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Soybean products have nutrients, dietary fiber, and phytoalexins beneficial for cardiovascular and overall health. Despite their high consumption in Asian populations, their safety in Western diets is debated. We conducted a dose-escalating clinical trial of the safety and tolerability of soybean products in eight older adults (70–85 years) with obesity. Whole green soybean pods grown under controlled conditions were processed to flour (WGS) at the United States Department of Agriculture using common cooking techniques such as slicing and heat treatment. WGS incorporated into food products was consumed at 10 g, 20 g, and 30 g/day for one week at each dose. The gastrointestinal outcomes, clinical biomarkers, and adverse events were evaluated. We explored the stimulation of phytoalexin (glyceollin) production in live viable soybean seeds (LSS-G). We compared the compositions of WGS and LSS-G with commercial soybean flour and its fermented and enzymatically hydrolyzed forms. We found that although 30 g WSG was well-tolerated, and it made participants feel full. Our processing produced glyceollins (267 µg/g) in LSS-G. Processing soybean flour decreased the iron content, but reduced the oligosaccharides, which could attenuate flatulence. Providing soybean flour at <30 g/day may be prudent for overall health and to prevent the exclusion of other food groups and nutrients in older adults with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents two letters to the editor regarding Jerald Hage's article in the December, 1965, issue of this publication, titled "An Axiomatic Theory of Organizations." A reply from Dr. Hage is also presented.

INTRODUCTION: This project is a collaborative effort of the Task Force on Mapping the Nursing Literature of the Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association. This overview summarizes eighteen studies covering general nursing and sixteen specialties. METHOD: Following a common protocol, citations from source journals were analyzed for a three-year period within the years 1996 to 2000. Analysis included cited formats, age, and ranking of the frequency of cited journal titles. Highly cited journals were analyzed for coverage in twelve health sciences and academic databases. RESULTS: Journals were the most frequently cited format, followed by books. More than 60% of the cited resources were published in the previous seven years. Bradford's law was validated, with a small core of cited journals accounting for a third of the citations. Medical and science databases provided the most comprehensive access for biomedical titles, while CINAHL and PubMed provided the best access for nursing journals.Discussion: Beyond a heavily cited core, nursing journal citations are widely dispersed among a variety of sources and disciplines, with corresponding access via a variety of bibliographic tools. Results underscore the interdisciplinary nature of the nursing profession. CONCLUSION: For comprehensive searches, nurses need to search multiple databases. Libraries need to provide access to databases beyond PubMed, including CINAHL and academic databases. Database vendors should improve their coverage of nursing, biomedical, and psychosocial titles identified in these studies. Additional research is needed to update these studies and analyze nursing specialties not covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the social structure of Japan in 2000. One of the most striking features of the Japanese social system seems to have been that the changes in control of the social system which accompanied the change from feudalism to industrialization were changes in the balance of power within the already existing class groups rather than, as in the West, a shift of control between classes. The transition of Japan from feudalism to modern industrialism has not been accompanied by the rise to power of any new class. Roughly speaking, six social classes may be distinguished in modern Japan. In order of their level in the social stratification of Japan, these groups are as follows: the Imperial Family, nobility, upper middle class, lower middle class, industrial proletariat, and peasants. The Imperial Family, consisting of the Emperor and his relatives, stands at the pinnacle of social structure. The Emperor is in a very real sense the focal point of the entire social system. The symbolic position of the Emperor and the Imperial Family is of peculiar significance. The next group in the Japanese system of stratification is the nobility. This group may be subdivided into three groups in which power and prestige vary inversely. The group having the greatest prestige is that of the old court nobility called the Kuge. Next in order is the Daimyo group. These are the descendants of the dukes and counts who ruled the various principalities of the seventeenth and following centuries.

This article presents information on the review made by the author on the book "Dynamic Functionalism: Strategy and Tactics," by Michael A. Faia and the reply from Faia to the points raised by the author. According to the author Science is the only language in which denotation is everything and connotation is a curse. Even "the law" does not go to this extreme. Nowhere in his book can the author find Faia's definition of the term functionalism or a forthright declaration that for his work that concept is an undefined predicate. Faia replied that there are several instances in which the author does not summarize his arguments accurately. The most serious of these occurs when the author raises a pair of seemingly rhetorical questions about survivability of social organizations, failing all the while to note that he has answered both questions in detail. Given that functionalism concentrates on i-functions (interest-functions) at least as often as it concentrates on s-functions (survivorship functions), survivorship analysis is not "characteristic of the structural functional approach in general."

The article discusses the connection between Confucianism and modernization. The author asserts that Confucianism did not lead to anything that could be described as modernization. Some of the elements associated with Confucianism have a social pedigree going back even further than 2500 years. Meanwhile, a modernized society is characterized by an extraordinarily high ratio of inanimate to animate sources of power. In talking about the role of Confucianism in association with the process of modernization one must inevitably turn to what is still the best theoretical explanation of why and how the patterns of modernization developed in the first place.

