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Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major global problem, and as its pathogenesis is understood more clearly, therapeutic options expand accordingly. The mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) is a novel mitochondria-derived protein acting on metabolic homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of serum MOTS-c in the pathophysiology of the disease in MS patients and to discuss the mechanism of MOTS-c. Methodology In total, 43 patients diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS and 41 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. MOTS-c, fasting blood glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid panel, and body mass index levels were assessed. Results The participants' MOTS-c levels remained significantly lower than that of the control group, while their fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR values were higher. The multivariate logistic regression analysis established that increased MOTS-c levels could be a protective factor against the development of MS disease. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for MOTS-c was calculated as 0.782 (95% confidence interval = 0.684-0.879, p = 0.0001). Conclusions This study is the first to scrutinize MOTS-c levels in MS patients. We tried to provide clinical evidence that MOTS-c could act as a highly discriminative biomarker between MS patients and control groups, which may hold great promise for future therapeutic options.

Objective: As it is well known that autoimmune diseases can coexist, the association of multiple sclerosis (MS) with other autoimmune diseases has always been a major concern for clinicians. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical findings, and the frequency of autoantibodies related to celiac disease in MS and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Methods: Anti-gliadin immunoglobulin A and anti-gliadin immunoglobulin G and anti-endomysium immunoglobulin A and anti-endomysium immunoglobulin G antibodies were studied by the indirect immune fluorescence method, anti-tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A and anti-tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin G were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The study included 30 patients with CIS, 50 patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), 30 patients with progressive MS (PMS) and 42 healthy individuals as the control group. Results: One patient was anti-gliadin immunoglobulin A-positive in the CIS group, four patients in the RRMS group, one patient in the PMS group and two patients in the control group. Four patients were anti-gliadin immunoglobulin G-positive in the CIS group, four patients in the RRMS group, three patients in the PMS group and three patients in the control group. One patient was anti-endomysium immunoglobulin A-positive in the CIS group and two patients in the RRMS group. Two patients were anti-endomysium immunoglobulin G-positive in the CIS group, one patient in the RRMS group and one patient in the PMS group. Three patients were anti-tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A-positive in the RRMS group and two patients in the control group. All groups were anti-tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin G-negative. Although the number of patients with positive antibodies seemed to be higher in MS groups, the difference was not statistically significant between the groups. Conclusion: We observed that celiac antibodies were not more common in MS patients than healthy controls. However, these antibodies are important to suggest gastrointestinal complaints in MS patients. © 2021 Japanese Society for Neuroimmunology

Background: COVID-19 is a multisystemic infection with variables consequences depending on individual and comorbid conditions. The course and outcomes of COVID-19 during neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders (MOGAD) are not clearly known. Objective methods: the aim of this study was to examine the features and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in NMOSD and MOGAD patients. The patients' demographic and clinical factors, disease modifying treatment (DMT) used and disease information of COVID-19 infection were recorded. Conditions leading to hospitalization and severe exposure to COVID-19 infection were also analyzed. Results: the study included 63 patients from 25 centers. Thirty-two patients (50.8%) belong to AQP-4 seropositive group, 13 (20.6%) and 18 (28.6%) were in MOG-positive and double-seronegative groups, respectively. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection and hospitalization were advanced age, high disability level and the presence of comorbid disease. Disease severity was found to be high in double-seronegative NMOSD and low in MOGAD patients. No statistically significant effect of DMTs on disease severity and hospitalization was found. Conclusion: in NMOSD and MOGAD patients, advanced age, high disability and presence of comorbid disease pose risks for severe COVID-19 infection. There was no direct significant effect of DMTs for COVID-19 infection., NA

