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Research examining vocational anticipatory socialization (VAS) has identified five sources of information. This article presents a potential new source of career socialization information. Emerging adults were surveyed to determine whether they used sources other than the previously identified five sources for career and work-life information. Results indicate that the internet and the media are different and that the internet is actively sought out to provide different types of VAS information. Gender differences were also found for the use of the internet as a VAS source. Future inquiry into VAS should include this additional source of career information.

This paper examines how the study-abroad experience enhances intercultural communication competence. This study used Bennett's (1986, 1993) model of ethnorelative typology of acceptance, adaptation, and integration to explore intercultural communication competency. Central to intercultural communication competency is intercultural sensitivity and modified perceptions of cultural differences. A pre-test/post-test open-ended questionnaire design was utilized to uncover what was learned by students while participating in a four-week summer study-abroad program in Paris and Brussels. Based on 110 participants over 16 years, results indicated that both sensitivity to and understanding of cultural differences are heightened as a result of the study-abroad experience. Further, these findings provided support for outcomes showing attainment of intercultural communication competency learning objectives.

This paper explores the relevance of the accepted U-shaped models of expatriate adaptation to students engaged in an international educational experience when they are faced with a tragedy. In this study-abroad course, an examination of the existing adaptation models and how they provide a set of expectations for the process of cultural adjustment is presented as course material. During a particular four-week summer program, one of the nineteen students who went abroad died in an accident at the end of the first week. It became clear after the tragedy that the models studied failed to explain the impact of a personal tragedy of this magnitude on the students' adjustment process. This unfortunate event provided an opportunity to conduct a quasi-experiment to consider the impact of personal tragedy for students to question a body of research through their own personal experience and for scholars to re-examine and update the existing models to incorporate these findings.

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many parents to work from home while children participated in distance learning, providing a unique opportunity to examine what children observed about work-life balance. Parent-child dyads (N = 194) completed online surveys about their perceptions of work-life balance. Examination of mothers and fathers found similar challenges about working at home. Parents reported that work-life balance was problematic while children reported positive work-life balance for their parents due to the time spent together while everyone was at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of brainstorming as an idea-generation technique to address organizational problems, researchers have struggled to replicate some of the claims around the technique. One major concern has been the differences in the number of ideas generated between established groups as found in industry versus the non-established groups used in the laboratory. The impact of group establishment on idea quality has also been an area of interest. This study addresses these issues by using a more in-depth induction to establish groups and testing some discrepancies in the relationship between idea quality and idea quantity using 42 three-person brainstorming groups. Results indicate that brainstorming groups, given an adequate amount of time (10 weeks) to become established, did generate more ideas and higher quality ideas than non-established groups. Also, a relationship between idea quality and idea quantity was found. Further discussion of results and implications follows.

Television regularly depicts work-related activities of fictional characters and is one of several important sources of occupational information for young people. However, no research appears to have examined the influence of televised occupational portrayals on economically disadvantaged youths, although television may be an especially important source of work-related information for this group. In telephone interviews, 132 economically disadvantaged young people named their favorite television character and the character's job and rated their perceptions of this career and their wishful identification with the character. They also identified the job they would most like to have. Results show that the income and education levels of respondents' dream jobs are positively correlated with these attributes of the characters' jobs. Wishful identification is higher for characters whose jobs had higher income, required more education, were seen as more realistic, and were perceived as having greater extrinsic values (e.g., benefits, respect). (Contains 1 table and 3 notes.)

Anticipatory socialization is the process of gaining knowledge about work that begins in early childhood and continues until entering the workplace full-time. On self-administered questionnaires, 64 high school students answered open-ended questions about what they have learned about work from five sources: parents, educational institutions, part-time employment, friends, and the mass media. Responses were coded into four macro categories (general requirements of a job, positive aspects of work, negative aspects of work, advice or information about work/jobs), each of which included multiple subcategories. Parents, school, and part-time jobs were respondents' main sources of knowledge about the requirements of performing a job, and parents provided the most advice about jobs and careers. Parents and friends communicated more negative than positive aspects, part-time jobs and the mass media conveyed both positives and negatives, and educational experiences conveyed neither. Interpretations of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed. (Contains 2 tables and 2 notes.)

