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1,085 results on '"Lewin S."'

1. Evolution of charge order topology across a magnetic phase transition in cuprate superconductors

Author

Kang, M, Pelliciari, J, Frano, A, Breznay, N, Schierle, E, Weschke, E, Sutarto, R, He, F, Shafer, P, Arenholz, E, Chen, M, Zhang, K, Ruiz, A, Hao, Z, Lewin, S, Analytis, J, Krockenberger, Y, Yamamoto, H, Das, T, and Comin, R

Subjects
cond-mat.str-el, Mathematical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Fluids & Plasmas
Abstract

Charge order is now accepted as an integral constituent of cuprate high-temperature superconductors, one that is intimately related to other electronic instabilities including antiferromagnetism and superconductivity1–11. Unlike conventional Peierls density waves, the charge correlations in cuprates have been predicted to display a rich momentum space topology depending on the underlying fermiology12–18. However, charge order has only been observed along the high-symmetry Cu–O bond directions. Here, using resonant soft X-ray scattering, we investigate the evolution of the full momentum space topology of charge correlations in T′-(Nd,Pr)2CuO4 as a function of electron doping. We report that, when the parent Mott insulator is doped, charge correlations first emerge with full rotational symmetry in momentum space, indicating glassy charge density modulation in real space possibly seeded by local defects. At higher doping levels, the orientation of charge correlations is locked to the Cu–O bond directions, restoring a more conventional long-ranged bidirectional charge order. Through charge susceptibility calculations, we reproduce the evolution in topology of charge correlations across the antiferromagnetic phase boundary and propose a revised phase diagram of T′-Ln2CuO4 with a superconducting region extending toward the Mott limit.

Published
2019

2. Evaluation of HIV-1 DNA levels among adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV-1 in Yaounde, Cameroon: A contribution to paediatric HIV cure research in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Author

Ka'e, AC, Santoro, MM, Duca, L, Chenwi, CA, Ngoufack Jagni Semengue, E, Nka, AD, Etame, N-K, Togna Pabo, WL, Beloumou, G, Mpouel, ML, Djupsa, S, Takou, D, Sosso, SM, Tchidjou, HK, Colizzi, V, Halle-Ekane, G-E, Perno, C-F, Lewin, S, Jones, RB, Tiemessen, CT, Ceccherini-Silberstein, F, Fokam, J, Ka'e, AC, Santoro, MM, Duca, L, Chenwi, CA, Ngoufack Jagni Semengue, E, Nka, AD, Etame, N-K, Togna Pabo, WL, Beloumou, G, Mpouel, ML, Djupsa, S, Takou, D, Sosso, SM, Tchidjou, HK, Colizzi, V, Halle-Ekane, G-E, Perno, C-F, Lewin, S, Jones, RB, Tiemessen, CT, Ceccherini-Silberstein, F, and Fokam, J

Abstract

BACKGROUND: With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), most children living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are growing toward adolescence, with scarcity of evidence on the size of viral reservoirs to enhance paediatric cure research strategies. This study aims to compare HIV-1 proviral DNA levels according to virological response among adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV-1 (ALPHIV) and identify associated-factors in the Cameroonian context. METHODS: In this observational cohort study, HIV-1 RNA viremia and CD4+ T-cell count were assessed through RT-PCR and flow cytometry respectively at three time-points over 18 months of observation. At the third time-point, 80 randomly-selected participants were classified as with viremia (≥50 HIV-1 copies/mL; n = 40) or without viremia (<50 HIV-1 copies/mL; n = 40); immune-competent (≥500 CD4+ T cells/mm3) or immunocompromised (<500 CD4+ T cells/mm3). Among these participants, total HIV-1 DNA load was quantified through droplet digital PCR using Bio-Rad QX200. RESULTS: Of the 80 randomly-selected adolescents, median [IQR] age was 15 (13-17) years, 56.2% were female, duration on ART was 9.3 [5.4-12.2] years. Among the 40 viremic ones (median viremia 7312 [283-71482]) HIV-1 copies/ml, 75.0% (30/40) were in virological failure (≥1000 HIV-1 copies/ml), while median of CD4 T cells were 494 [360-793] cell/mm3 with 48.8% (39/80) immunocompromised. No significant variation in HIV-1 RNA viremia and CD4 T cell count was observed between the three time-points, and 13.7% (11/80) adolescents remained aviremic and immune-competent throughout (stable adolescents). A positive and moderate correlation (r = 0.59; p < 0.001) was found between HIV-1 DNA levels and HIV- 1 RNA viremia. Regarding the CD4 T cell count, a negative and weak correlation (r = -0.28; p = 0.014) was found with HIV-1 DNA loads only among adolescents with viremia. Starting ART within the first year of life, ART for over 9 years and aviremia appear as pr

Published
2024

3. Improving uptake and completion of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD with lay health workers: feasibility of a clinical trial

Author

White P, Gilworth G, Lewin S, Hogg L, Tuffnell R, Taylor SJC, Hopkinson NS, Hart N, Singh SJ, and Wright AJ

Subjects
Pulmonary rehabilitation, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), lay health workers, intervention fidelity, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract

