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Analysis of the seasonality of new vehicle sales in Poland in 2013-2018 The purpose of the article is to discuss the essence of the phenomenon of sales seasonality on the Polish automotive market. The subject of detailed analysis is an attempt to identify the direction, level of the trend, outliers and the distribution of seasonal fluctuations in the sale of new vehicles in Poland in 2013-2018. The ARIMA-X-12 and TRAMO-SEATS procedures were used to decompose time series. The analysis uses monthly data from January 2013 to October 2018, from the Central Register of Vehicles, published in monthly reports of the Polish Automotive Industry Association. Secondary data related to the sale of new passenger vehicles (for business entities and individual users), delivery vans, trucks, buses, trailers and semitrailers as well as motorcycles and mopeds. From the available reports and research shows that sales of new vehicles in Poland increased, with the exception of sales of motorcycles and mopeds. The authors showed that the sale of all vehicles was subject to seasonal fluctuations, which were associated with vehicle sales, closing the accounting year for commercial vehicles and seasons (motorcycles and mopeds. The authors state that the changes introduced regarding the registration of new vehicles, approvals and combustion standards were the cause of the so-called shocks on the automotive market.

One of the goals of Industry 4.0 is to increase the transparency of the value chain through modern tools in production processes. This article aims to discuss the possibility of increasing the efficiency of a production system by modernizing it with the use of computer modelling tools. This article describes a method for the simulation modelling of a selected production system using the specialized FlexSim 2023 software in a 3D environment. The results and benefits of the practical application of the object-oriented modelling are presented, as well as the possibilities of collecting simulation data used to optimize production processes. The analyses were conducted at a selected production plant in a case study. The research assessed the effectiveness of the existing system and determined the impact of process changes in the event of the introduction of a new design solution. The simulation identified bottlenecks in the material flow. The basis for creating the simulation model was the analysis of the technological process. A simulation model for a real situation was created, and a simulation model was designed to identify and indicate a solution to eliminate the detection of the bottleneck. The problem area identified using visualization in the technological process slowed down the entire production process and contributed to time and economic losses. Thus, the authors confirmed the thesis that the simulation modelling of production systems using the FlexSim program can help eliminate bottlenecks and increase the efficiency of human resource use. At the same time, the use of this tool can lead to increased efficiency, reduced costs and improved sustainability and other performance indicators important for modern production environments as part of the promoted Industry 4.0 idea. A noticeable result of these changes was an increase in production from about 80–90 units. In addition, it was noticed that the condition of the machines preceding the stand changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research on the impact of a 359 compression-ignition engine starting at low ambient temperatures. This engine is used in vehicles such as STAR 200, 244, and 226. The purpose of these tests was to determine the amount of wear depending on the ambient temperature and the number of starts, as well as to compare the wear at start-up with the wear occurring during tests on the dynamometer (long-term test for reliability) and wear occurring during the operation of the engine in the vehicle, and the impact of the number of starts and ambient temperature on diesel engine for the life of the vehicle to be repaired. The results of the author’s research showed that a minimum of the number of starts at low ambient temperatures has an impact on the number of kilometers driven by the car during operation to replace the cylinder liners (engine repair). Apart from the Polish armed forces and armies of other countries in which this type of vehicle is still used, the direct recipients of the research results are also other entities from the logistics transport sector for which further use of this power unit especially at low ambient temperatures is of fundamental economic importance.