The article presents information on the work of sociologist Vilfredo Pareto. In the U.S. the influence of Pareto spread almost entirely from a single source. That source was a special seminar given by sociologist L. J. Henderson. That seminar included an extraordinary number of people who were to become famous and important in the social sciences and who seemed to feel that seminar and their brush with Pareto in it was one of the great intellectual experiences of their lives. More of the remaining general influence of Pareto is probably traceable to the attention given to him in "The Structure of Social Action," by Talcott Parsons than to any other source. Certainly that was the source for most of the people who took graduate degrees at Harvard from the late 1930's on. The contributions of Pareto are his statement about the scientific approach, his careful drawing of the distinction between logical and non-logical conduct, his demonstration of the limitations of strictly rational analysis in seeking solutions to problems, his insistence on the interdependent social system, the residue-derivation scheme and Pareto's specific empirical hypotheses.

Examines distributive justice development in children of ages seven, nine and eleven from Sweden and the U.S. Performance of logical reasoning tasks; Assessment of reasoning in different contexts; High levels of reasoning elicited by family stimuli.

The article presents questions and notes on the importance of terminology in sociological research. Terms at the observational end of the scale fit into the definitional framework much more happily than those at the theoretical end. To understand, in one fairly commonplace sense of the term, what an author who is talking about phonemes means is to be able to place any sentiments about phonemes within some conceptual framework which that author espouses. Are the needs and interests of the practicing scholar and of the translator and information scientist sufficiently convergent to allow a reasonably economical form of glossary? No practicing scholar could ever be confused by the two uses of, say, phonetics. The syntactic structures in which the word appears in its different uses will always distinguish them. "Phonetics" as the name of a subject behaves like a proper noun, taking no article in general in the other sense, the word takes an article and, being intrinsically relational, will generally be followed by an of-phrase. What is the structure of the synthetic glossary? This is always a tricky matter with onomasiological glossaries. There is a later allusion to a classification scheme, but none is specified. The considerable enthusiam for onomasiological dictionaries in Europe seems to be more theoretical than practical in motivation. How would problems of context be dealt with in the glossary entries--for there is no neutral universal metalanguage? For instance the words interstimulations and responses occur in the definition of social interaction.

This article discusses the concept of putative profit. That is easily handled. Putative profits may be defined as those profits, of whatever nature, which business men think they can make. It is this concept in one form or another which has come to be a key block in all major business cycle theories of today. Through all this controversy one of his central concepts, the schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital," has floated more or less undamaged, although, as people will note in a moment, the specific effects of certain forces on the marginal efficiency of capital have been questioned. From the very beginning of the book one expects to find putative profits lurking behind this formidable phrase, "the schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital." Now it is true that these expectations are only a portion of the items going into the schedule of the marginal efficiency of capital, but the other items are known quantities such as "current cost of production of capital-goods," and so forth.

This article focuses on generation gap, the special problems of late-comers to modernization, and the general questions of stability and adaptability of males. As high levels of modernization were achieved, the overwhelming majority of males in both relatively modernized and relatively nonmodernized contexts came to be reared largely under the direct supervision and domination of females from birth through to maturity. Sex role differentiation is the most fundamental and underlying of all intermediate role differentiations. There are no, and never have been any humans who do not differentiate roles on the basis of sex, and differentiation is never confined solely to those matters which can be predicted on purely physiological grounds given the present state of our knowledge. The universal generation gap inheres in the long maturation process with regard to human beings, their rearing in family contexts, and the like. An imaginative restructuring of education at all levels would provide earlier opportunities to learn, and participate in, occupational roles; increased opportunity for vocational retraining to keep pace with technological change and more flexibility in the phasing of occupational and "liberal" education so that each might be available to a person as he needs and desires it.

The article presents a partial review of Arthur L. Stinchcombe's book "Constructing Social Theories." From this book one learns something of what to do to make sure a theory is relatively well logicized, if it falls into one of several types envisaged by the author. Unlike most social scientists, he has not missed the lesson of the history of science. He is not more concerned with being right than with being fruitful. Constructing theories of social phenomena is done best by those who have a variety of theoretical strategies to try out. Some of the strategies as discussed are so clearly vulnerable as to be ones to be exploded and pointed out as odd examples to a young student. It seems that Stinchcombe really does regard the consequence of such behavior as being identical with its motivation. Anyone who takes that formulation seriously believes not only that the child is father to the man but that the child can be father to the man's father. No amount of logicizing or mathematization is likely to make an equation of motivation and result tenable or fruitful.

Presents several letters to the editor on public administration. Observations on the nature of AID and its university contract teams; Emergence of black market bureaucracy; Conceptualized client-organization relations in terms of the maturity of personality brought to the relationship by the client.

Presents several letters to the editor published in the April 1959 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review," referencing articles and topics discussed in previous issues. Culture and social systems; Anomie and suicide; Verbal and non-verbal behavior.

Presents letters to the editor published in the February 1959 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." Comment on the theory of stratification; Usage of the theory of stratification in social science.