Patrick White,1 Gill Gilworth,1 Simon Lewin,2,3 Lauren Hogg,4 Rachel Tuffnell,5 Stephanie JC Taylor,6 Nicholas S Hopkinson,7 Nicholas Hart,8 Sally J Singh,9 Alison J Wright10 1Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK; 2Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; 3Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; 4Physiotherapy Department, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; 5The Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Integrated Respiratory Team, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; 6Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; 7National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; 8Lane Fox Respiratory Service, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; 9Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK; 10Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of a cluster randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of lay health workers (LHWs) in improving the uptake and completion of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in the treatment of COPD.Materials and methods: LHWs, trained in confidentiality, role boundaries, and behavior change techniques, supported patients newly referred for PR. Interactions between LHWs and participants were recorded with smartphones. Outcomes were recruitment and retention rates of LHWs, questionnaire and interview-evaluated acceptability and analysis of intervention fidelity.Results: Forty (36%) of 110 PR-experienced COPD patients applied to become LHWs. Twenty (18%) were selected for training. Twelve (11%) supported patients. Sixty-six COPD patients referred for PR received the intervention (5.5 participants per LHW). Ten LHWs were retained to the end of the study. Seventy-three percent of supported patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the intervention. LHWs delivered the intervention with appropriate style and variable fidelity. LHWs would welcome more intensive training. Based on this proof of concept, a cluster randomized controlled trial of an LHW intervention to improve uptake and completion of PR is feasible.Conclusion: PR-experienced COPD patients can be recruited, trained, and retained as LHWs to support participation in PR, and can deliver the intervention. Participant COPD patients found the intervention acceptable. A cluster randomized controlled clinical trial is feasible. Keywords: uptake, completion, recruitment, retention, intervention fidelity

Published
2019

5. Estimated GFR and the Effect of Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering After Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Author