Undoubtedly, the transition to electromobility with several million new, efficient charging points will have consequences for the energy industry, and in particular for network operators of the distribution infrastructure. At the same time, in the coming years the energy landscape will change into a system in which an increase in decentralized systems based on renewable energy sources will take over the leading function. This transformation process will further increase the complexity and overall pressure for change in energy systems over the next decade. In order to be able to ensure the energy supply and the reliable system operation of the grids in the future as well, communicative networking of generators, storage systems, electrical consumers and grid equipment is indispensable. This study aims to investigate the consequences of including electric vehicles in Istanbul's power system using a unit commitment simulation model. The presented considerations analyze how uncertain and managed charging strategies affect the power system in terms of operating costs and renewable resources. The presented simulations indicate that, in economic terms, the use of a managed charging strategy saves 2.3%, reducing the total cost from USD 66.71 million to USD 65.18 million. The recipients of the presented research are both the demand and supply sides of the future energy transformation based on the idea of synergy of electromobility and renewable energy sources within the framework of the smart city idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dilemma of choosing between conventional energy and renewable energy sources is a topic of discussion in various economic and social sectors. This problem is not only a matter of the country's energy security but is also an important element of sustainable development that affects the functioning of future generations. The analysis of this process must cover all aspects of operation, with particular emphasis on tourism, including ski resorts. The aim of the work is to assess the current state of ski infrastructure in terms of the possibility of using green energy to power these types of devices, with an indication of the profitability of implementing this project. This analysis will cover the types of renewable energy sources and how they are used in winter sports resorts around the world, whilst additionally focusing on the energy structure of Poland and the European Union, as well as on energy transformation plans in Poland. An important aspect of this analysis is to understand the barriers to the development of the unconventional energy sector and the ski resorts themselves. The impact of ski resorts on the natural environment was also examined. When analyzing the profitability of introducing green energy to power ski slopes, the costs of traditional energy sources in a Polish ski resort were analyzed. The benefits of introducing green energy were indicated by comparing SWOT analyses of the Polish coal sector with renewable energy sources. In the economic context, the profitability of the proposed renewable energy installation was presented, using the NPV, IRR and payback period methods. The analysis of the cost structure of traditional energy sources allowed for the identification of a potential investment in renewable energy technologies, showing the share of electricity costs in the structure of energy carriers used on the ski slope. As a result, the profitability of the installation project was indicated as photovoltaic with specific power and parameters. Although the presented considerations refer to the realities and legal regulations applicable in one of the selected European Union countries—Poland, a country where energy from photovoltaic panels is developing the fastest among all renewable energy sectors in Europe—these considerations can be used in practice to indicate further directions and development prospects for other regions of the world. At the same time, the content of the considerations creates the basis for further development of research on these processes in order to popularize Poland's energy policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available literature emphasizes that by 2040, electric vehicles may constitute up to 50% of the fleet of all passenger vehicles. This process will be one of the elements of the energy transformation and, at the same time, consistent with the idea of sustainable transport. As part of this research, the actual energy consumption and the range of electric vehicles were determined. This research was carried out using a selected group of electric cars from the most popular segments of passenger cars. The calculations were based on three charging scenarios: a home electrical network, a public alternating current (AC) charging station that allows charging with single-phase alternating current or alternating current, and a public direct current (DC) charging station that allows charging with direct current. The obtained results were compared with the results of cars with internal combustion and diesel engines after driving a 100-kilometer section of the route. In a broader scope, this research addresses the entities responsible for the energy transformation and the electromobility development strategy. In a narrower sense, vehicle users are considering the purchase of this type of vehicle for political, economic and technological reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to answer the question of how the challenges and problems of climate change translate into the realm of institutional solutions and strategic management at the local level. Design/methodology/approach: The article uses the method of analysis and criticism of the literature, making an analytical-synthetic account of the state of knowledge to date on the topic presented. In terms of processing the collected data, inductive and deductive, descriptive and monographic reasoning methods were used. Findings: Long-term strategies and investments in climate change adaptation as part of strategic management at the local level are essential to protect residents and urban infrastructure from the negative consequences of extreme weather. Practical implications: The presented study can help local government units make effective decisions related to environmental management at the local level. Social implications: The analysis presented can help in the process of identifying the benefits of strategic management with climate change adaptation