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Leuctra fusca ssp. (Linnaeus, 1758) L��nk��ran region: 1: 9♂ 7♀ (HNHM); 2 : 4♂ 1♀ (HNHM); 4: 5♂ 4♀ (HNHM), 1♂ (LMEE); 5: 1♂ 2♀, 1 exuviae (HNHM); 7: 1♂ 4♀ (HNHM); 8: 4♂ 2♀ (HNHM); 9: 3♂ 1♀ (HNHM); 10: 3♂ 4♀ (HNHM), 1♂ 1♀ (LMEE); 12: 3♂, 6 larvae (HNHM); 13: 1♂ (HNHM), 1♀ (LMEE); 14: 6♂ 2♀ (HNHM); 15: 9♂ 6♀ (HNHM), 1♂ 2♀ (LMEE); G��nc��-Qazax region: 37: 1♂ (MM); 38: 2♂ 4♀ (HNHM), 2♂ (LMEE), 1♀ (MM); 40: 2♀ (HNHM), 2♂ 1♀ (MM); 41: 1♂ 1♀ (HNHM), 1♂ (LMEE); 42: 4♂ 4♀ (HNHM), 2♂ 1♀ (LMEE), 2♂ 3♀ (MM); 43: 1♀ (HNHM), 1♂ (SNM); 45: 1♂ 2♀ (HNHM), 1♂ (MM). Remarks. The species has a wide Eurosiberian distribution, with three described subspecies (Mur��nyi & Hwang 2017). It is an autumnal potamal species over most of its range, however, Caucasian populations were noted by their uncommonly wide range of habitats occupied, from rivers to high mountain brooks (Zhiltzova 2003). Winter occurrence in Adjaria, Georgia, was recently recorded (Teslenko et al. 2019). Indeed, Azerbaijani specimens were found in extremely different habitats during our sampling both in the Lesser Caucasus and the Talysh Mts (Figs. 7���10). It is the most common autumnal stonefly in Azerbaijan, it occurs both as the single stonefly species of the given waterflow, or with a diverse community. These are the first exact data from Azerbaijan. The subspecific identity of the Azerbaijan population is problematic. We expect L. fusca latior Berth��lemy & Dia, 1982 since this subspecies inhabits the whole of Anatolia, the Levant and Iran (Darilmaz et al. 2016, Mur��nyi 2005, Vin��on et al. 2013). However, females of L. fusca latior are distinguished by the widely separated posterior lobes of the subgenital plate, while all the Azerbaijani females we have examined have narrowly separated lobes and possess a small, triangular median lobule slightly reminiscent of L. kurui Kazanci, 1983. Coloration of the subgenital plate varies by age but the general shape of the subgenital plate and the spermathecal ring are constant among all of our female specimens (Figs. 5���6). The male paraproct and specillum more or less agree with the description of L. fusca latior (Figs. 3���4) but Azerbaijani specimens exhibit a highly reduced or entirely lacking posteromedial sclerite on tergum VIII and the posteromedial sclerite is entire or only slightly subdivided on tergum IX (Fig. 2). The anterior lobes of tergum X are moderately large, the ventral vesicle small, the epiproct is wider than long with a short, weakly separated rod. Both male and female specimens vary in size and coloration, but we found no correlation of these features with the slight variability of the genitalia., Published as part of Mur��nyi, D��vid, Manko, Peter, Kov��cs, Tibor, Vin��on, Gilles, ��iak, Matej, Kerimova, Ilhama G., Snegovaya, Nataly Yurievna & Obo��a, Jozef, 2021, Review and contribution to the stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) fauna of Azerbaijan, pp. 58-80 in Zootaxa 4975 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4804613, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria natur, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmi, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Muranyi, D. & Hwang, J. M. (2017) Four new species and further contributions to the Leuctridae (Plecoptera) of the Korean Peninsula. Zootaxa, 4282 (1), 43 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4282.1.2","Teslenko, V. A., Palatov, D. M. & Semenchenko, A. A. (2019) Description of new apterous winter species of Leuctra (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) based morphology and DNA barcoding and further records to stonefly fauna of the Caucasus, Georgia. Zootaxa, 4585 (3), 546 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4585.3.9","Berthelemy, C. & Dia, A. (1982) Plecopteres du Liban (Insecta). Annales de Limnologie, 18 (2), 191 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1982009","Darilmaz, M. C., Salur, A., Muranyi, D. & Vincon, G. (2016) Contribution to the knowledge of Turkish stoneflies with annotated catalogue (Insecta: Plecoptera). Zootaxa, 4074 (1), 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4074.1.1","Muranyi, D. (2005) Leuctra klapperichi, a new stonefly species (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) from Iran with geographic affinities of related species. Zootaxa, 1078 (1), 59 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1078.1.5","Vincon, G., Dia, A., Kovacs, T. & Muranyi, D. (2013) A new stonefly from Lebanon, Perlodes thomasi sp. n. (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Illiesia, 9 (3), 18 - 27.","Kazanci, N. (1983) Plecoptera (Insecta) from Anatolia. Aquatic Insects, 5 (3), 141 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650428309361135"]}