Anderson, C.S., Chalmers, J., Arima, H., Davis, S., Heeley, E., Huang, Y., Lavados, P., Neal, B., Parsons, M.W., Lindley, R., Morgenstern, L., Robinson, T., Stapf, C., Tzourio, C., Wang, J.G., Chen, S., Chen, X.Y., Cui, L., Liu, Z., Lu, C., Wang, J., Wu, S., Xu, E., Yang, Q., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Beer, R., Schmutzhard, E., Redondo, P., Kaste, M., Soinne, L., Tatlisumak, T., Wartenberg, K., Ricci, S., Klijn, K., Azevedo, E., Chamorro, A., Arnold, M., Fischer, U., Kaul, S., Pandian, J., Boyini, H., Singh, S., Rabinstein, A.A., Estol, C., Silva, G., Olavarria, V.V., Robinson, T.G., Simes, R.J., Bousser, M.-G., Hankey, G., Jamrozik, K., Johnston, S.C., Li, S., Bailey, K., Cheung, T., Delcourt, C., Chintapatla, S., Ducasse, E., Erho, T., Hata, J., Holder, B., Knight, E., Leroux, M., Sassé, T., Odgers, E., Walsh, R., Wolfowicz, Z., Chen, G., Fuentes, S., Peng, B., Schneble, H.-M., Wang, M.-X., Billot, L., Heritier, S., Li, Q., Woodward, M., Abimbola, S., Anderson, S., Chan, E., Cheng, G., Chmielnik, P., Leighton, S., Liu, J.-Y., Rasmussen, B., Saxena, A., Tripathy, S., Armenis, M., Baig, M.A., Naidu, B., Starzec, G., Steley, S., Moles, A., Ruiz, A., Zimmermann, M., Marinho, J., Alves, S., Angelim, R., Araujo, J., Kawakami, L., Bustos, C., Gonzalez, F., Munoz Venturelli, P., Chen, X., Jia, R., Li, N., Qu, S., Shu, Y., Song, A., Sun, J., Xiao, J., Zhao, Y., Huang, Q., Vicaut, E., Chamam, A., Viaud, M.-C., Dert, C., Fiedler, U., Jovis, V., Kabla, S., Marchand, S., Pena, A., Rochaud, V., Mallikarjuna, K., Hasan, N., Berge, E., Sandset, E.C., Forårsveen, A.S., Richardson, D., Kumar, T., Lewin, S., Poulter, N., Field, J., Anjum, A., Wilson, A., Perelmuter, H., Agarie, A.M., Barboza, A.G., Recchia, L.A., Miranda, I.F., Rauek, S.G., Duplessis, R.J., Dewey, H., Walker, L., Petrolo, S., Bladin, C., Sturm, J., Crimmins, D., Griffiths, D., Schutz, A., Zenteno, V., Miteff, F., Spratt, N., Kerr, E., Levi, C.R., Phan, T.G., Ma, H., Sanders, L., Moran, C., Wong, K., Read, S., Henderson, R., Wong, A., Hull, R., Skinner, G., Hand, P., Yan, B., Tu, H., Campbell, B., Blacker, D.J., Wijeratne, T., Pathirage, M., Jasinararchchi, M., Matkovic, Z., Celestino, S., Gruber, F., Vosko, M.R., Diabl, E., Rathmaier, S., Pfausler, B., Helbok, R., Fazekas, F., Fischer, R., Poltrum, B., Zechner, B., Trummer, U., Rutgers, M.P., Peeters, A., Dusart, A., Duray, M.-C., Parmentier, C., Ferrao-Santos, S., Brouns, R., De Raedt, S., De Smedt, A., VanHooff, R.-J., De Keyser, J., Martins, S.C.O., de Almeida, A.G., Broudani, R., Titton, N.F., de Freitas, G.R., Cardoso, F.M., Giesel, L.M., Lima, N.A., Jr, Ferraz de Almeida, A.C., Gomes, R.B., Borges dos Santos, T.S., Veloso Soares, E.M., Neto, O.L.A., Silva, G.S., Gomes, D.L., de Carvalho, F.A., Miranda, M., Marques, A., Zétola, V.F., de Matia, G., Lange, M.C., Montes, J., Reccius, A., Soto, A., Rivas, R., Klapp, C., Illanes, S., Aguilera, C., Castro, A., Figueroa, C., Benavides, J., Salamanca, P., Concha, M.C., Pajarito, J., Araya, P., Guerra, F., Li, Y., Liu, G., Wang, B., Chong, Y., He, M., Wang, L., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Lai, C., Jiang, H., Cui, S., Tao, Q., Zhang, Y., Yao, S., Xu, M., Xiao, H., Hu, J., Tang, J., Ji, H., Jiang, M., Yu, F., Yang, X., Guo, X., Wang, Y., Wu, L., Gao, Y., Sun, D., Huang, X., Liu, L., Li, P., Jiang, Y., Li, H., Lu, H., Zhou, J., Yuan, C., Qi, X., Qiu, F., Qian, H., Wang, W., Sun, W., Li, F., Liu, R., Peng, Q., Ren, Z., Fan, C., Wang, H., Wang, T., Shi, F., Duan, C., Chen, Z., Tan, X., Zhao, Z., Chen, J., Han, T., Zhang, L., Hu, Q., Hou, Q., Zhao, X., Zeng, G., Ma, L., Wang, F., Zeng, L., Guo, Z., Fu, Y., Song, Y., Tai, L., Liu, X., Su, X., Yang, Y., Dong, R., Xu, Y., Tian, S., Cheng, S., Su, L., Xie, X., Xu, T., Geng, D., Yan, X., Fan, H., Zhao, N., Wang, S., Yang, J., Yan, M., Li, L., Li, Z., Xu, X., Lian, Y., Sun, H., Liu, D., Wang, N., Tang, Q., Han, Z., Feng, L., Cui, Y., Tian, J., Chang, H., Sun, X., Liu, C., Wen, Z., Lin, Q., Sun, L., Hu, B., Zou, M., Bao, Q., Lin, X., Zhao, L., Tian, X., Wang, X., Li, X., Hao, L., Duan, Y., Wang, R., Wei, Z., Ren, S., Ren, H., Dong, Y., Cheng, Y., Liu, W., Han, J., Zhang, Z., Zhu, J., Qian, J., Sun, Y., Liu, K., Long, F., Peng, X., Zhang, Q., Yuan, Z., Wang, C., Huang, M., He, P., You, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, L., Hou, Y., Qi, Y., Mei, L., Lu, R., Ping, L., Zhou, S., Zhang, S., Zou, R., Guo, J., Li, M., Wei, W., Curtze, S., Saarela, M., Strbian, D., Scheperjans, F., De Broucker, T., Henry, C., Cumurciuc, R., Ibos-Augé, N., Zéghoudi, A.-C., Pico, F., Dereeper, O., Simian, M.-C., Boisselier, C., Mahfoud, A., Timsit, S., Merrien, F.M., Guillon, B., Sevin, M., Herisson, F., Magne, C., Ameri, A., Cret, C., Stefanizzi, S., Klapzcynski, F., Denier, C., Sarov-Riviere, M., Reiner, P., Mawet, J., Hervé, D., Buffon, F., Touzé, E., Domigo, V., Lamy, C., Calvet, D., Pasquini, M., Alamowitch, S., Favrole, P., Muresan, I.-P., Crozier, S., Rosso, C., Pires, C., Leger, A., Deltour, S., Cordonnier, C., Henon, H., Rossi, C., Zuber, M., Bruandet, M., Tamazyan, R., Join-Lambert, C., Juettler, E., Krause, T., Maul, S., Endres, M., Jungehulsing, G.J., Hennerici, M., Griebe, M., Sauer, T., Knoll, K., Huber, R., Knauer, K., Knauer, C., Raubold, S., Schneider, H., Hentschel, H., Lautenschläger, C., Schimmel, E., Dzialowski, I., Foerch, C., Lorenz, M., Singer, O., Meyer dos Santos, I.M.R., Hartmann, A., Hamann, A., Schacht, A., Schrader, B., Teíchmann, A., Wartenberg, K.E., Mueller, T.J., Jander, S., Gliem, M., Boettcher, C., Rosenkranz, M., Beck, C., Otto, D., Thomalla, G., Cheng, B., Wong, K.S., Leung, T.W., Soo, Y.O.Y., Prabhakar, S., Kesavarapu, S.R., Gajjela, P.K., Chenna, R.R., Ummer, K., Basheer, M., Andipet, A., Jagarlapudi, M.K.M., Mohammed, A.U.R., Pawar, V.G., Eranki, S.S.K., Singh, Y., Akhtar, N., Borah, N.C., Ghose, M., Choudhury, N., Ichaporia, N.R., Shendge, J., Khese, S., Pamidimukkala, V., Inbamuthaiah, P., Nuthakki, S.R., Tagallamudi, N.M.R., Gutti, A.K., Khurana, D., Kesavarapu, P., Jogi, V., Garg, A., Samanta, D., Sarma, G.R.K., Nadig, R., Mathew, T., Anandan, M.A., Caterbi, E., Zini, A., Cavazzuti, M., Casoni, F., Pentore, R., Falzone, F., Mazzoli, T., Greco, L.M., Menichetti, C., Coppola, F., Cenciarelli, S., Gallinella, E., Mattioni, A., Condurso, R., Sicilia, I., Zampolini, M., Corea, F., Barbi, M., Proietti, C., Toni, D., Pieroni, A., Anzini, A., Falcou, A., Demichele, M., Klijn, C.J.M., Tveiten, A., Thortveit, E.T., Pettersen, S., Holand, N., Hitland, B., Johnsen, S.H., Eltoft, A., Wasay, M., Kamal, A., Iqrar, A., Ali, L., Begum, D., Gama, G., Fonseca, L., Moreira, G., Veloso, L.M., Pinheiro, D., Paredes, L., Rozeira, C., Gregorio, T., Segura Martin, T., Ayo, O., Garcia-Garcia, J., Feria Vilar, I., Gómez Fernández, I., Amaro, S., Urra, X., Obach, V., Cervera, A., Silva, Y., Serena, J., Castellanos, M., Terceno, M., Van Eendenburg, C., Weck, A., Findling, O., Lüdi, R., Warburton, E.A., Day, D., Butler, N., Bumanlag, E., Caine, S., Steele, A., Osborn, M., Dodd, E., Murphy, P., Esisi, B., Brown, E., Hayman, R., Baliga, V.K.V., Minphone, M., Kennedy, J., Reckless, I., Pope, G., Teal, R., Michael, K., Manawadu, D., Kalra, L., Lewis, R., Mistry, B., Cattermole, E., Hassan, A., Mandizvidza, L., Bamford, J., Brooks, H., Bedford, C., Whiting, R., Baines, P., Hussain, M., Harvey, M., Fotherby, K., McBride, S., Bourke, P., Morgan, D., Jennings-Preece, K., Price, C., Huntley, S., Riddell, V.E., Storey, G., Lakey, R.L., Subramanian, G., Jenkinson, D., Kwan, J., David, O., Tiwari, D., James, M., Keenan, S., Eastwood, H., Shaw, L., Kaye, P., Button, D., Madigan, B., Williamson, D., Dixit, A., Davis, J., Hossain, M.O., Ford, G.A., Parry-Jones, A., O'Loughlin, V., Jarapa, R., Naing, Z., Lovelock, C., O'Reilly, J., Khan, U., Bhalla, A., Rudd, A., Birns, J., Werring, D.J., Law, R., Perry, R., Jones, I., Erande, R., Roffe, C., Natarajan, I., Ahmad, N., Finney, K., Lucas, J., Mistri, A., Eveson, D., Marsh, R., Haunton, V., Fugate, J.E., Lepore, S.W., Zheng, Danni, Sato, Shoichiro, Arima, Hisatomi, Heeley, Emma, Delcourt, Candice, Cao, Yongjun, Chalmers, John, and Anderson, Craig S.

