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Leuctra hippopus Kempny, 1899 Ş��ki-Zaqatala region: 20: 5♂ 16♀ (HNHM), 7♂ 9♀ (LMEE); 22: 1♀ (HNHM), 1♂ 2♀ (LMEE); 25: 2♀ (HNHM); 29: 1♂ 4♀ (HNHM), 1♂ (LMEE); 33: 2♀ (HNHM), 2♂ 1♀ (LMEE); 34: 11♂ 7♀ (HNHM), 6♂ 4♀ (LMEE); Nax��ıvan : 36: 1♀ (HNHM). Remarks. A widespread and common species in the whole West Palaearctic, with wide ecological spectrum (Graf et al. 2009). In the Caucasian region, it is known from Armenia, Georgia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia and Stavropol Krai (Zhiltzova 2003, Cherchesova & Zhiltzova 2013). A spring and early summer species, in Azerbaijan we found it mostly along forest streams, in moderate numbers. These specimens provide the first confirmed locations for this species in Azerbaijan., Published as part of Mur��nyi, D��vid, Manko, Peter, Kov��cs, Tibor, Vin��on, Gilles, ��iak, Matej, Kerimova, Ilhama G., Snegovaya, Nataly Yurievna & Obo��a, Jozef, 2021, Review and contribution to the stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) fauna of Azerbaijan, pp. 58-80 in Zootaxa 4975 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4804613, {"references":["Kempny, P. (1899) Zur kenntniss der Plecopteren. II. Neue und ungenugend bekannte Leuctra- Arten. II. und III. Theile. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 49, 9 - 15, 269 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24102","Cherchesova, S. K. & Zhiltzova, L. A. (2013) Opredelitel vesnyanok (Plecoptera) Kavkaza. RGAU-MI K. A. T, Moskva-Vladikavkaz, 113 pp."]}