Known Plecoptera data published from Azerbaijan are critically reviewed. New records of 28 species are enumerated on the basis of specimens collected between 2017 and 2019, among them 16 are new for the fauna of Azerbaijan. Nemoura irani Aubert, 1964 is new for the whole Caucasian region, Leuctra sanainica Zhiltzova, 1960 and Plesioperla sakartvella (Zhiltzova, 1956) are new for the Greater Caucasus. The female and larva of an unknown Protonemura Kempny, 1898 species, collected in the Talysh Mts, are illustrated and described under temporary name Protonemura sp. AZE-1. A new species of Protonemura, collected both in the Azerbaijan and Georgian areas of the Greater Caucasus, will be formally described in a further paper. A male Protonemura specimen was found to be infected by mermithid worms, morphological lesions are illustrated and commented; this is the second documented case of mermithid infection in stoneflies. Subspecies level identity of Azerbaijani populations of Leuctra fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) proved to be problematic, morphological characters of the specimens are illustrated. Synonymy of Isoperla caucasica Balinsky, 1950 and I. pulchra Balinsky, 1950 under I. bithynica (Kempny, 1908) is disputed, the two names are combined under I. grammatica (Poda, 1761) sensu lato.

The only known member of genus Leuctra Stephens, 1836 from China, L. fusca tergostyla Wu, 1973 is discovered in Sichuan Province of southwestern China for the first time. New illustrations of this subspecies are provided for identification. The taxonomic status of L. f. tergostyla is discussed. Another species of Leuctridae, Rhopalopsole sinensis Yang & Yang, 1993 is studied herein and supplemented with new illustrations. The female of R. sinensis is illustrated for the first time.

The compilation of a DNA barcoding library of Norwegian stonefly (Plecoptera) species revealed that Leuctra fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) and Leuctra digitata Kempny, 1899 (Leuctridae) share haplotypes in northernmost Scandinavia. Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA barcode marker COI and the nuclear marker 28S show that the shared haplotypes must result from the introgression of a L. fusca mitochondrion into a L. digitata population on at least two occasions. Although mt introgression is widespread in animals, this represents the first documented case in Plecoptera. This study also included specimens of L. cf. fusca from the Sierra Nevada massif in Spain, a population previously known as L. carpentieri Despax, 1945. Their mt haplotypes are ca. 13% different from other European L. fusca. However, their 28S alleles are compatible with their morphological identification as L. fusca. In view of the possibility of mt introgression, the taxonomic status of this population remains undecided.