Published
2016
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6. Dramatic rise in plasma viremia after CD8(+) T cell depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques.

Author

Jin, X, Bauer, DE, Tuttleton, SE, Lewin, S, Gettie, A, Blanchard, J, Irwin, CE, Safrit, JT, Mittler, J, Weinberger, L, Kostrikis, LG, Zhang, L, Perelson, AS, and Ho, DD

Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Animals, Macaca mulatta, Viremia, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Virus Replication, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, macaque, OKT8, viremia, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, Medical and Health Sciences, Immunology
Abstract

To determine the role of CD8(+) T cells in controlling simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication in vivo, we examined the effect of depleting this cell population using an anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody, OKT8F. There was on average a 99.9% reduction of CD8 cells in peripheral blood in six infected Macaca mulatta treated with OKT8F. The apparent CD8 depletion started 1 h after antibody administration, and low CD8 levels were maintained until day 8. An increase in plasma viremia of one to three orders of magnitude was observed in five of the six macaques. The injection of a control antibody to an infected macaque did not induce a sustained viral load increase, nor did it significantly reduce the number of CD8(+) T cells. These results demonstrate that CD8 cells play a crucial role in suppressing SIV replication in vivo.

Published
1999

7. The use of GRADE-CERQual in qualitative evidence synthesis: an evaluation of fidelity and reporting

Author

Wainwright, M, Zahroh, RI, Tuncalp, O, Booth, A, Bohren, MA, Noyes, J, Cheng, W, Munthe-Kaas, H, Lewin, S, Wainwright, M, Zahroh, RI, Tuncalp, O, Booth, A, Bohren, MA, Noyes, J, Cheng, W, Munthe-Kaas, H, and Lewin, S

Abstract

BACKGROUND: GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research) is a methodological approach to systematically and transparently assess how much confidence decision makers can place in individual review findings from qualitative evidence syntheses. The number of reviews applying GRADE-CERQual is rapidly expanding in guideline and other decision-making contexts. The objectives of this evaluation were, firstly, to describe the uptake of GRADE-CERQual in qualitative evidence synthesis by review authors and, secondly, to assess both reporting of and fidelity to the approach. METHODS: The evaluation had two parts. Part 1 was a citation analysis and descriptive overview of the literature citing GRADE-CERQual. Authors worked together to code and chart the citations, first by title and abstract and second by full text. Part 2 was an assessment and analysis of fidelity to, and reporting of, the GRADE-CERQual approach in included reviews. We developed fidelity and reporting questions and answers based on the most recent guidance for GRADE-CERQual and then used NVivo12 to document assessments in a spreadsheet and code full-text PDF articles for any concerns that had been identified. Our assessments were exported to Excel and we applied count formulae to explore patterns in the data. We employed a qualitative content analysis approach in NVivo12 to sub-coding all the data illustrating concerns for each reporting and fidelity criteria. RESULTS: 233 studies have applied the GRADE-CERQual approach, with most (n = 225, 96.5%) in the field of health research. Many studies (n = 97/233, 41.6%) were excluded from full fidelity and reporting assessment because they demonstrated a serious misapplication of GRADE-CERQual, for example interpreting it as a quality appraisal tool for primary studies or reviews. For the remaining studies that applied GRADE-CERQual to assess confidence in review findings, the main areas of reporting concern involved terminology, lab