Leuctra hippopus Kempny, 1899 Material. ��ankırı, Ilgaz Dağı, 9.06.1986, 1 ♀ (Si). Manisa, 19 km S Salihli, 1000 m, 22.05.1992, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Si). Aydın, Bozdoğan, 5 km. S Altıntaş K��y��, Menteşe Dağları, 950 m, 23.05.1992, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Si). Balıkesir, Edremit���Kalkım, 20 Km NE Edremit, 600 m, 2.06.1992, 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (Si). Bursa, Uludag, Soğukpınar yolu, 3 Km N, 1000 m, 4.06.1992, 4 ♀ (Si). Konya, Isparta, Gelendost, 10 km S Akşehir, Sultan Dağları, 4.06.1993, 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (Si). Konya, Akşehir, Sultan Dağları, 1450 m, 7.05.1994, 2 ♀ (Si). Bolu, Gerede, Akyurt vadisi, 1300 m, 19.05.1996, 1 ♀ (Si). ��ankırı, ��erkeş, Işık Dağı, Sofular deresi, 1550 m, 16.06.1996, 1 ♂, 4 ♀ (Si.). Kayseri,> Pınarbaşı, 1500 m, 2.05.1997, 29 ♂, 22 ♀ (Si). Hatay, Kurtbağı, E ����g��ll��k, Nur Dağları, 3.05.1997, 5 ♂, 6 ♀ (Si). Antalya, Alanya, G��ndoğmuş���K��pr��l��, 5.05.1997, 1 ♀ (Vi). Antalya,> Kayabaşı, S S��g��t, Ak Dağları, 6.05.1997, 9 ♂, 5 ♀ (Vi). Aydın, Nazilli,> Beydağ,> Samailli, 7.05.1997, 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (Vi). İzmir, ��demiş,> Bozdağ, 7.05.1997, 2 ♀ (Vi). İzmir, Bergama���Kozak, 15 km, 7.05.1997, 31 ♂, 21 ♀ (Vi). Balıkesir, Edremit,> Zeytinli, 8.05.1997, 5 ♂ (Vi). Bolu, Hacıayaz Ge��idi, G��yn��k���Mudurnu, 9.05.1997, 25 ♂, 18 ♀ (Vi). Bolu, Yedig��ller Milliparkı, near Park house, 9.05.1997, 1 ♀ (Vi). Bolu,> Karacasu, 9.05.1997, 2 ♀ (Vi). Ayancık, W Sinop, 10.05.1997, 1 ♀ (Vi). Ordu,> G��lk��y, 11.05.1997, 2 ♂ (Vi). Ordu,> G��lk��y, near Har��beli, 11.05.1997, 5 ♂, 7 ♀ (Vi). G��m��şhane, Zigana Ge��idi, SW Trabzon, 11.05.1997, 5 ♂, 2 ♀ (Vi).,> Derek��y, 12.05.1997, 2 ♀ (Vi). Rize, ��amlık���Sivrikaya, 12.05.1997, 3 ♂, 3 ♀ (Vi). Erzincan, E. Refahiye,> Alacatlı K��y��, 14.05.1997, 2 ♀ (Vi). Ankara, N. Ankara, G��vem���Salın, 15.05.1997, 1 ♀ (Vi). 5 km S Ankara, Yaylabağ K��y��, 1000 m, 11.05.2000, 2 ♀ (Si). Trabzon, Uzung��l, 1200 m, 18.08.2005, 3 ♂, 4 ♀ (Si). Bolu, G��yn��k���Bolu Yolu, 10 km ��ubuk deresi, 750 m, 21.05.2006, 1 ♂, 2 ♀ (Si). Distribution in Turkey. Bolu, Erzurum, Tunceli (Zwick 1971); Artvin, Bolu, Erzincan, Kars (Theischinger 1976 a); Ankara (Kazancı 1982); Bolu, Kastamonu (Kazancı 1983 b); Ankara (Kazancı & Girgin 2008); Ankara, Bolu, Erzurum, Giresun, Kars, Kastamonu, Tokat (Kazancı 2009 a); country record only: listed from Turkey (Kazancı 1983 b; Kazancı 1999; Kazancı 2008); All Anatolia (Vin��on & Sivec 2001). Map (Fig. 20). Distribution and ecology. West Palaearctic species. It occurs throughout Anatolia. Adults occur in different kinds of mountain brooks and rivers and emerge in spring and early summer (V���VIII)., Published as part of Darilmaz, Mustafa Cemal, Salur, Ali, Mur��nyi, D��vid & Vin��on, Gilles, 2016, Contribution to the knowledge of Turkish stoneflies with annotated catalogue (Insecta: Plecoptera), pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 4074 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4074.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/270744, {"references":["Kempny, P. (1899) Zur kenntniss der Plecopteren. II. Neue und ungenugend bekannte Leuctra - Arten. II. und III. Theile. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 49, 9 - 15, 269 - 278.","Zwick, P. (1971) Plecoptera aus Anatolien und benachbarten Gebieten. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 44 (3 - 4), 233 - 264.","Theischinger, G. (1976 a) Steinfliegen (Plecoptera) aus Anatolien und Iran. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 27 (3 / 4), 105 - 114.","Kazanci, N. (1982) Plecoptera (Insecta) species from Middle Anatolia. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsinstitut und Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 7 (115), 195 - 202.","Kazanci, N. (1983 b) Researches on the Plecoptera (Insecta) species of Turkey. Hacettepe Bulletin of Natural and Engineering, 12, 85 - 99.","Kazanci, N. & Girgin, S. (2008) Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera (Insecta) fauna of Ankara Stream (Turkey). Review of Hydrobiology, 1 (1), 37 - 44.","Kazanci, N. (2009 a) Contribution to the knowledge of Plecoptera (Insecta) Fauna of Turkey. Review of Hydrobiology, 2 (1), 11 - 22.","Kazanci, N. (1999) A new apterous Leuctra (Plecoptera) species from Turkey. Aquatic Insects, 21 (4), 267 - 271. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1076 / aqin. 21.4.267.4510","Vincon, G. & Sivec, I. (2001) Contribution to the knowledge of Turkish Leuctridae (Plecoptera). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie, 18 (3), 259 - 285."]}

We studied the flight periods of 16 stonefly species from Curone stream (northern Apennines, Italy) and grouped them into four categories according to their flight periods—autumnal (Protonemura salfii and Leuctra major,) autumnal-winter (Leuctra fusca and Leuctra hexacantha,) winter-spring (Leuctra hippopus and Leuctra subalpina,) and spring (Besdolus ravizzarum, Isoperla grammatica, Perla grandis, Perla marginata, Brachyptera risi, Amphinemura sulcicollis, Protonemura intricata, Nemoura hesperiae, Capnioneura nemuroides, and Leuctra handlirschi; probably D. cephalotes can also be added to this category, although no adults were observed). Among the adults, L. fusca was the most abundant species, while C. nemuroides was the rarest. There was partial temporal segregation in the flight periods. In general, the male flight period, at least in some species, occurred slightly in advance of the female flight period.