Background: The effects of adipokines have been investigated in multiple sclerosis (MS) in the literature. Results are uncertain, and subgroups like adropin have not been previously studied. We primarily aimed to determine leptin and adropin levels in MS and their potential use as a biomarker. Methods: This study was an experimental research. While 44 MS patients diagnosed according to McDonald criteria were included in the patient group, 40 people without MS diagnosis and risk factors took part in the control group. Demographic data, height, weight, body mass index, blood glucose, thyroid-stimulating hormone, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein, leptin, adropin levels, presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease were recorded. Expanded disability status scale and disease duration were also evaluated in the patient group. Our data were presented as mean +/- standard deviations. Results: The mean blood leptin value of the patient group (6.12 +/- 5.34 ng/mL) was significantly lower than the value of the control group (13.02 +/- 8.25 ng/mL) (P < .001). The patient group had a mean adropin level of 504.12 +/- 311.17 ng/mL, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (747.0 +/- 309.42 ng/mL) (P < .001). Statistically insignificant differences were found between their body mass index, glucose, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, thyroid-stimulating hormone, low-density lipoprotein levels (P > .001). Conclusion: This is the first study that has evaluated adropin levels in patients with MS. The relationship between MS and leptin levels is still unclear. Therefore, our study might be helpful to elucidate MS pathogenesis and provide supportive criteria for diagnosis.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves impaired trunk control, leading to impaired upper-limb functionality, dexterity, and independence. Deciding early on a comprehensive approach pointing of functional disturbances and personal needs is essential for a multimodal, individualized, goal-oriented assessment and treatment program, recognizing the broad range of symptoms and disabilities associated with MS. In clinical practice, postural control of the trunk is purported to be an important contributor to voluntary upper-limb function, including motor control and dexterity. The objective of this study was to point out the impairments of and relationship between trunk control and comprehensive upper-limb functions in individuals with MS. Methods: Tasks that were sought are optimal screening for deterioration in trunk control (Trunk Control Test [TCT] and Trunk Impairment Scale [TIS]) and upper-limb functionality by comparing them with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT), Duruoz's Hand Index (DHI), and Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) results of 49 well-defined relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) participants with those of 49 age-gender matched healthy subjects. Results: Significant differences between the groups were evident across all tasks of the clinical tests studied (p < 0.05), except the TCT-balance in sitting position subscore. EDSS, NHPT, DHI, and FIM scores were highly correlated with the TCT subscores (rolling to weak side, sitting up from lying down) and TCT-total score, as well as TIS subscores (dynamic and coordination) and TIS total score (p ? 0.005). While TIS subscores were highly correlated with almost all parameters, just TIS-static subscore did not correlate with the DHI and FIM-cognitive scores. Also, DHI-hygiene subscore correlated poorly just with the TIS-coordination and TCT-coming to sitting position (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We found that patients with MS would present impaired upper-limb movement and decreased trunk control with high correlation between them, even in RRMS and in the very mild form of the disease. Identifying trunk control deficits provides better insight into dexterous difficulties of patients with MS and allows a more targeted neurorehabilitation focusing on upper limbs. In future studies, it would be of interest to examine the prognostic value of trunk control and upper-limb functionality in patients with MS using a longitudinal approach. © 2018

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the demogrophical specialities and clinical features among patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), who had admitted to our department between 2006 and 2012 and who had headache as the only presenting symptom. MATERIAL and METHODS: Thirty-two patients who had diagnosed as CVT between 2006-2012 were evaluated and 12 of them who had headache as the only presenting symptom were included to the study. RESULTS: Headache was only symptom of CVT in 12 patients (10 Female, 2 Male). 8 of these 12 patients had papilledema. 4 patients had only headache without additional sign. The lateral sinus was the most frequently involved sinus. CONCLUSION: The headache is usually progressive over a few days, but a few patients have sudden onset or even a thunderclap headache. The outcome of CVT patients with isolated headache diagnosed was favourable.

This study was conducted to assess ocular pulse amplitude and retinal nerve fibre layer in patients with multiple sclerosis and their correlation with disease duration and with severity. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness was measured by Heidelberg Retinal Tomography II (HRT-II; Heidelberg Engineering, Dossenheim, Germany) and ocular pulse amplitude was measured by dynamic contour tonometry (Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems, Port, Switzerland) in 37 multiple sclerosis patients and 72 age- and gender-matched controls. Ocular pulse amplitude was significantly reduced and retinal nerve fibre layer was significantly thinner in temporal, superotemporal, and nasal sectors in patients with multiple sclerosis regardless of having an optic neuritis attack. The retinal nerve fibre layer was thinner in eyes with a previous optic neuritis attack compared with the eyes without an attack, but the difference was not significant. Ocular pulse amplitude showed a positive correlation with visual evoked potential amplitude and a negative correlation with visual evoked potential latency. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness showed a significant negative correlation with the disease duration but not with visually evoked potential, disease severity, nor previous optic neuritis. These findings indicate that the process of degeneration starts in the early period of the disease, as our study group is composed of early-middle-stage multiple sclerosis patients, and is independent of relapses. © Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.

The aim of this study was to determine balance problems and severity and ratio of postural instability of newly diagnosed, early stage Parkinson’s patients who did not receive any antiparkinson treatment before, to evaluate fall risk clinically and posturographically and to examine the effects of pramipexole on these signs and symptoms. Detailed posturographic assessments which involved central vestibular, visual, peripheric vestibular somatosensory field tests were applied to both patient and control subjects and fall risk was determined. There was not statistically significant difference between patients and control subjects before and after drug therapy in the assesment of fall risk in posturography and there was not any improvement with drug usage in the patient group. However, in the analysis of subsystems separately, only the involvement in central vestibular field was more severe and could appear at all positions in Parkinson’s patients comparing with the control group, and pramipexole was partially effective in improving this disorder. Central vestibular field is the subsystem that should be examined with first priority. Posturography is relatively reliable in defining fall risk and postural instability ratio in Parkinson’s disease. But it should be considered that clinical assessment tools can be more sensitive in the evaluation of balance and postural disorders and in the follow-up of the response to drug therapy.

Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) may give rise to a variety of clinical signs and symptoms including vertigo and/or other problems related with equilibrium. In this study, we aimed to evaluate clinical and electronystagmographical (ENG) characteristics of relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients. Design: This is a prospective controlled study consisting of 30 patients who were diagnosed as definite RRMS according to McDonald's diagnostic criteria and 30 healthy individuals. Setting: Entire population of patients were examined and followed up at the same tertiary centre during the period of September 2003 and March 2005. Clinical examination and detailed electronystagmographic investigations were performed in each group. Methods: Vestibular laboratory testing was carried out by a computerized ENG system. All ENG subtests including tracking, saccade, optokinetic, gaze, positional and Dix-Hallpike tests were performed in each group but caloric, which is relatively an invasive test, was performed only in the patient group. Main outcome measures: We aimed to find the ratio of abnormal tests indicating, central and/or peripheral pathology in ENG. We also analyzed the correlation of total number of abnormal tests in ENG with clinical parameters. Results: Differences of ENG abnormality indicating central and/or peripheral pathology and ENG abnormality indicating only central pathology between the two groups were statistically significant. Correlation of total number of abnormal tests in ENG with EDSS score was statistically significant. Conclusion: ENG is sensitive in detecting the vestibular system involvement in RRMS patients if all subtests are performed and evaluated in detail with clinical symptoms and signs. © 2010 Maney Publishing.

Background: Migraine is a common disorder characterized by headache attacks frequently accompanied by vestibular symptoms like dizziness, vertigo, and balance disorders. Clinical studies support a strong link between migraine and vertigo rather than between other headache types and vertigo or nonvertiginous dizziness. There is a lack of consensus regarding the pathophysiology of migrainous vertigo. Activation of central vestibular processing during migraine attacks and vasospasm-induced ischemia of the labyrinth are reported as the probable responsible mechanisms. Because vestibular examination alone does not provide enough information for diagnosis of migrainous vertigo, posturography systems which provide objective assessment of somatosensory, vestibular, and visual information would be very helpful to show concomitant involvement of the vestibular and somato-sensorial systems. There are few posturographic studies on patients with migraine but it seems that how balance is affected in patients with migraine and/or migrainous vertigo is still not clear. We want to investigate balance function in migraineurs with and without vertigo with a tetra-ataxiometric posturography system and our study is the first study in which tetra-ataxiometric static posturography was used to evaluate postural abnormalities in a well-defined population of patients with migrainous vertigo. Objective: To investigate balance functions in migraineurs with and without vertigo with a tetra-ataxiometric posturography system. Study Design: Prospective, nonrandomized, controlled study. Setting: Pamukkale University Hospital, Neurology and Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation outpatient clinics. Methods: Sixteen patients with migrainous vertigo, 16 patients with migraine without aura and no vestibular symptoms, and 16 controls were included in the study. Computerized static posturography system was performed and statistical analyses of fall, Fourier, Stability, and Weight distribution indexes were performed. The tetra-ataxiometric posturography device measures vertical pressure fluctuations on 4 independent stable platforms, each placed beneath 2 heels and toe parts of the patient; inputs from these platforms are integrated and processed by a computer digitally. Four separate plates are used and perpendicular pressures of the anterior and posterior feet are measured. Pressure of each force plate is measured and data was analyzed by the software program. Limitations: A very small, non-randomized, and controlled study with the inability to find an answer to the mechanism of involvement of the somatosensorial system and vestibular system in migrainous headaches. Results: The distribution of patients with posturographical abnormalities in the migrainous vertigo group was significantly different than the control group. Distribution of the patients with posturographical abnormalities in the high frequencies of the head-right position was significantly different in the migrainous vertigo group than in the control group and distribution of the patients with posturographical abnormalities in high frequencies of the head-right position was significantly different in the migraine group than in the controls groups. The stability index of the migrainous vertigo group was significantly higher than in the control group when tested on in the neutral-head position with open eyes. Conclusion: In this first study of tetra-ataxiometric static posturography evaluating postural abnormalities in a well-defined population of patients with migrainous vertigo, the central part of the vestibular apparatus would be responsible of postural abnormalities in patients with migraine and migrainous vertigo. Key words: Fall index, migraine, migrainous vertigo, static posturography

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Objective and importance: Vim stimulation is effective in Parkinsonian and essential tremor. Our aim is to prove that it is also effective in other complex tremor syndromes such as Holmes' tremor. Clinical presentation: A 31-year-old previously healthy man developed resting, action, and postural tremor in bilateral upper extremities and orolingual region, which was suggestive of Holmes' tremor, occurring 25 days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The initial pharmacotherapy was unsuccessful, including levodopa, bromocriptine, and levetiracetam. Intervention: Bilateral Vim stimulation suppressed both extremity and orolingual tremors which interfered with daily living activities such as eating and swallowing. Conclusion: Thalamic Vim stimulation seems to be a good treatment option in medically intractable complex tremor syndromes. © 2010 Maney Publishing.