Published
2023

8. Progress Note 2024: Curing HIV; Not in My Lifetime or Just Around the Corner?

Author

Harper, J, Betts, MR, Lichterfeld, M, Müller-Trutwin, M, Margolis, D, Bar, KJ, Li, JZ, McCune, JM, Lewin, S, Kulpa, D, Diallo, DD, Lederman, MM, Paiardini, M, Harper, J, Betts, MR, Lichterfeld, M, Müller-Trutwin, M, Margolis, D, Bar, KJ, Li, JZ, McCune, JM, Lewin, S, Kulpa, D, Diallo, DD, Lederman, MM, and Paiardini, M

Abstract

Once a death sentence, HIV is now considered a manageable chronic disease due to the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens with minimal toxicity and a high barrier for genetic resistance. While highly effective in arresting AIDS progression and rendering the virus untransmissible in people living with HIV (PLWH) with undetectable viremia (U=U) [1, 2]), ART alone is incapable of eradicating the "reservoir" of resting, latently infected CD4+ T cells from which virus recrudesces upon treatment cessation. As of 2022 estimates, there are 39 million PLWH, of whom 86% are aware of their status and 76% are receiving ART [3]. As of 2017, ART-treated PLWH exhibit near normalized life expectancies without adjustment for socioeconomic differences [4]. Furthermore, there is a global deceleration in the rate of new infections [3] driven by expanded access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), HIV testing in vulnerable populations, and by ART treatment [5]. Therefore, despite outstanding issues pertaining to cost and access in developing countries, there is strong enthusiasm that aggressive testing, treatment, and effective viral suppression may be able to halt the ongoing HIV epidemic (ie, UNAIDS' 95-95-95 targets) [6-8]; especially as evidenced by recent encouraging observations in Sydney [9]. Despite these promising efforts to limit further viral transmission, for PLWH, a "cure" remains elusive; whether it be to completely eradicate the viral reservoir (ie, cure) or to induce long-term viral remission in the absence of ART (ie, control; Figure 1). In a previous salon hosted by Pathogens and Immunity in 2016 [10], some researchers were optimistic that a cure was a feasible, scalable goal, albeit with no clear consensus on the best route. So, how are these cure strategies panning out? In this commentary, 8 years later, we will provide a brief overview on recent advances and failures towards identifying determinants of viral persistence and developing a scalable cure

Published
2023

15. The passenger hypothesis: HIV exploits CD4 T-cell homeostasis to promote long-term persistence of its reservoirs

Author

Reeves, D., Bacchus-Souffan, C., Fitch, M., Symons, J., Abdel-Mohsen, M., Hoh, R., Ahn, H., Deeks, S., Lewin, S., Hellerstein, M., McCune, J.M., Hunt, P., and Schiffer, J.

Subjects
Drug therapy, Development and progression, Patient outcomes, Health aspects, Host-virus relationships, HIV infections -- Development and progression -- Drug therapy, Cell differentiation -- Health aspects, Antiretroviral agents -- Patient outcomes, CD4 lymphocytes -- Health aspects, Antiviral agents -- Patient outcomes, HIV infection -- Development and progression -- Drug therapy
Abstract

Background: The reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells ensures HIV persistence during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). The proliferation of reservoir cells carries provirus along as a passenger and produces [...]

Published
2021
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17. Use of the Informed Health Choices digital resources for teaching lower secondary school students in Rwanda to think critically about health: protocol for a process evaluation

Author

Mugisha, M, Nyirazinyoye, L, Oxman, AD, Simbi, CMC, Chesire, F, Ssenyonga, R, Oxman, M, Nsangi, A, Semakula, D, Dahlgren, A, Kaseje, M, Sewankambo, NK, Rosenbaum, S, and Lewin, S

Subjects
critical thinking, process evaluation, adolescents, treatment claims, health literacy, Rwanda
Abstract

Background: The Informed Health Choices (IHC) network is a group of researchers aiming to develop the public’s critical thinking skills and help them make informed health choices. We started with young people and developed the primary and secondary school resources for teaching critical thinking about health choices. The “Be Smart about your Health” secondary school resources are designed for lower secondary students and will be evaluated in randomized trials in three countries: Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda. This protocol is for a process evaluation that will be conducted alongside the trial in Rwanda. The aim is to assess the implementation process, impacts of the intervention, and factors affecting the impacts and scaling up use of the resources. Methods: We will follow the UK Medical Research Council’s guidance for designing process evaluations of complex interventions alongside randomized trials. We will use quantitative and qualitative methods. We will collect quantitative data to assess lessons taught (dose), students’ attendance (reach) and any alterations in how the intervention (adaptation) is delivered in all schools allocated to the intervention arm (n=42). We will explore the intended and unintended effects, and transfer of learning through focus group discussions (FGDs) with students (n=8-10 FGDs), their parents/guardians (n=5 FGDs) and their teachers using key informant interviews (KIIs) (n=8-10 KIIs). We will also explore factors affecting the effective delivery and scaling up of the intervention through interviews with teachers (n=8-10 KIIs), school administrators (n=8-10 KIIs), district authorities (n=5 KII) and policymakers in education (n=5 KIIs). We will collect qualitative data in about 8-10 schools varying by district, school ownership, and school performance. We will analyse quantitative data using descriptive statics and qualitative data using thematic content analysis and framework analysis.

