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7. Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes

Author

Eme, Laura, Tamarit, Daniel, Eva, Caceres, Stairs, Courtney W, De Anda, Valerie, Schön, Max E, Seitz , Kiley W, Dombrowski, Nina, Levis, William H, Homa, Felix, Saw, Jimmy H, Lombard, Jonathan, Nunoura, Takuro, Li, Wen-Jun, Hua, Zheng-Shuang, Chen, Lin-Xing, Banfield, Jillian, St John, Emily, Reysenbach, Anna-Louise, Stott, Matthew B., Schramm, Andreas, Kjeldsen, Kasper Urup, Teske, Andreas P., Baker, Brett J., and Ettema, Thijs JG.

Subjects
Eukaryotic Cells, Prokaryotic Cells, Evolution, General Science & Technology, Gene Duplication, Genetics, Molecular, Eukaryota, Datasets as Topic, Generic health relevance, Archaea, Phylogeny, Biotechnology
Abstract

In the ongoing debates about eukaryogenesis, the series of evolutionary events leading to the emergence of the eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic ancestors, members of the Asgard archaea play a key role as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes. However, the nature and phylogenetic identity of the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea and eukaryotes remain unresolved. Here, we analyze distinct phylogenetic marker datasets of an expanded genomic sampling of Asgard archaea and evaluate competing evolutionary scenarios using state-of-the-art phylogenomic approaches. We find that eukaryotes are placed, with high confidence, as a well-nested clade within Asgard archaea, as a sister lineage to Hodarchaeales, a newly proposed order within Heimdallarchaeia. Using sophisticated gene tree/species tree reconciliation approaches, we show that, in analogy to the evolution of eukaryotic genomes, genome evolution in Asgard archaea involved significantly more gene duplication and fewer gene loss events compared to other archaea. Finally, we infer that the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea likely was a thermophilic chemolithotroph, and that the lineage from which eukaryotes evolved adapted to mesophilic conditions and acquired the genetic potential to support a heterotrophic lifestyle. Our work provides key insights into the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition and the platform for the emergence of cellular complexity in eukaryotic cells.

Published
2023
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11. Access to the Legal Profession in Colorado by Minorities and Women. A Report Prepared by the Colorado Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.

Author

Colorado State Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Denver. and Levis, William

Abstract

The Colorado Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights investigated the accessibility of the legal profession to minorities and women in Colorado and the difficulties encountered by minorities and women at the professional education level and in the bar examination. Local and national statistics were provided by the American Bar Association and other organizations related to the legal profession. Law school professors, minority and women law school students and attorneys, State Supreme Court judges, and other interested persons were interviewed. Information was also collected from the University of Colorado School of Law and the University of Denver College of Law. Testimony on the subject was heard at an open, public meeting on May 10, 1975. Findings included: despite recruitment efforts the lack of minority and female faculty and administrators was a serious problem at both law schools; minority and female students voiced strong complaints that negative attitudes based on race and sex manifested by some professors at both law schools were damaging to student performance; the financial aid available to minority students in law school was less than adequate and a severe handicap in some cases; and the bar examination in Colorado had a disparate and, therefore, discriminatory effect on minority applicants. (NQ)

Published
1976

17. TH17 is involved in the remarkable regression of metastatic malignant melanoma to topical diphencyprone

Author

Martiniuk, Frank, Damian, Diona L., Thompson, John F., Scolyer, Richard A., Tchou-Wong, Kam-Meng, and Levis, William R.

Subjects
Melanoma -- Development and progression, Melanoma -- Drug therapy, Gene expression -- Research, Biological response modifiers -- Product development, Biological response modifiers -- Dosage and administration, Health, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

ABSTRACT The authors provide an update on a previously reported patient with in-transit metastatic melanoma of the scalp treated with topical diphencyprone (DPCP). Molecular studies implicate the thymus-derived TH17 lymphocyte [...]

Published
2010

18. Thalidomide and analogues: potential for immunomodulation of inflammatory and neoplastic dermatologic disorders

Author

Ladizinski, Barry, Shannon, Edward J., Sanchez, Miguel R., and Levis, William R.