We present a patient who has signs pointing to the involvement of lower motor neurons and myelofibrosis. To our knowledge, unlike lymphoproliferative disorders, co-occurrence of myelofibrosis and lower motor neuron disease (MND) has not been reported so far. A 64-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with the complaint of painful cramps in his neck and forearms. On physical examination marked hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were found. On neurologic examination nasal quality of the voice and slight palatal weakness were detected. There were generalised slight weakness and atrophy in both proximal and distal muscle groups. Fasciculations were observed especially in forearm muscles and it was observed that he had been avoiding head movements because of painful muscle cramps. Deep tendon reflexes were hypoactive. Nerve conduction studies were normal. By needle electromyography, giant motor unit action potentials (amplitudes up to 8 mV), fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves and fasciculation potentials were detected in all muscles which were investigated. A hypercellular bone marrow (100%) was determined by bone marrow biopsy. In addition to increased production of the myeloid and megakaryocytic lines, abnormal aggregation and grouping of megakaryocytes were seen. Reticular fibers were increased. He had some benefit of dyphenilhydantoin treatment given for the painful clamps in his neck and forearm muscles. Hydroxyurea treatment was started for myelofibrosis. Six months later, his general condition was better, and the painful cramps were completely resolved. No marked deterioration has been detected in neurologic examination and electromyography for 1 year. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The sympathetic skin response (SSR) which is considered to be one of the indexes of peripheral autonomic nerve function, especially evaluates sudomotor function of unmyelinated sympathetic fibers. This noninvasive technique has been studied in various neurological disorders particularly in peripheral neuropathies and also in some dermatological disorders associated with nervous system involvement. However, literature lacks sufficient data regarding SSR in immunologically mediated skin disorders. We enrolled patients with vitiligo and psoriasis to determine the possible effects of these disorders on SSR. Examination of SSR was performed in 30 patients with psoriasis and 15 patients with vitiligo as well as in 23 healthy volunteers as controls. Right and left median nerves were stimulated successively and responses were recorded from the palms simultaneously. SSR could be obtained from every subject. The groups were not statistically different for the values of the latency, the amplitude, and the area under the negative component of SSR. Our results indicated that vitiligo and psoriasis did not have any significant effects on SSR. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The distribution of calcitonin and CGRP-producing cells and pathways in the brain and other tissues suggests functions for the peptide in nociception, ingestive behaviour and modulation of the autonomic and endocrine systems. Sympathetic skin response (SSR), is a reliable indicator of autonomic dysfunctions. The heart rate variability termed as R-R interval variation (RRIV) is another simple and reliable test which can be used to determine vagal autonomic dysfunction. Twenty female patients with active osteoporosis aged between 46-58 and for a control group 20 age-matched healthy female volunteers with no history or evidence of any other disease were included in this study. The study results show that long term therapy with salmon calcitonin does not effect any SSR and RRIV parameters. It can be speculated that though human calcitonin and CGRP have discrete functions in the human autonomic nervous system, replacement therapy with salmon calcitonin does not interfere normal autonomic functions.

Besides its Ca++ regulative effects, calcitonin is known to diminish sensitivity to painful stimuli. The present study aims to clarify whether calcitonin has similar effects on stimulus processing in other modalities. The study was performed according to a double-blind and placebo controlled protocol. Sixteen patients with osteoporosis were given intramuscularly 100 IU salmon calcitonin (sCT) or 1 ml saline solution as placebo, randomly on first and fifteenth days. One hour after injection, SEP's were recorded at the scalp, following right posterior tibial nerve stimulations at the ankle. Latencies of wave-form modalities and amplitude did not differ between sCT and placebo groups (p>0.05). However, latency differences of N42-N65 (ΔLAT) and area were significantly prolonged in sCT group (p

The signs and symptoms of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis are heterogeneous and dependent on the location and severity of the inflammatory process. The meningoencephalitic presentation may include meningism, impaired consciousness (occasionally leading to coma), seizures and confusion, or behavioral disturbances. Multifocal neurological features include a combination of optic neuritis, visual field defects, cranial neuropathy, sensorimotor impairment, ataxia, aphasia, and involuntary movements. One definition of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is "an initial clinical event with a presumed inflammatory and demyelinating cause, with acute or sub-acute onset affecting multifocal areas of the central nervous system". Patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis frequently suffer from seizures, disturbances of consciousness, fever, and headaches, and occasionally there are focal signs and symptoms. Here, we report on two cases who presented with different symptoms, but the clinical findings that the patients showed were benign.

ASCO (Atherosclerosis, Small vessel disease, Cardiac source, Other cause) is a new of classification of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. This classification categorizes the data of the patients according to all underlying diseases and allows the clinician to grade the severity of cause (Each of the four phenotypes can be graded 1, 2, or 3). It is suggested to use ASCO classification in large epidemiologic studies but this classification may be used in daily practice. In this study we aimed to analyze the clinical features of patients with ischemic stroke and to investigate results of ASCO classification of these patients and data of 35 patients with ischemic stroke is analyzed. Use of ASCO classification is discussed with the special example cases. Patients' etiology of stroke was classified according to ASCO as known, unknown, completely unknown and unclassifiable group. Percentile of the patients classified as "known" was 71.4% (n = 25), "unknown" was 17.1% (n = 6), "completely unknown" was 5.7% (n = 2) and "unclassifiable group" was 5.7% (n = 2). We think that the ASCO classification which is thought to be more useful in large epidemiologic studies may be used in clinical follow-up period of the stroke patients. Further studies, from different neurology centers and stroke units, are needed to expand our experiences about use of ASCO classification in clinical practice.