Published
2022
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22. Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Qualitative Evidence Syntheses, Differences From Reviews of Intervention Effectiveness and Implications for Guidance

Author

Glenton, C, Lewin, S, Downe, S, Paulsen, E, Munabi-Babigumira, S, Agarwal, S, Ames, H, Cooper, S, Daniels, K, Houghton, C, Karimi‐Shahanjarini, A, Moloi, H, Odendaal, W, Shakibazadeh, E, Vasudevan, L, Xyrichis, A, Bohren, MA, Glenton, C, Lewin, S, Downe, S, Paulsen, E, Munabi-Babigumira, S, Agarwal, S, Ames, H, Cooper, S, Daniels, K, Houghton, C, Karimi‐Shahanjarini, A, Moloi, H, Odendaal, W, Shakibazadeh, E, Vasudevan, L, Xyrichis, A, and Bohren, MA

Abstract

Systematic reviews of qualitative research (‘qualitative evidence syntheses’) are increasingly popular and represent a potentially important source of information about people’s views, needs and experiences. Since 2013, Cochrane has published qualitative evidence syntheses, and the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care group has been involved in the majority of these reviews. But more guidance is needed on how to prepare these reviews in an environment that is more familiar with reviews of quantitative research. In this paper, we describe and reflect on how Cochrane qualitative evidence syntheses differ from reviews of intervention effectiveness and how these differences have influenced the guidance developed by the EPOC group. In particular, we discuss how it has been important to display to end users, firstly, that qualitative evidence syntheses are carried out with rigour and transparency, and secondly, that these quality standards need to reflect qualitative research traditions. We also discuss lessons that reviews of effectiveness might learn from qualitative research.

Published
2022

24. EPOC Qualitative Evidence Syntheses: Protocol and review template v1.3

Author

Glenton C, Bohren MA, Downe S, Paulsen EJ, Lewin S, on behalf of Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC).

Subjects
Cochrane EPOC, systematic review, qualitative evidence synthesis, education, qualitative research
Abstract

EPOC Qualitative Evidence Syntheses: Protocol and review template Version 1.3 21 January 2022 Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC), https://epoc.cochrane.org

Published
2022
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25. Adults' views and experiences of vaccines developed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative evidence synthesis

Author

Maria, ARJ, Cooper, S, Glenton, C, Lewin, S, Meskell, P, Suleman, M, and Shepperd, S

Subjects
Pharmacology (medical)
Abstract

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (qualitative). The objectives are as follows: Objectives The objective of this review is to identify, appraise and synthesise qualitative studies that explored adults’ views and experiences towards vaccination in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic. A secondary objective is to compare this evidence with qualitative evidence that explores people’s perspectives of vaccines developed in response to Ebola, Hong Kong flu and Swine flu.

Published
2022

26. Soils, Science and Community ActioN (SoilSCAN): a citizen science tool to empower community-led land management change in East Africa

Author

Kelly, C., Wynants, M., Wynants, Maarten, Patrick, A., Taylor, A., Mkilema, F., Nasseri, M., Lewin, S., Munishi, L., Mtei, K., Ndakidemi, P., and Blake, W.

Subjects
Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture and Land-use
Abstract

Pastoralist communities worldwide face complex challenges regarding food and feed productivity. Primary production systems are under stress, nutritional choices are changing and the relationship between development and agriculture is undergoing profound transformation. Under increasing pressure from climate and land use change, East African agro-pastoral systems are approaching a tipping point in terms of land degradation. There is an urgent need for evidence-led sustainable land management interventions to reverse degradation of natural resources that support food and water security. A key barrier, however, is a lack of high spatial resolution soil health data wherein collecting such information for each individual community is beyond their means. In this context, we tested whether bridging such data gaps could be achieved through a coordinated programme at the boundary between participation and citizen science. Key outputs included a community-led trial of a hand-held soil scanner, which highlighted a range of positive benefits and practical challenges in using this technology in this context, with identification of some potential solutions; and a targeted soil organic matter and nutrient status dataset in a small catchment-based community setting. The results show that if the practical challenges can be resolved, use of portable soil scanner technology has the potential to fill key knowledge gaps and thereby improve resilience to the threat of land degradation through locally responsive farmer and community decision-making.

Published
2022

30. Subsequent full publication of qualitative studies presented at United Kingdom Royal College of Nursing Research Conference 2015 and 2016 : a follow‐up study

Author

Toews, I., Nyirenda, J.L.Z., Stadelmaier, J., Schwarzer, G., Noyes, J., Booth, A., Lewin, S., and Meerpohl, J.J.