issues. Originality/value: The presented study represents a new approach to interpreting the assumptions of environmental management systems in the context of supporting climate change adaptation activities from the perspective of strategic management in organizations and local government units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of using conventional energy facilities based on renewable energy sources to provide energy to battery swapping stations and charging stations for electric vehicles in one of the selected countries. As part of the work, the following tasks are solved: •A mathematical model of charging stations or battery swapping stations, electrical installations based on renewable energy, and general energy facilities operating parallel to the electrical grid and autonomously is developed; •A methodology has been developed, verifying the structures and parameters of energy facilities based on renewable energy sources for charging batteries of electric vehicles; •The efficiency of using generation facilities based on renewable energy sources to battery charging stations in rural areas of such a large country is evaluated; •The number of hybrid energy facilities based on renewable energy sources and charging stations is evaluated. Design/methodology/approach: The examined power plant facilities serve electric vehicles in cities, recreation areas, industrial enterprises, and highways. Service types such as charging the battery and replacing discharged batteries of electric vehicles with pre-charged batteries are used at charging stations for electric vehicles. The efficiency of using conventional energy installations as part of charging stations is evaluated in regions with different climatic conditions. Findings: The results show an increase in profit when participating in the ancillary service market. Originality/value: In the following research paper were presented the optimization objective function that maximizes the profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union is set to become the world's first climate-neutral continent in 2050. Achieving such an ambitious goal requires cross-cutting measures in all key sectors of the economy, including transport, which is one of the main sources of emissions in Member States, including Poland. Electromobility is a key instrument for reducing the negative impact of transport on climate and the environment. The current automotive market in Poland, for the most part, is made up of old combustion engine cars. The average age of a passenger car in Poland in 2021 was 14.5 years, 0.2 years more than in 2020. An important point to note is that in 2021, nearly twice as many used cars were imported into Poland as new cars were sold, and this was 11.3% higher than the figure recorded in 2020. At the same time, 48% of the cars were equipped with diesel engines. Thus, it is reasonable to identify the current state of knowledge of e-mobility and its assessment by young consumers (18-to 25-year-olds). How they perceive such vehicles is of great importance. Young buyers are a special group in the automotive market - their purchasing preferences will determine the nature of the car market in the future, including whether it will be zero-emission. Learning about the opinions of young consumers is important. On the one hand, it allows knowledge to be gained about the beliefs, feelings, and level of interest in this type of car and the actions young people want to take regarding purchase and use. On the other hand, knowledge of their attitudes towards electric cars can be the basis for creating more relevant information messages. Such information may also be significant for companies and institutions involved in introducing electric cars to the Polish market and those interested in the issues of new technologies in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to analyse and evaluate the compatibility of the development of agricultural biogas plants with Poland's environmental policy, particularly with regard to the promotion of RES use locally. Design/methodology/approach: The article focuses on a selected issue in the field of organization and shaping sustainable development policy. Inductive and deductive reasoning, descriptive and monographic methods were used to process the collected data. The research methodology was based on statistical measures of structure and change over time. Findings: The development of biogas plants in Poland is in line with the country's environmental policy, which focuses on increasing the share of renewable energy sources in electricity and heat production and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Practical implications: The presented study can help economic entities to make effective decisions regarding environmental protection and development of RES. Social implications: The analysis presented can help in the process of identifying the benefits of the development of agricultural biogas plants, not only for the environment, but also as an element stimulating economic development on a local and regional level. Originality/value: The presented study is a new concept for the interpretation of Poland's environmental policy in the context of supporting the development of renewable energy sources (RES) from the perspective of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the research areas related to renewable energy sources is the search for new applications for currently used technologies. An important postulate is to achieve the synergy effect by including the existing infrastructure in this process. The innovation described in this article is the integration of solar cells into a modular sound barrier on the highway. The contribution of this article is mainly based on the introduction of the potential feasibility of the first Turkish solar highway, describing the installation of PV systems based on a multi-criteria evaluation (azimuth angle, loss of shade, and dirt). The aim of the study is to determine the economic dimension by examining the costs of implementing such an investment and answering the question concerning the efficiency of solar cells on sound barriers. The research took into account various scenarios regarding the shadow effect and inclination of solar panels and their impact on solar energy production in the example of a given case study, an identified urban area. The research is limited to the model for assessing the feasibility of solar cells on sound barriers based on NPV and the