This study investigates the correlation between brain magnetic resonance imaging findings and blink reflex abnormalities in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Twenty-six patients and 17 healthy subjects were included in this study. Blink reflex test (BRT) results were obtained using right and left stimulations; thus, 52 BRT results were recorded for the patient group, and 34 BRT results were recorded for the control group. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were classified based on the existence of brainstem lesions (hyperintense lesion on T2 weighted (W) and fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI or contrast-enhancing lesion on T1W MRI). Correlation analysis was performed for the BRT and MRI findings. The percentage of individuals with abnormal BRT results (including R1 latency, ipsilateral R2 latency, and contralateral R2 latency) was significantly higher in the patient group as compared to the control group (p values: 0.015, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively). Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between contralateral R2 latency abnormalities and brainstem lesions (p value: 0.011). Our results showed significant correlation correlations between contralateral R2 latency abnormalities and brainstem lesions and these results may be explained the effects of multiple demyelinating lesions of the brain stem of patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. © 2013 Belgian Neurological Society.

This study was conducted to assess optic nerve and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) changes in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and its correlation with disease duration and severity. Optic nerve parameters and RNFL thickness were measured in 24 PD patients and 25 age-gender-matched controls by Heidelberg Retinal Tomography II (Heidelberg Engineering, Dossenheim, Germany). Patients with visual acuity below 20/25 were excluded. The mean RNFL in the temporal sector was significantly thinner in the study group than the control group (p = 0.020). Additionally, disease severity and duration negatively correlated with optic disc parameters in some sectors. © 2013 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate motor nerve excitability in diabetic polyneuropathy. METHODS: Forty-five patients were enrolled and divided into 3 groups (Group I; diabetic patients without polyneuropathy, Group II; diabetic patients with polyneuropathy, Group III; healthy controls,). The stimuli were given to tibial nerve for 100μs with 5 mA increments starting from 5 mA up to maximum100mA. The CMAP amplitudes appearing with each current of stimulus were divided with the maximum CMAP amplitude for each patient. This value is considered as the ratio of recruited motor units (RRMU) for that current. The mean value of the RRMU for each stimulus current in groups II and III were compared with healthy controls. RESULTS: The statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in diabetic patients in terms of nerve excitability with subtreshold stimuli. Besides, the current that is needed to achieve the maximum CMAP amplitude did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: Giving subtreshold stimuli with increasing currents did not give additional information about motor nerve impairment in diabetic patients., AMAÇ: Bu çalışmanın amacı diabetik polinöropatide motor sinir uyarılabilirliğini incelemektir. YÖNTEMLER: Çalışmaya 45 hasta alınarak 3 gruba ayrıldı (Grup I: polinöropatisi olmayan diabetik hastalar, Grup II: polinöropatisi olan diabetik hastalar, Grup III: sağlıklı kontroller). Tibial sinir 100μs süreyle 5mA’den başlayıp 5’er mA’lik artışlarla maksimum 100mA’ e kadar uyarıldı. Her bir uyarı şiddetiyle ortaya çıkan bileşik kas aksiyon potansiyel (BKAP) amplitüdü, elde edilen maksimum BKAP amplitüdüne bölünerek her bir uyarı şiddetiyle rekrüte olan motor ünit oranı hesaplandı. Hesaplanan bu değer gruplar arasında karşılaştırıldı. BULGULAR: Polinöropatisi olmayan diabetik hastalarla polinöropatisi olan diabetik hastalar arasında eşikaltı uyaranlarla motor sinir uyarılabilirliği arasında anlamlı bir fark saptanmadı. SONUÇ: Bu bulgularla, eşik altı uyarıların giderek artan serilerde uygulanmasının diabetik hastalardaki motor sinir hasarı ile ilgili ek bir bilgi sağlamadığı sonucuna varıldı.

In this study, we aimed to investigate habituation of pattern-reversal visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in patients with relapsing remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS). Twenty-one patients with this diagnosis and with a history of optic neuritis (ON), 29 such patients without a history of ON, and 25 normal controls were enrolled to study. One eye of each patient in the group with a history of ON and one eye of each subject in the control group was randomly selected. In the group with a past history of ON, the affected eye of the patients was selected in unilateral cases and the eye in which showed the greater latency delay of the P100 component in bilateral cases. P100 amplitudes were determined by visual inspection in 10 blocks of 512 responses and habituation was analysed as the percentage amplitude change between the 1st and 2nd-10th blocks. Amplitude of the P100 component of the VEP showed a significant clear-cut habituation after the first block in the control group but neither patient group showed a significant decrease in P100 amplitude. We conclude that our electrophysiological study has shown a lack of habituation in patients suffering from RR MS. This result could be important for the evaluation of visual system involvement in patients with MS, with or without a previous history of ON. © 2013 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved.

Background. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension can cause rapid deterioration of visual acuity in some severe cases, and these cases are usually thought to have “malignant” form of this disease.Case. In this paper, we report on a 16-year-old girl who is a typical example for malignant idiopathic intracranial hypertension with a rapid recovery of visual acuity after lumboperitoneal shunt operation.Observations and Conclusions. Malignant form of idiopathic intracranial hypertension must be kept in mind in selected patients to avoid irreversible visual loss.