Abstract

A considerable proportion of quantitative research remains unpublished once completed. Little research has documented non-dissemination and dissemination bias in qualitative research. This study aimed to generate evidence on the extent of non-dissemination in qualitative research. We followed a cohort of qualitative studies presented as conference abstracts to ascertain their subsequent publication status. We searched for subsequent full publication in MEDLINE, in the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature and in Google Scholar. We matched abstracts to subsequent publications according to authors, method of data collection and phenomenon of interest. Fisher's exact test was calculated to examine associations between study characteristics and publication. Factors potentially associated with time to publication were evaluated with Cox regression analysis. For 91 of 270 included abstracts (33.70%; 95% CI 28.09%–39.68%), no full publication was identified. Factors that were found to be associated with subsequent full publication were oral presentation (OR 4.62; 95% CI 2.43–8.94) and university affiliation (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.05–3.66). Compared to oral presentations, studies presented as posters took longer time to reach full publication (hazard ratio 0.35, 95% CI 0.21–0.58). This study shows that it was not possible to retrieve a full publication for over one-third of abstracts. Our findings suggest that where this non-dissemination is systematic, it may lead to distortions of the qualitative evidence-base for decision-making through dissemination bias. Our findings are congruent with those of other studies. Further research might investigate non-dissemination of qualitative studies in other disciplines to consolidate our findings.

Published
2021

33. EPOC Qualitative Evidence Syntheses: Protocol and review template v1

Author

Glenton C, Bohren MA, Downe S, Paulsen EJ, Lewin S, on behalf of Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC).

Subjects
Cochrane EPOC
Abstract

EPOC Qualitative Evidence Syntheses: Protocol and review template Version 1.1 September 2020 Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC)

Published
2021
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38. Agenda 2025 Ending HIV Transmission in Australia: Technical paper on science, trends and targets June 2021

Author

Grulich, A, Bavinton, B, Stoove, M, Wright, E, Treloar, C, Cogle, A, O'Donnell, D, Doyle, M, Firzgerald, L, Goodbun, R, Holas, N, Holt, M, Keen, P, Kelleher, A, Lewin, S, Lobo, R, McGregor, S, McMahon, J, Monaghan, R, Moss, P, Ong, J, Parkhill, N, Paynter, H, Power, J, Russell, D, Ruth, S, Gray, R, Grulich, A, Bavinton, B, Stoove, M, Wright, E, Treloar, C, Cogle, A, O'Donnell, D, Doyle, M, Firzgerald, L, Goodbun, R, Holas, N, Holt, M, Keen, P, Kelleher, A, Lewin, S, Lobo, R, McGregor, S, McMahon, J, Monaghan, R, Moss, P, Ong, J, Parkhill, N, Paynter, H, Power, J, Russell, D, Ruth, S, and Gray, R

Published
2021

39. Is France Once Again Looking for a Scapegoat?

Author

Lederman, MM, Flier, JS, Hale, P, Haase, AT, Powderly, W, Reiss, P, Silvestri, G, Sekaly, RP, Paiardini, M, Weissman, D, Kuritzkes, DR, Calabrese, LH, Agre, P, Reyes-Teran, G, Landay, AL, Lewin, S, Richman, DD, Volberding, P, Hunt, PW, Schechter, M, Lederman, MM, Flier, JS, Hale, P, Haase, AT, Powderly, W, Reiss, P, Silvestri, G, Sekaly, RP, Paiardini, M, Weissman, D, Kuritzkes, DR, Calabrese, LH, Agre, P, Reyes-Teran, G, Landay, AL, Lewin, S, Richman, DD, Volberding, P, Hunt, PW, and Schechter, M

Abstract

On September 10, 2021, a special tribunal established by the French government launched an inquiry into the activities of former health minister Dr. Agnes Buzyn who was charged with "endangering the lives of others". It is surprising to learn of this accusation and inquiry into the actions of a public health official whose response to the epidemic was, to all appearances, exemplary.

Published
2021

40. HIV cure research in the time of COVID-19 - Antiretroviral therapy treatment interruption trials: A discussion paper

Author

Fidler, S, Lewin, S, Deeks, S, Sogaard, OS, Vandekerckhove, L, Collins, S, Kelly, D, Singh, J, Caskey, M, Frater, J, Fidler, S, Lewin, S, Deeks, S, Sogaard, OS, Vandekerckhove, L, Collins, S, Kelly, D, Singh, J, Caskey, M, and Frater, J

Abstract

This discussion paper addresses the safety of HIV cure studies, particularly those involving stopping antiretroviral therapy, known as an analytic treatment interruption (ATI) in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. More than 30 studies listed on ClinicalTrials.gov include an ATI and many others were planned to begin over the next 12 months but most were halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We consider the ethics, risks and practical considerations to be taken into account before re-opening HIV cure clinical trials, noting the specific risks of ATI in the context of circulating SARS-CoV-2.