Subjects
Thalidomide -- Usage, Thalidomide -- Properties, Skin diseases -- Care and treatment, Health, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

ABSTRACT Thalidomide and analogues are a class of immunomodulatory drugs or IMiDS. Thalidomide was initially approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administation for treatment of erythema nodosum in leprosy [...]

Published
2010

19. Effect of thalidomide on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells

Author

Park, Eunkyue, Levis, William R., Greig, Nigel, Jung, Euisun, and Schuller-Levis, Georgia

Subjects
Inflammation -- Drug therapy, Inflammation -- Prognosis, Nitric oxide -- Physiological aspects, Nitric oxide -- Genetic aspects, Thalidomide -- Dosage and administration, Thalidomide -- Complications and side effects, Tumor necrosis factor -- Health aspects, Tumor necrosis factor -- Genetic aspects, Health, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

ABSTRACT Thalidomide is anti-inflammatory under some conditions, yet has been reported to up-regulate Th1 (T helper 1) immunity measured by increased IL-2 (Interleukin-2) and gamma interferon. The authors have assessed [...]

Published
2010

22. Expression of CD70 and the TH17 transcription factor ROR[gamma]T in human contact dermatitis

Author

Martiniuk, Frank, Lee, David S., Gaspari, Anthony, Yee, Herman, Chiriboga, Luis, Huie, Maryann, Tchou-Wong, Kam-Meng, and Levis, William R.

Subjects
Contact dermatitis -- Care and treatment, Contact dermatitis -- Genetic aspects, Contact dermatitis -- Research, DNA binding proteins -- Physiological aspects, DNA binding proteins -- Research, Gene expression -- Research, Immunotherapy -- Health aspects, Immunotherapy -- Research, Health, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

ABSTRACT Contact sensitizers are a major cause of inflammatory skin disease and as topical immunomodulators also have the potential for treating cancer, viral diseases and certain autoimmune disorders. In the [...]

Published
2008

23. Heat-shock proteins as drugs: potential applications in cancer, infections, and autoimmune and atopic diseases

Author

Holzer, Aton M., Martiniuk, Frank, and Levis, William R.

Subjects
Heat shock proteins -- Usage, Heat shock proteins -- Health aspects, Autoimmune diseases -- Drug therapy, Skin diseases -- Drug therapy, Health, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

Abstract Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) serve as both a valuable target as well as a potent tool in the therapy of melanoma and human papillomavirus infections. HSPs have been found to [...]

Published
2007

24. Identification of novel hsp65 RFLPs for Mycobacterium leprae

Author

Martiniuk, Frank, Tambini, Marc, Rahimian, Joseph, Moreira, Andre, Yee, Herman, Tchou-Wong, Kam-Meng, Hanna, Bruce A., Rom, William N., and Levis, William R.

Subjects
Leprosy -- Causes of, Leprosy -- Diagnosis, Leprosy -- Development and progression, Leprosy -- Care and treatment, Mycobacterium leprae -- Causes of, Mycobacterium leprae -- Complications and side effects, Mycobacterium leprae -- Diagnosis, Mycobacterium leprae -- Analysis, Health, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

Abstract Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic infectious disease caused by an acid-fast bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). The bacilli proliferate in macrophages infiltrating the skin and gain entry [...]

Published
2007

26. Topical diphenylcyclopropenone as a measure of immune competence in HIV-seropositive subjects

Author

Levis, William R., Holzer, Aton M., and Kaplan, Leonard L.

Subjects
Health, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

Abstract Background: CD4 T cell counts are recognized as the standard method for monitoring HIV-seropositive patients and, along with viral load, are clinically important as indicators for initiating highly active [...]

Published
2006

27. Haptens as drugs: contact allergens are powerful topical immunomodulators

Author

Holzer, Aton M., Kaplan, Leonard L., and Levis, William R.

Subjects
Asthma, Health, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

Abstract For the past 40 years, dermatologists have safely used contact sensitizers such as dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP), and squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) for the treatment of warts, alopecia areata, [...]

Published
2006

29. Primary mucosal melanoma arising from the eustachian tube with CTLA-4, IL-17A, IL-17C, and IL-17E upregulation

Author

Wei, Calvin, Sirikanjanapong, Sasis, Lieberman, Seth, Delacure, Mark, Martiniuk, Frank, Levis, William, and Wang, Beverly Y.