Amaç: Antiepileptik ilaçların lipit profilini ve karaciğer enzimlerini etkiledikleri gösterilmiştir. Ancak bu yayınlar enzim inhibisyonu veya indüksiyonu yapan eski antiepileptiklerle yapılmış çalışmalardır. Yeni nesil antiepileptik ilaçlarla bu konularda yapılan çalışmalar sınırlı sayıdadır. Oysa son yıllarda yan etkilerinin ve ilaç etkileşimlerinin daha az olması sebebiyle tercih edilen yeni nesil antiepileptikleri llanan hasta sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada eski (karbamazepin ve valproik asit) ve yeni nesil antiepileptiklerin (okskarbazepin, levetirasetam, topiramat) lipit profiline ve karaciğer enzimlerine etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Parsiyel epilepsi tanısıyla izlenen, en az 1 yıldır tek tip antiepileptik ilaç kullanan (karbamazepin (n=15), valproik asit (n=15), topiramat (n=9), levetirasetam (n=9) ve okskarbazepin (n=15)) toplam 63 epileptik hastaçalışmaya alınmış, sağlıklı kontrol grubu (n=15) ve epileptik kontrol grubu (n=15) oluşturulmuştur. Bulgular: Sağlıklı ve epileptik kontrol grupları karşılaştırıldığında epileptik kontrol grubunda trigliserit, VLDL yüksek, AST (p

Case Presentation: A 54-year-old male patient presenting probable multiple system atrophy with predominant parkinsonism who underwent bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is presented. The patient had dominant freezing of gait (FOG), levodopa-resistant bradykinesia, and autonomic disturbances, but with a good cognitive condition. Methods: The patient underwent bilateral DBS of the PPN, which ended with modest benefits. Results and Conclusion: Although he had a short postoperative follow-up (6 months), his neurological status remained stable and PPN DBS provided modest improvements in the gait disorder and freezing episodes. This unusual case suggests that the mesencephalic pedunculopontine region may have a role in locomotor symptoms and the potential to provide a limited improvement in FOG.

Case report: A 25-year-old man with Behçet's disease was admitted because of weakness of the lower limbs and difficulty in urination. He had received a rabies vaccination 2 months previous because he had been bitten by a dog. Findings: Clinical and laboratory findings supported acute transverse myelitis. A hyperintense lesion and expansion at the level of conus medullaris was detected on spinal magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: Although neurologic involvement is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in Behçet's disease, the factors that aggravate the involvement of the nervous system are still unclear. Vaccination may have been the factor that had activated autoimmune mechanisms in this case. To our knowledge, involvement of the conus medullaris in Behçet's disease after rabies vaccination has not been reported. Indications:For prevention of rabies in a patient who was bitten by a dog. Coexisting diseases: Behcet's disease, relapsing aphthous stomatitis and genital ulcerations. Patients:One 25-year-old male patient. TypeofStudy:A case report describing acute transverse myelitis at the conus medullaris level after Rabipur vaccination in a patient with Behcet's disease. AdverseEffects:1 patient developed acute transverse myelitis at the conus medullaris characterized by weakness of lower limbs, urinary retention, severe backache, difficulty with urination and defecation, hypoesthesia below the level of L1, absence of lower extremities vibratory and position senses, absence of deep tendon reflexes in the lower extremities, detrusor atony, and atrophy and fasciculations of the left leg muscles. AuthorsConclusions:Involvement of the conus medullaris in Behcet's disease after rabies vaccination has not been reported previously in the literature. The possibility of an activating factor (eg, vaccination) other than infection has never been mentioned in Neuro-Behcet syndrome. Understanding the activating factors may be helpful for the prevention of neurological involvement and is important for planning follow up and understanding the prognosis. Further reports and investigations are needed. FreeText:Tests: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocyte and protein level; muscle strength using Medical Research Council grade scoring; spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); vibratory and position senses; and deep tendon reflexes. The active substance of the rabies vaccine was an inactivated rabies virus. Results:Two months after the administration of the rabies vaccine, the patient experienced weakness of lower limbs which was preceded by severe backache for 12 hours and urinary retention. The weakness progressively worsened, and he began experiencing difficulty with urination and defecation. Muscle strength score was 2/5 at proximal left lower limb, 1/5 at distal left lower limb, 3/-5 at proximal right lower limb, and 1/5 at distal right lower limb. Atrophy and fasciculations of the left leg muscles were noted. There was hypoesthesia below the level of lumbar 1 (L1), and lower extremities demonstrated absence of vibratory and position senses. Absence of deep tendon reflexes was noted in the lower extremities, and plantar responses were extensor bilaterally. CSF examination revealed 110 leukocytes/mm3 with no microorganisms and elevated protein level (114 mg/dL). Spine MRI showed hyperintense lesion and expansion at the level of the conus medullaris. The patient was treated with methylprednisolone, azathioprine, and physiotherapy. He also required intermittent catheterization for urinary retention. After a year, a complete resolution of symptoms was observed and spinal MRI became normal. DosageDuration:Dosage not stated; given on the day of the bite and on the 3rd and 7th days thereafter.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of valproic acid on vestibular symptoms and electronystagmography (ENG) findings in patients with migraine-related vestibulopathy. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with migraine (13 with vertigo, 13 with dizziness, and 11 without vestibular symptoms) were included in the study. Slow-released valproic acid (500 mg/d) was given for 3 months. Frequency of headache and vestibular symptoms in the first, second, and third months of the therapy were recorded and compared with the pretreatment values. The ENG findings were also evaluated before and 2 months after the therapy. RESULTS: We determined that prophylactic low-dose valproic acid decreased the frequency of headache and vestibular symptoms, although it does not cause any statistically meaningful change in ENG findings. CONCLUSIONS: Valproate can be used satisfactorily for patients with migraine who have vestibular complaints. Ineffectiveness of valproic acid on ENG findings can be clarified by the permanent effect of migraine on the vestibular system. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