1. The flight behaviour of adult merolimnic insects was studied on the first order limestone stream Leutra (Thuringia, Germany) using sticky traps. The focus of the present study was on testing the colonisation cycle hypothesis of Muller (1954) and on the small-scale dispersal of adult merolimnic insects. 2. A high number of sticky traps was used to guarantee a proper statistical analysis of the data and exclude effects of the heterogeneous environment on flight behaviour. 3. The flight behaviour of Leuctra hippopus, Nemoura cambrica, Nemoura flexuosa, Protonemura nitida, Protonemura praecox (Plecoptera), and Baetis rhodani (Ephemeroptera) was studied. 4. Specific flight corridors were observed for P. praecox, Nemoura spp., L. hippopus and B. rhodani. 5. Comparison of the catches on sticky traps set perpendicular to the water showed no significant flight upstream in any of the taxa studied. Thus, the results do not support the hypothesis of the colonisation cycle.

In the Volga and Don river basins, 17 stonefly species are known: 16 from the Volga, and 6 from the Don basin. The fauna is dominated by the species with wide, European (Isogenus nubecula, Nemoura flexuosa, N. dubitans, Amphinemura sulcicollis, Brachyptera braueri, Isoperla difformis, I. grammatica, Leuctra hippopus, Xanthoperla apicalis, Siphonoperla burmeisteri) and Transpalaearctic ranges (Taeniorterykh nebulosa, Nemurella pictetii, Amphinemura borealis, Nemoura cinerea, Capnia atra, Leuctra fusca, Isoperla obscura).

Leuctra hippopus Kempny, 1899 Macedonia: Valandovo municipality, Belasica Mts, Bašibos, Anska Reka at Kočuli settlement, 310 m, N41°18.658’ E22°41.717’, 20.02.2014, leg. DA, LD, TK, DM: 10♂ 8♀, 1♀ larva, 1 exuviae (HNHM: PLP4583), 6♂ 6♀ (MM: 2014-30); Valandovo municipality, Belasica Mts, Bašibos, Karani Stream NE of the village, 400 m, N41°19.076’ E22°42.434’, 20.02.2014, leg. DA, LD, TK, DM: 7♂ 4♀, 2♀ larvae (HNHM: PLP4592), 1♂ 4♀ (MM: 2014-31). This widespread West Palaearctic species is a common spring emerger and covers the whole Balkans. Its emergence in February is rather unusual, thought already reported from Macedonia. Winter imago-data are known from the Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees., Published as part of Murányi, Dávid, Kovács, Tibor & Orci, Kirill Márk, 2014, New country records and further data to the stonefly (Plecoptera) fauna of southeast Macedonia, pp. 64-77 in Ecologica Montenegrina 1 (2) on page 70, DOI: 10.37828/em.2014.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/8028932, {"references":["Kempny, P. (1899) Zur Kenntniss der Plecopteren. II. Neue und ungenugend bekannte Leuctra - Arten. II. Theil. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 49, 9 - 15."]}

17. Leuctra hippopus (Kempny 1899) Distribution. Like the previous species, it is widely distributed in the foothill zone and is found in similar habitat., Published as part of Cherchesova, S. K, Shioloshvili, M. N, Yakimov, A. V., Nemno, E. V., L`vov, V. D. & Kovilyaeva, N. E., 2012, Stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera) Of Kabarda-Balkarian Republic (The Central Caucasus), pp. 174-181 in Illiesia 8 (19) on page 179, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4753237

Leuctra queyrassiana sp. n., a member of the Leuctra hippopus group (L. prima subgroup), is described as male, female and nymph, and compared with the related L. autumnalis Aub. and L. caprai Festa. The new species is known only from brooks at high altitude between 2,200 and 2,700 m, and is probably endemic to the Queyras massif.