Subjects
Diagnosis, Diseases, Care and treatment, Patient outcomes, Eustachian tube -- Diseases, Melanoma -- Diagnosis -- Care and treatment -- Patient outcomes
Abstract

Calvin Wei, MD; Sasis Sirikanjanapong, MD; Seth Lieberman, MD; Mark Delacure, MD; Frank Martiniuk, PhD; William Levis, MD; Beverly Y. Wang, MD Primary malignant melanoma arising from the eustachian tube [...]

Published
2013

35. The Cutaneous Infiltrates of Leprosy — Cellular Characteristics and the Predominant T-Cell Phenotypes

Author

Van Voorhis, Wesley C, Kaplan, Gilla, Sarno, Euzenir Nunes, Horwitz, Marcus A, Steinman, Ralph M, Levis, William R, Nogueira, Nadia, Hair, Laura S, Gattass, Cerli Rocha, Arrick, Bradley A, and Cohn, Zanvil A

Subjects
Clinical Research, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Good Health and Well Being, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, HLA-DR Antigens, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Humans, Leprosy, Macrophages, Mycobacterium leprae, Phenotype, Skin, T-Lymphocytes, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

We report on the characteristics of cells in the cutaneous lesions and blood of 21 patients with lepromatous, tuberculoid, and intermediate forms of leprosy. A large proportion of the infiltrates in lepromatous lesions consist of macrophages heavily parasitized with Mycobacterium leprae. The T cells in the lesions are devoid of OKT4/Leu 3a-positive ("helper") cells and consist almost exclusively of OKT8/Leu 2a-positive ("suppressor") populations. In contrast, the tuberculoid infiltrates contain well-organized epithelioid and giant-cell granulomas and only remnants of bacilli, and the predominant T cell is from the OKT4/Leu 3a-positive subset. In both tuberculoid and lepromatous infiltrates, T cells and macrophages expressed HLA-DR antigen. No marked alteration in the distribution of blood T-cell phenotypes was noted. We conclude that there is a marked difference between T-cell subsets in lepromatous and tuberculoid infiltrates, which may influence the microbicidal activity of macrophages in the lesions.

Published
1982

36. Leprosy masquerading as lupus

Author

Alberti, James R., Cabrera, Aloys, Martiniuk, Frank, Sanchez, Miguel, and Levis, William R.

Published
2005

39. The role of complement in dendritic cell (DC) control of T-cell subsets

Author

Levis, William R. and Martiniuk, Frank

Subjects
Dendritic cells -- Health aspects, Dendritic cells -- Research, Immunotherapy -- Health aspects, Melanoma -- Genetic aspects, Melanoma -- Care and treatment, Melanoma -- Research, Health, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

ABSTRACT This section of the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology (JDD) is dedicated to Dendreon's Provenge (Sipuleucel-T), the first therapeutic DC vaccine proven effective and approved by the United States [...]

Published
2010

42. Leprosy as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-positive persons

Author

Martiniuk, Frank, Rao, Shaline D., Rea, Thomas H., Glickman, Michael S., Giovinazzo, Jerome, Rom, William N., Cabrera, Aloys, and Levis, William R.

Subjects
Case studies, Health aspects, Communicable diseases -- Case studies -- Health aspects, HIV carriers -- Health aspects -- Case studies, Leprosy -- Case studies -- Health aspects, AIDS virus carriers -- Health aspects -- Case studies
Abstract

To the Editor: More than 2 decades ago, when H1V was first detected, many investigators predicted the rise of leprosy secondary to opportunistic infection (1). Recently, the phenomenon of immune [...]

Published
2007

46. Autochthonous Leprosy without Armadillo Exposure, Eastern United States

Author

Rendini, Tina and Levis, William

Subjects
Diagnosis, Care and treatment, Research, Rheumatoid arthritis -- Care and treatment -- Diagnosis, Armadillos -- Research, Leprosy -- Care and treatment -- Diagnosis
Abstract

In 1982, we reported that leprosy in New York City occurred exclusively among foreign-born persons (1). In 1991, Mastro et al. reported that leprosy was an epidemic phenomenon without secondary [...]

Published
2017
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