate subgroups in terms of the preference weights, most of these were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The outcomes from this study suggest that while patients and caregivers had similar preferences for characteristics of IPF trea

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., (1.) British actor DAMIEN LEWIS. He currently co-stars as a ruthless hedge fund owner on Showtime's Billions; before that he played a Marine sergeant who had been held as a prisoner of war by Al-Qaeda in Homeland. He also played King Henry the 8th in Wolf Hall. His breakthru role in the U.S. was playing U.S. Army major Richard Winters in the HBO World War 2 series Band of Brothers. (INTERVIEW BY DAVE DAVIES) (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES INTO THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW) (2.) Critic SORAYA NADIA MCDONALD reviews the Netflix miniseries "When They See Us" about the miscarriage of justice involving the young men who became known as the Central Park Five, it's by director Ava DuVernay.