An autoimmune basis for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) has long been suspected. Immunoserological assays of patients with SSNHL have revealed the presence of different antibodies. Recently a number of case reports have highlighted the association of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCA) and SSNHL in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [1]. Here we report a case with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) who had SSNHL. A twenty eight years old male patient was applied to our hospital with the complaint of bilateral, sudden onset deafness. Past medical history revealed that he had Wernicke aphasia lasted one hour one year ago. Systemic and neurologic examinations were normal except bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Complete blood count, PT, aPPT, sedimentation, biochemistry, protein C, S antithrombin III and complement levels were in normal limits. ECG and echocardiogram were normal. We confirmed bilateral sensorineural hearing loss with audiogram. Cranial and temporal bone MRI were normal. Anti HIV and VDRL were negative. Anticardiolipin antibody Ig G was positive (28 IU/mL). In repeated tests, ANA, anti-DNA and aCA IgM were found negative, but aCA Ig G was positive. Prednisone 80 mg/day was started and continued with decreasing doses for 3 months. He has completely recovered in one month. Then he was anticoagulated. No other ischemic attack, any systemic finding or audiovestibular complaint have been seen for two years. APS occurs in isolation (primary APS) or in association with connective tissue diseases (secondary APS), particularly with SLE [2]. The most common clinical manifestation of APS is thrombosis, which affects the vessels of any organ. Arterial thrombosis involves the brain in up to 50% of cases, causing transient ischemic attack or stroke [3]. Other neurological mani

Single atrium or common atrium is a rare, isolated defect. We report here an adult patient with single atrium detected by transthoracic echocardiography. C1 Univ Pamukkale, Fac Med, Dept Cardiol, Kinikli Denizli, Turkey.

Serum lipoperoxidation products such as malondialdehyde (MDA) reflect oxidative stress. There are contradictory results addressing the levels of lipoperoxidation products in chronic phase of ischemic stroke. In the present study, we aimed to determine the serum MDA levels in stroke patients 6 months after the cerebrovascular accident. We also compared serum MDA levels in two major groups of patients with ischemic stroke resulting from small vessel and large vessel diseases, respectively. Serum MDA levels of thirty-eight patients who had ischemic stroke (19 with atherothrombotic ischemic stroke and 19 with lacunar infarction) and 30 healthy volunteers were measured. While there was no significant difference in serum MDA levels between the chronic ischemic stroke subgroups (p = 0.795), the serum MDA levels of patients with atherothrombotic ischemic stroke (p < 0.001) or with lacunar infarction (p < 0.001) were significantly higher compared to the control group. We also demonstrated that serum MDA levels of the patients with and those without hypertension (p = 0.846), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.891), or dyslipidemia (p = 0.38) were not significantly different. In conclusion, serum MDA levels were elevated in chronic stroke patients with small or large vessel diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing that serum MDA levels of these two groups are not sigificantly different. Furthermore, serum MDA levels do not differ solely by the existence or nonexistence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidemia. © 2006 Tohoku University Medical Press.

Behcet’s disease is a multisystemic inflammatory disorder [1]. Parenchymal (65– 81%) and vascular (19–27.5%) forms were defined for neurological involvement [1, 2]. Sinus thrombosis and intracranial hypertension are the most common examples of the vascular form [1]. It is very uncommon that these two forms of the disease occur in the same individual [1]. In this report we present a case with neuro-Behcet’s disease (n-BD) that had signs of both clinical forms contemporaneously including aseptic meningitis, venous sinus thrombosis, intracranial hypertension and a callosal lesion. A 27-year-old male patient presented with headache, papilloedema and neck stiffness. In cranial MRI, superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, prominent meningeal contrast enhancement (figure 1) and a lesion of 1 cm in diameter located in the splenium of the corpus callosum enhancing with gadolinium on T1W and hyperintense on T2W (figure 2a) were seen. CSF pressure was measured as 600 cmH2O; a high lymphocyte count and an increased level of protein were detected. A ten year history of recurrent oral aphthus, genital ulcerations and positive pathergy test directed to Behcet’s disease. Methylprednisolone, azathioprine, acetazolamide were used. Symptoms and signs resolved completely in one year. Follow up MRI revealed complete recanalisation of the thrombosis and disappearance of the callosal lesion (figure 2b). This case shows that major clinical forms can be seen in the same patient synchronically in n-BD. Isolated hyperintense white matter lesion located in the splenium of the corpus callosum is another interesting point of the case. In the literature only one n-BD case with similar callosal involvement was found [3]. We saw reversible callosal lesions in multiple sclerosis and its variants and but in this patient a detailed history and CSF immunological analysis were not consistent with neither of them. Correspondence: Dr. Levent Sinan Bir Pamukkale Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Hastanesi Noroloji Anabilim Dali Kat 1 B105Kinikli 20070 Denizli Turkey E-Mail: sbir@pamukkale.edu.tr