Published
2021

41. Qualitative Evidence Syntheses Within Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care: Developing a Template and Guidance

Author

Glenton, C, Lewin, S, Downe, S, Paulsen, E, Munabi-Babigumira, S, Johansen, M, Agarwal, S, Ames, H, Cooper, S, Daniels, K, Houghton, C, Karimi-Shahanjarini, A, Moloi, H, Odendaal, W, Shakibazadeh, E, Vasudevan, L, Xyrichis, A, Bohren, MA, Glenton, C, Lewin, S, Downe, S, Paulsen, E, Munabi-Babigumira, S, Johansen, M, Agarwal, S, Ames, H, Cooper, S, Daniels, K, Houghton, C, Karimi-Shahanjarini, A, Moloi, H, Odendaal, W, Shakibazadeh, E, Vasudevan, L, Xyrichis, A, and Bohren, MA

Abstract

A growing number of researchers are preparing systematic reviews of qualitative evidence, often referred to as ‘qualitative evidence syntheses’. Cochrane published its first qualitative evidence synthesis in 2013 and published 27 such syntheses and protocols by August 2020. Most of these syntheses have explored how people experience or value different health conditions, treatments and outcomes. Several have been used by guideline producers and others to identify the topics that matter to people, consider the acceptability and feasibility of different healthcare options and identify implementation considerations, thereby complementing systematic reviews of intervention effectiveness.Guidance on how to conduct and report qualitative evidence syntheses exists. However, methods are evolving, and we still have more to learn about how to translate and integrate existing methodological guidance into practice. Cochrane’s Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) ( www.epoc.org ) has been involved in many of Cochrane’s qualitative evidence syntheses through the provision of editorial guidance and support and through co-authorship. In this article, we describe the development of a template and guidance for EPOC’s qualitative evidence syntheses and reflect on this process.

Published
2021

43. Stratified turbulent mixing in oscillating shear flows.

Author

Lewin, S. F. and Caulfield, C. P.

Subjects
KELVIN-Helmholtz instability, TURBULENT mixing, SHEAR flow, INTERNAL waves, REYNOLDS number, OCEAN waves, TURBULENCE, KINETIC energy
Abstract

Motivated by the variation of local shear produced by internal waves in the ocean, we use direct numerical simulations to investigate the effect of a time-dependent shear forcing on the evolution and mixing of turbulence produced by Kelvin--Helmholtz instability (KHI) at high Reynolds number. The forcing is implemented using a tilting coordinate system which causes the background shear to accelerate and decelerate periodically. We demonstrate that, with suitable timing between development of instability and the shear oscillation cycle, turbulence produced by KHI with a decelerating shear mixes in a distinctly different way from the flow with constant background shear, specifically with the energy for turbulent motions extracted from alternative sources. As a result, the total amount of mixing as measured by the change in background potential energy can in fact be significantly larger for flows in which the shear is decelerated, despite the fact that the total kinetic energy in the flow is significantly smaller. The mixing has characteristics more in common with convectively driven rather than shear-driven flows, supporting the argument for an underlying change in the mechanisms triggering the turbulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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49. Breadth of concomitant immune responses underpinning viral clearance and patient recovery in a non-severe case of COVID-19

Author

Thevarajan, I, Nguyen, THO, Koutsakos, M, Druce, J, Caly, L, van de Sandt, C, Jia, X, Nicholson, S, Catton, M, Cowie, B, Tong, SYC, Lewin, S, Kedzierska, K, Thevarajan, I, Nguyen, THO, Koutsakos, M, Druce, J, Caly, L, van de Sandt, C, Jia, X, Nicholson, S, Catton, M, Cowie, B, Tong, SYC, Lewin, S, and Kedzierska, K

Abstract

We report the kinetics of the immune response in relation to clinical and virological features of a patient with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) requiring hospitalisation. Increased antibody-secreting cells, follicular T-helper cells, activated CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells and IgM/IgG SARS-CoV-2-binding antibodies were detected in blood, prior to symptomatic recovery. These immunological changes persisted for at least 7 days following full resolution of symptoms, indicating substantial anti-viral immunity in this non-severe COVID-19.

Published
2020

50. Evaluation of serological tests for SARS-CoV-2: Implications for serology testing in a low-prevalence setting

Author

Bond, K, Nicholson, S, Ming Lim, S, Karapanagiotidis, T, Williams, E, Johnson, D, Hoang, T, Sia, C, Purcell, D, R Lewin, S, Catton, M, P Howden, B, A Williamson, D, Bond, K, Nicholson, S, Ming Lim, S, Karapanagiotidis, T, Williams, E, Johnson, D, Hoang, T, Sia, C, Purcell, D, R Lewin, S, Catton, M, P Howden, B, and A Williamson, D

Abstract

Background

Robust serological assays are essential for long-term control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many recently released point-of-care (PoCT) serological assays have been distributed with little pre-market validation.

Methods

Performance characteristics for five PoCT lateral flow devices approved for use in Australia were compared to a commercial enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and a recently described novel surrogate virus neutralisation test (sVNT).

Results

Sensitivities for PoCT ranged from 51.8% (95% CI 43.1 to 60.4%) to 67.9% (95% CI 59.4–75.6%), and specificities from 95.6% (95% CI 89.2–98.8%) to 100.0% (95% CI 96.1–100.0%). Overall ELISA sensitivity for either IgA or IgG detection was 67.9% (95% CI 59.4–75.6), increasing to 93.8% (95% CI 85.0–98.3%) for samples > 14 days post symptom onset. Overall, sVNT sensitivity was 60.9% (95% CI 53.2–68.4%), rising to 91.2%% (95% CI 81.8–96.7%) for samples collected > 14 days post-symptom onset, with a specificity 94.4% (95% CI 89.2–97.5%),

Conclusion

Performance characteristics for COVID-19 serological assays were generally lower than those reported by manufacturers. Timing of specimen collection relative to onset of illness or infection is crucial in the reporting of performance characteristics for COVID-19 serological assays. The optimal algorithm for implementing serological testing for COVID-19 remains to be determined, particularly in low-prevalence settings.

Published
2020

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