The duration of the egg incubation period, the hatching success and nymphal growth of three local Norwegian populations of Leuctra hippopus Kempney in relation to temperature were studied in the laboratory. Eggs were reared at temperatures between 2 and 24°C, nymphs between 4 and 20°C. Intraspecific differences existed in egg survival rates at the different temperatures, and in the body size of the newborn nymphs. The populations also had specific optimal hatching temperatures. However, no significant differences were found between the populations in regard to temperature (T, in °C) and the length of the egg incubation period (y, in days). This relationship, on a logarithmic scale, was linear and could be approximated by the regression equation y = 519T -1·167. Population differences in the survival rates of nymphs were also found. The growth (G) measured by the body length of nymphs in relation to age (D) could be given by a simple linear regression equation G = a + bD. For the three populations studied ...

Records for fifteen species of stoneflies (Amphinemura sulcicollis, Nemoura avicularis, Nemoura cinerea, Nemurella pictetii, Protonemura meyeri, Leuctra fusca, Leuctra hippopus, Leuctra inermis, Capnia atra, Capnia bifrons, Diura bicaudata, Isoperla grammatica. Perla bipunctata, Chloroperla tripunctata and Siphonoperla torrentium) from the Comb catchment basin in the west of Ireland are presented. Their distributional patterns are considered in relation to habitat characteristics, including water chemistry, and the general topographical and geological features of the area. Predation by fish on stoneflies in alkaline streams was also investigated.

SUMMARY. 1. Perforated boxes containing live, dead or no eggs of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, were buried in a natural spawning redd in a stream in North Wales for the duration of the natural incubation period. 2. A significant difference (P

Fifteen stonefly species were found in the streams of the Świȩtokrzyski National Park (Lysogory chain of the Świȩtokrzyskie Mts) ; among them Protonemura intricata, Pr. praecox and Leuctra hippopus were found for the first time in this area. Clear difference between the stonefly fauna of the northern and southern slopes were observed.

1. The material primarily originates from a thorough study of springs in Himmerland (Jutland) an was collected during thirteen collections in the course of fourteen months. Measurements of the water temperature in the collecting localities were taken at the same time. Measurements of the animals were made with the help of an Edinger Projector. 2. Baetis rhodani has two generations yearly, a long winter generation and a short summer generation. It is possible that these are composed of two generations each. The growth has a stoppage in winter. 3. Brachyptera risi has only one generation per year, which, however, is accomplished in a very short time during winter. There is no marked growth-stoppage in winter. 4. Nemoura (Nemurella) picteti has one generation yearly, stretched over most of the year and with a distinct growth-stoppage in winter. 5. Leuctra hippopus has two generations per year, a longlasting winter generation and a short summer generation. It is not improbable that the material consists of two species, the winter generation being Leuctra hippopus and the summer generation Leuctra fusca. 6. Agapetus fuscipes has one generation yearly. In winter the growth is retarded, or there is perhaps even a stoppage. 7. It has not been possible to draw growth-curves for Crunoecia irrorata, but the histograms show that the species has one generation per year. It must be assumed that there is a growth-stoppage in winter. 8. Pericoma blandula (?) (determination uncertain). The species has one generation per year, with a long period in winter without evident growth. 9. Simulium ornatum has a biennial life-cycle with three generations, having flying times in spring, early summer and autumn. Growth-stoppage takes place in winter. 10. Ancylus fluviatilis takes two years to reach full maturity. Two generations occur simultaneously. The growth stops in late summer and the growth-stoppage is lasting the entire winter. 11. It is not possible from the measurements made to ascertain the growth conditions and life-cycle of Asellus aquaticus. The reason for this is probably that there are several simultaneous generations, and at the same time, the species has a long breeding period. 12. It is not possible to explain the animals' growth-rate by means of temperature conditions in the various localities where the animals were collected. 13. It appears that the nourishment conditions for certain of the species under discussion can offer an explanation of the growth-rate — at the same time, it is difficult to find a correlation for other species. 14. The stony bottom appears to provide a more favourable environment than the other biotopes examined, as the species living on stony bottom seem to complete their growth in a shorter period than species from other biotopes. 15. The same species do not necessarily have the same year-cycle and growth-rate in different localities.