essence of the relationship regarding the LCOE averaged electricity costs. In this study, the function and technical parameters of solar cells are not specified, but the article is limited to the basic information and characteristics required to investigate the payback period and profitability of an investment. Research has shown that if the investment is carried out in accordance with the proposed model, the expected amount of energy produced is 62,257 kWh per year. This value corresponds to the average consumption of electricity in a household by 24 apartments for a given destination, or to providing energy for a selected electric vehicle for one year of its operation, at the same time leading to a significant reduction of CO2. The presented research can find practical application in the area of developing a strategy for the development and popularization of renewable energy sources while increasing the use of the existing road infrastructure, presenting an important postulate in promoting this type of solution for other geographic destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the article is to try to answer the question which of the social policy instruments can convince the society to adopt transport solutions based on the concept of electromobility to the greatest extent. Design/methodology/approach: The considerations are social research, a research experiment in the form of a method (CAWI) was used, which was used to verify the role of selected instruments in the process of the announced transformation of social mobility. In the research area, the focus was on the assessment of possible changes in shopping preferences and transport mobility in terms of selected social policy instruments. Economic, legal and informational instruments were analysed. Findings: The author indicates that the process of managing the development of electromobility should be implemented with the help of properly selected social policy instruments and go hand in hand with the changes taking place within an increasingly aware society. Research limitations/implications: The presented survey research was carried out on a specific research sample of approximately 1,000 respondents. Certainly, in the near future there will be a need for much broader analyzes and research, in particular with regard to changes in the income of citizens, planned reforms of social programs and projected increases in the prices of energy resources. Practical implications: The research results are the first approach to indicate to the government administration which social policy tools have the greatest impact on the process of managing the development of electromobility in Poland. Social implications: Research shows that there are links between economic, social and environmental issues in the management of the electromobility development process in Poland. Originality/value: The experimental research approach may be helpful in assessing the effectiveness of the implications of selected social policy instruments in the management of the electromobility development process in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The aim of this article is to present selected research results in the field of optimization of energy cogeneration processes of heating systems based on biogas sources, in terms of the possibility of obtaining ecological and energy benefits in the municipal area. Design/methodology/approach: The considerations are a case study, including an analysis of the choice of the optimal variant of agricultural biogas construction in the Łobez Municipality in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship from the point of view of both the substrate used in biogas and the proposed technological solutions. The subject matter focuses on comparing the estimated ecological effect of biogas with different powers and choosing the optimal model solution. The research process used secondary and statistical data and the selected comparative method to calculate the carbon dioxide emission reduction factor. Findings: The authors indicate which technology of obtaining energy should be dominant in the field of optimization of energy cogeneration processes of heating systems in Poland in areas dominated by agricultural economy. Research limitations/implications: The presented research concerns the assessment of one of the parameters(substrate used in biogas) affecting the optimization of biogas production. Future research in this area should focus on the assessment of other factors determining the validity of the discussed solutions in relation to the adopted state policy in the field of development of renewable energy sources and agricultural economy. Practical implications: The results of the research are the first approach to indicate the government and regional administration the type of energy that may form the basis of the future strategy of changes in the field of energy cogeneration of heating systems in municipal and agricultural areas in Poland. Social implications: The description of the agricultural biogas model, which served as an example, can be helpful in the process of identifying benefits not only for the environment but also as an element stimulating economic and social development at the local and regional level. Originality/value: An experimental research approach may be helpful in understanding the essence of optimization of energy congregation processes of heating systems based on biogas sources in selected areas of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present development trends in sales of new passenger vehicles in Poland. The authors of the article suggest that this way of presenting sales results is incorrect. When decomposing the time series of the number of passenger car sales per seasonal component, the trend and accidental fluctuations and irregular fluctuations, it was proved that the analyzed phenomenon is more complex. In addition, it has been proved that the sale of new cars is a component of sales of passenger cars produced this year and sales of vehicles produced in the previous year, in which sales are characterized by different seasonality. The monthly data from January 2013 to November 2018 were used to decompose the time series of sales of new passenger vehicles in Poland. The data from the Central Register of Vehicles and Drivers was made available. The ARIMA-X-12 and TRAMO-SEATS methods were used to decompose the analyzed time series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]