Leuctra fusca tergostyla Wu, 1973 comb. n. (Figs. 1–3) Leuctra tergostyla Wu, 1973 — Wu 1973: 115. (original description of the male). Leuctra fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) — Kim et al. 1998: 422. (first record from South Korea). New material. NORTH KOREA: GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), singled along footpath from Gumgangmun Gate to Guryong Falls, N38°40’ E128°10’, 12.x.1978 (loc. Korea.487), leg. A. Vojnits, L. Zombori: 2♀ (HNHM). GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), swept from ferns, N38°40’ E128°10’, 12.x.1978 (loc. Korea.488), leg. A. Vojnits, L. Zombori: 8♂ 12♀ (HNHM). GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), singled along the way to Guryong Falls, N38°40’ E128°10’, 18.ix.1980 (loc. Korea.692), leg. L. Forró, Gy. Topál: 5♂ 7♀ (HMHM). GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), netting at Guryong Falls, N38°40’ E128°10’, 18.ix.1980 (loc. Korea.696), leg. L. Forró, Gy. Topál: 1♀ (HNHM). GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), netting along the way to Guryong Falls, N38°40’ E128°10’, 18.ix.1980 (loc. Korea.697), leg. L. Forró, Gy. Topál: 9♂ 8♀ (HNHM). SOUTH KOREA: CB, Danyang-gun, Yeongchun-myeon, Namcheon-ri, Namcheon, Sobaeksan (Mt.), 3.xi.2015: 2♀ (KU). CB, Danyang-gun, Yeongchun-myeon, Namcheon-ri, Namcheon, Sobaeksan (Mt.), 7.xi.2014: 3♂ 3♀ (KUEM). Distribution. This Far East subspecies of L. fusca is known from China (described from eastern Qinghai Province of western China on the Tibetan Plateau (Yang et al. 2014)) and specimens illustrated herein are from the vicinity of Beijing, northeastern China), Korean Peninsula, and the Russian Far East (confirmed by Valentina Teslenko). Western boundary of its distribution needs to be clarified. Mongolian specimen illustrated in Judson & Nelson (2012) seem to be L. fusca fusca (Linnaeus, 1758). Leuctra f. tergostyla is new for North Korea (Fig. 27). Remarks. The Korean and Chinese specimens exhibit slight morphological differences that distinguish them from the West Palaearctic subspecies. The male has larger and more erect tergal projections on tergum VI, larger and undivided mesal sclerites on terga VIII–IX and the base of paraproct is smaller and less swollen in lateral view (Figs. 1–2). The female has more rounded lobes of the subgenital plate (Fig. 3), whereas the sclerotized ridge between the lobes is wider than that of L. f. fusca but not as wide as of L. f. latior Berthélemy & Dia, 1982. On the basis of Wu’s original description and figures (Wu 1973), his species L. tergostyla Wu, 1973 is conspecific with L. fusca. Unfortunately, the types are considered lost, but the name is available. Molecular studies showed large genetic variability of West Palaearctic populations of L. fusca (Boumans & Tierno de Figueroa 2016), thus, it seems to be more appropriate to use the name L. tergostyla to distinguish a Far Eastern subspecies rather than in synonymy with L. f. fusca.