The sympathetic skin response (SSR) is considered as one of the indexes of autonomic nervous system functions, especially related with the sudomotor function of unmyelinated sympathetic fibers. SSRs are recorded as the potentials with biphasic or multiphasic waveforms by conventional electromyography. SSRs are evaluated by measuring latency (time from the stimulus to the onset), amplitude, and area (the space under the curve of the waveform). Although dysautonomia is a feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as demonstrated by acetylcholine sweat-spot test, there are no data concerning SSR in COPD patients. In this study, we electrophysiologically investigated the sudomotor function of the sympathetic nervous system in patients with COPD. SSRs were recorded in 30 patients with COPD and 21 healthy volunteers. Normal responses were obtained from all subjects in the control group. No response was observed in three patients with COPD. The mean latency, amplitude and area values of the potentials recorded of the remaining 27 patients were compared to the control. The mean latency was longer (p < 0.01) and the mean amplitude and area values were lower (p = 0.012, p = 0.021, respectively) in the patients compared to the control. We also demonstrated significant correlations between the latency, amplitude, or area values of the SSR and two parameters of pulmonary function tests forced expiratory volume one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) and FEV1/FVC %. In conclusion, SSR is impaired in patients with COPD, which indicates the dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system. Furthermore, the degree of impairment in SSR may reflect the severity of airway obstruction in patients with COPD. © 2005 Tohoku University Medical Press.

Background. Neurological injury because of transient cerebral ischemia is a potential complication of cardiovascular surgery. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of l-carnitine, vitamin E, and the combination of these agents on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury were determined in a rat model of transient global cerebral I/R. Methods. Rats were pretreated with l-carnitine (100 mg/kg, i.v.) and vitamin E (50 mg/kg, i. v.), alone or in combination and then subjected to cerebral I/R induced by a four-vessel-occlusion technique for a duration of 15 min followed by 15 min of reperfusion. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in the cerebral tissues. Histopathological examinations were also carried out under light and electron microscopy. Results. The results showed that I/R elevated MDA levels, which were accompanied by a reduction in SOD activities and GSH levels. Surviving neurons was markedly decreased in CA1 and CA3 subfield of hippocampus in I/R animals. l-carnitine, vitamin E, and their combination restored MDA levels and SOD activities, with a tendency to increase surviving neurons in CA1 and CA3 subfield. Combined treatment of l-carnitine and vitamin E had better GSH levels than individual treatment of these agents. Conclusions. The results suggest that l-carnitine has a potent neuroprotective effect against cerebral-I/R-induced injury in rat brain that is comparable to that of vitamin E. However, the combined use of l-carnitine and vitamin E does not further protect from neuronal injury, although it provides an increase in GSH levels. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Here, we report a case of serotonergic toxicity due to combination of essitalopram and isoniazid, which was rarely reported before. Moreover, we observed transient neurogenic denervation potentials in needle electromyography, which disappeared with the treatment of serotonergic toxicity. As to our best knowledge, this is the first case, reporting transient electromyographic changes probably due to serotonergic toxicity.

Objective: To find the differences between patients with migraine with and without vertigo. Study Deslgn: A prospective study. Setting: Ambulatory dizziness centre of a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: Eighty-four patients with migraine (31 with headache, 53 with headache and vertigo) according to the diagnostic criteria of migraine published by the International Headache Society in 1988 were included in the study. Patient history, vestibular tests, electronystagmography (ENG), and imaging studies were performed for differential diagnosis. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical findings and ENG parameters. Results: Fifty-three of 84 patients (63%) had episodic vertigo attacks. Vertigo was independent from headache in 24 patients (45%). Vertigo symptoms always appeared later in the history of migraine headache. Headache started at age 27 ± 8.3 years and vertigo symptoms began 7.7 ± 8. 7 years later. The beginning age of the migraine and female-to-male ratio were significantly greater in the vertigo group. Fifty-eight of the 84 patients had ENG testing. Fifty-eight percent of the patients with migraine and 55% of the patients with migraine + vertigo had abnormal ENG findings. None of the tests except the Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre had a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The presence of the same ENG abnormalities in patients with pure headache shows that the vestibular pathways are also affected in these patients, even when there are no vestibular symptoms.

Objective: To determine the incidence, reasons and prognosis about Horner's syndrome in thoracic surgical patients. Methods: In this prospective clinical study, 933 adult patients were assessed between the years of 1998 and 2002. All patients who underwent chest tube insertion (n: 662 patients) or thoracotomy (n: 342 patients), or who had thoracic trauma (n: 268 patients) were routinely examined to detect of Horner's syndrome. The patients with Horner's syndrome due to the invasion of malignant tumour to sympathetic chain were not included in the study. Results: Horner's syndrome was detected in twelve patients from these 933 patients (1.3%). The considered etiologic factors were chest tube pressure in five patients, operative complication in two patients and trauma in five patients. In patients with chest tube pressure were fully recovered from Horner's syndrome but the remaining did not. Conclusions: Malposition of the chest tube is an important aetiological factor of Horner's syndrome, and it is reversible if the tube position is corrected urgently. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.