The six sources of vocational anticipatory socialization (VAS) information communicate important career-related messages that are vital to the future success of emerging adults. Building on previous research that identified the types of messages provided to adolescents, the current study assessed the quality and usefulness of these messages. A total of 251 emerging adults (mean age = 20.74; SD = 3.2) discussed their use of VAS sources, including parents, schools, peers, part-time jobs, traditional media, and the Internet. A quantitative content analysis was conducted on participants' open-ended responses to the types of VAS sources they use and the reasons for utilizing these sources. Results indicate that emerging adults go to the Internet more than any other VAS source. The current study shows that the Internet is increasing as a popular source of VAS information, while emerging adults seek and receive different types of VAS information from different VAS sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of celebrities on career aspirations has received little attention in vocational anticipatory socialization research. Two studies examined the potential role of a favorite celebrity or fictional character on emerging adults' career aspirations and work ethic. Differences in celebrity versus fictional characters were examined. Both homophily and wishful identification predict the influence of celebrities and fictional characters on career aspirations. Additionally, wishfully identifying with celebrities was found to significantly predict participant work ethic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on both the Transformational and Charismatic theories of leadership espouse the importance of communication as part of the leadership phenomena. However, the existing measurement scales (The Multidimensional Leadership Questionnaire, the Conger--Kanungo Charisma Scale, the Followership Scale and the Romance of Leadership Scale) that are used to assess both the Transformational and Charismatic Theories fail to adequately address and measure the communication behaviors that are believed to be a part of charisma. Four-hundred twenty-two respondents completed the standard measurement scales and were asked to define 'charisma' and to discuss the communication behaviors of a charismatic leader. Using text analysis and correlations, no relationships were found between the existing scales and the definitions and behaviors associated with charisma. This manuscript suggests the creation of a new leadership measurement that includes charismatic communication behaviors to assist in a proper understanding of these two leadership theories. Keywords: Leadership; Charisma DOI: 10.1080/03637751.2010.499368

There are several models of voter decision making; however, three influential factors (personal identity, personal ethics, and personal benefit) in the decision-making process have received little scholarly attention. These factors are examined to underscore their importance to voters when making a selection for a leader. A longitudinal election scenario is used to measure the effects of these variables on the voting decisions of 143 college-aged respondents. As facts and circumstances change within the scenario, respondents are asked to indicate which candidate they support and why. In addition, a series of interval-level items are asked to measure the effect of the various factors. The rationales for voting for each candidate demonstrate how the three factors play a role in the decision-making process. Small but significant correlations are found to exist between the factors and the respondents' voting behavior. Implications, limitations, and future research based on these findings are presented. Keywords: voter decision making; personal identity; personal ethics; personal benefit