Leuctra fusca tergostyla Wu, 1973 comb. n. (Figs. 1���3) Leuctra tergostyla Wu, 1973 ��� Wu 1973: 115. (original description of the male). Leuctra fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) ��� Kim et al. 1998: 422. (first record from South Korea). New material. NORTH KOREA: GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), singled along footpath from Gumgangmun Gate to Guryong Falls, N38��40��� E128��10���, 12.x.1978 (loc. Korea.487), leg. A. Vojnits, L. Zombori: 2♀ (HNHM). GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), swept from ferns, N38��40��� E128��10���, 12.x.1978 (loc. Korea.488), leg. A. Vojnits, L. Zombori: 8♂ 12♀ (HNHM). GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), singled along the way to Guryong Falls, N38��40��� E128��10���, 18.ix.1980 (loc. Korea.692), leg. L. Forr��, Gy. Top��l: 5♂ 7♀ (HMHM). GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), netting at Guryong Falls, N38��40��� E128��10���, 18.ix.1980 (loc. Korea.696), leg. L. Forr��, Gy. Top��l: 1♀ (HNHM). GW, Goseong-gun, Gumgangsan (Mt.), netting along the way to Guryong Falls, N38��40��� E128��10���, 18.ix.1980 (loc. Korea.697), leg. L. Forr��, Gy. Top��l: 9♂ 8♀ (HNHM). SOUTH KOREA: CB, Danyang-gun, Yeongchun-myeon, Namcheon-ri, Namcheon, Sobaeksan (Mt.), 3.xi.2015: 2♀ (KU). CB, Danyang-gun, Yeongchun-myeon, Namcheon-ri, Namcheon, Sobaeksan (Mt.), 7.xi.2014: 3♂ 3♀ (KUEM). Distribution. This Far East subspecies of L. fusca is known from China (described from eastern Qinghai Province of western China on the Tibetan Plateau (Yang et al. 2014)) and specimens illustrated herein are from the vicinity of Beijing, northeastern China), Korean Peninsula, and the Russian Far East (confirmed by Valentina Teslenko). Western boundary of its distribution needs to be clarified. Mongolian specimen illustrated in Judson & Nelson (2012) seem to be L. fusca fusca (Linnaeus, 1758). Leuctra f. tergostyla is new for North Korea (Fig. 27). Remarks. The Korean and Chinese specimens exhibit slight morphological differences that distinguish them from the West Palaearctic subspecies. The male has larger and more erect tergal projections on tergum VI, larger and undivided mesal sclerites on terga VIII���IX and the base of paraproct is smaller and less swollen in lateral view (Figs. 1���2). The female has more rounded lobes of the subgenital plate (Fig. 3), whereas the sclerotized ridge between the lobes is wider than that of L. f. fusca but not as wide as of L. f. latior Berth��lemy & Dia, 1982. On the basis of Wu���s original description and figures (Wu 1973), his species L. tergostyla Wu, 1973 is conspecific with L. fusca. Unfortunately, the types are considered lost, but the name is available. Molecular studies showed large genetic variability of West Palaearctic populations of L. fusca (Boumans & Tierno de Figueroa 2016), thus, it seems to be more appropriate to use the name L. tergostyla to distinguish a Far Eastern subspecies rather than in synonymy with L. f. fusca., Published as part of Mur��nyi, D��vid & Hwang, Jeong Mi, 2017, Four new species and further contributions to the Leuctridae (Plecoptera) of the Korean Peninsula, pp. 43-61 in Zootaxa 4282 (1) on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4282.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/818395, {"references":["Wu, C. F. (1973) New species of Chinese stoneflies (Order Plecoptera). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 16 (2), 111 - 118, pls. I - VIII.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Neuroptera. In: Linnaeus, C., Systema Naturae. 10 th Edition. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, pp. 543 - 552.","Kim, J. S., Bae, Y. J. & Zhiltzova, L. A. (1998) Bibliographic review, systematic status, and biogeographic notes on Korean and Far East Russian stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) with their new Korean records. Korean Journal of Biological Sciences, 2, 419 - 425.","Yang, D., Li, W. H. & Fang, Z. (2014) Plecoptera Nemouroidea. Fauna Sinica, Insecta, 58, 1 - 518, pl. I - XII.","Judson, S. W. & Nelson, C. R. (2012) A Guide to Mongolian Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera). Zootaxa, 3541, 1 - 118.","Berthelemy, C. & Dia, A. (1982) Plecopteres du Liban (Insecta). Annales de Limnologie, 18 (2), 191 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1982009","Boumans, L. & Tierno de Figueroa, J. M. (2016) Introgression and species demarcation in western European Leuctra fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) and Leuctra digitata Kempny, 1899 (Plecoptera: Leuctridae). Aquatic Insects, 37 (2), 115 - 126."]}