Voters make their decisions based on several factors; however, cognitive dissonance and ego-involvement are two forces that work to keep voters' choices consistent over time. Despite these internal pressures, there are times when a particular candidate has disappointed a voter to such an extent that the voter considers voting for a different candidate in the next election. 170 young voters were asked about their feelings of regret and their need for permission to change their minds and vote differently in a future election. Findings suggest that women and Democrats are more likely to need permission to change their votes than men and Republicans. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between regret and desire to change one's vote with the need for permission to do so on election day. Lastly, the importance of having that permission will affect a voter's feelings of obligation to cast a ballot for the same party. Open ended responses explore the idea of obligation versus making a change in more detail. Findings suggest that correct messaging about the ability one has to change one's mind and also being granted permission to vote differently may be an effective campaign messaging strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Speaking up about medical errors is an essential behaviour for nurses in pursuit of their goal of maintaining patient safety. This study was designed to understand how a hospital's culture and climate can impact a nurse's active behaviour in this important health care activity. Background: Research shows that while medical errors happen frequently, there is great variability on whether these errors are reported. As such, organizational culture, climate and commitment as well as employee perceptions associated with the reporting process were investigated to determine their impact on participants' intentions to speak up about medical errors. Methods: Focus groups and one‐on‐one interviews were used to collect these data and were analysed using content analysis. Results/Key Issues: Nurses in the hospital perceive and understand both the benefits and barriers to reporting medical errors. Commonly reported benefits include patient safety, promoting education and awareness, and the improvement of internal processes or systems. Barriers include an inefficient reporting system and organizational influences such as perceived consequences and unequal status/position of the individual who made the error and the person reporting the error. Participants are aware that the organization believes that the responsibility to report medical errors falls to everyone. Conclusions: Results indicate that the organization's existing culture does not facilitate the reporting of medical errors and that the organizational climate interferes with the reporting process. Lastly, organizational commitment is not related to the perception of importance given to the reporting of medical errors by the hospital. Implications for Nursing Management: Nurses and nurse managers are an essential part of any hospital. In their role, they can effect change on the organization's culture and climate, but often do not realize the connection between organizational culture and patient safety. Results indicate that promoting organizational commitment to speaking up through the creation of a positive organizational culture can both promote speaking up about medical errors and increase patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the vote for Ralph Nader in the 2000 U.S. presidential election will be debated for years. Nader garnered enough votes to affect the outcome of the election even though he was not able to participate in any of the televised presidential debates. With this article, the author hopes to bring the issue of participation in the presidential debates into any election reform discussion. Who really is permitted to speak in a candidate debate? The Commission on Presidential Debates has enacted a 'realistic chance criteria' standard to assist in the decision making process. This article examines the creation of the Commission on Presidential Debates and the fairness of the Commission's criteria. Furthermore, this manuscript discusses whether these criteria may be a violation of the free expression rights of all third parties and their candidates. The effect of debate participation will be discussed and analyzed with respect to the 2000 election.

Introduction. This paper reports on an interview-based citation behaviour study, part of a wider study of trust in information resources, investigating why researchers chose to cite particular references in one of their publications. Their motivations are explored, with an emphasis on whether they regarded the reference as an authoritative and trustworthy source, and, if so, to what extent and why. Method. Semi-structured critical incident interviews were carried out with eighty-seven researchers from the UK and the USA. Analysis. The answers were analysed using qualitative techniques and then grouped under descriptive headings of the types of reasons for citation provided. These were then used to create a table of these types of reason and the frequency of their use. Results. The motivations for citing were found to be complex and multi-faceted but, in nearly all cases, researchers do regard the authority and trustworthiness of the cited source as an important factor in choosing to cite it. This suggests that citation is at least partly an acknowledgement of the intellectual influence of the content of the cited source. It was also found, however, that researchers have strong social networks of trust and collaboration. They make considerable use of these in receiving and gathering information for research and thus context is also important in their eventual citation decisions. Conclusions. Citing behaviour does include an acknowledgement of useful intellectual content, but this process cannot be separated from the researcher's position in networks of trusted social and research influence. The digital transition has provided tools to help maintain and develop these social networks and it has also made it easier for researchers to investigate the credentials of the sources of documents. This suggests that the current distinction in the literature between normative and constructionist theories of citation behaviour may not capture the nuanced and complex relationship between these two factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores whether manipulations of actor-observer bias are moderated by attribution complexity. Assessment of people's attributions about interactions involving unfulfilled obligations; Cases that attribution complexity may also be a liability.

This study was designed to determine whether participation in a single, 1-hour focus group would spur a change in health-related behavior. All the respondents were teachers who had participated in a focus group designed to learn about teachers' understanding that voice is a working tool. In the discussions, health-related behaviors were discussed as ways to deal with possible vocal strain or injury. Two months later, a follow-up survey was distributed to these participants asking them if they recalled the discussion and if they had sought out more information and/or had changed their vocal behavior due to their participation in the focus group. The qualitative data shows that the majority of these respondents both recalled the messages and had engaged in some type of health-related behavior change due to their participation in the focus group. Behavior change included such modifications as drinking more water and use of voice-amplification equipment in the classroom. Implications of this finding are discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2024 The Voice Foundation. All rights reserved.)