Leuctra fusca latior Berthélemy & Dia, 1982 The previous mentions of L. fusca fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) from Anatolia are here assigned to L. fusca latior Berthélemy & Dia, 1982 and therefore L. f. fusca is removed from the Turkish fauna. Material. Bartın, Boğazköy, 16.10.2004, 1 ♂ (Si). Bolu, 20 km SE Devrek, Karasu, 16.10.2004, 4 ♂, 4 ♀ (Si); Yedigöller, Bolu, Gerede, 122 km NW Ankara, 28.09.2007, 8 ♂ (Si). Çankırı, Ilgaz—Kastamonu, 10.10.2007, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Si). Sivas, Koyulhisar, Eğriçimen Yaylası, 11.10.2007, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Si). Giresun: İkisu, Karagöl Yaylası—Bektaş Yaylası, 1825 m, 1.10.2008, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (Si); Kümbet Yaylası—Yağlıdere, Çıkrıkkapı, 1871 m, 2.10.2008, 1 ♂ (Si). Sinop, Dikmen, Durağan istikameti, 1015 m, 25.10.2009, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (Si). Karabük, Yenice, Baklabostan direction, Karalkaya, 21.09.2011, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (Si.). Distribution in Turkey. Ankara, Bolu, Kastamonu (Kazancı 1983 b); Bolu (Kazancı 2009 a); Afyon, Antalya (Vinçon & Sivec 2001); country record only: listed from Turkey (Kazancı 1999; Kazancı 2008). Map (Fig. 19). Distribution and ecology. This subspecies extends from Lebanon (Berthélemy & Dia 1982) to Anatolia where it is widespread in its northern range. It is an orophilic species occurring in different kinds of brooks and rivers (500–1900 m a.s.l.). Adults emerge in autumn (X–XI).

Drift of stoneflies in a tributary of the Pechora, the largest river in the European Northeast of Russia, and in the Varzuga salmon river, Kolsky Peninsula, was studied. The highest densities of stonefly larvae in the drift were observed in spring (mature larvae drifting) as well as in late summer to early autumn (juvenile larvae and mature larvae of species emerging in autumn). Minimal drift values were observed in summer and in winter when the rivers were covered with ice. For stonefly larvae, pronounced night–day migratory dynamics are typical. A comparison between species composition of stonefly larvae in the stomachs of juvenile grayling and their composition in the benthos and drift during night and day was conducted. There is a disparity between the quantitative composition of species in drift and in fish stomachs. For juvenile grayling, an active selection of bottom organisms is typical. The largest mature larvae of Leuctra fusca were more abundant in grayling diets than in the drift.

We studied the flight periods of 16 stonefly species from Curone stream (northern Apennines, Italy) and grouped them into four categories according to their flight periods—autumnal (Protonemura salfii and Leuctra major,) autumnal-winter (Leuctra fusca and Leuctra hexacantha,) winter-spring (Leuctra hippopus and Leuctra subalpina,) and spring (Besdolus ravizzarum, Isoperla grammatica, Perla grandis, Perla marginata, Brachyptera risi, Amphinemura sulcicollis, Protonemura intricata, Nemoura hesperiae, Capnioneura nemuroides, and Leuctra handlirschi; probably D. cephalotes can also be added to this category, although no adults were observed). Among the adults, L. fusca was the most abundant species, while C. nemuroides was the rarest. There was partial temporal segregation in the flight periods. In general, the male flight period, at least in some species, occurred slightly in advance of the female flight period.

Two new species of Korean needleflies, Perlomyia koreana sp. n. and P. lamellata sp. n. are described from North and South Korea. Additionally, two species, Paraleuctra paramalaisei sp. n. and Perlomyia baei sp. n. are described from South Korea. The previously unknown male of Perlomyia martynovi (Zhiltzova, 1975) is described from South Korean specimens associated with females. Leuctra fusca tergostyla Wu, 1973 comb. n. is proposed for the Far Eastern populations of the Eurosiberian L. fusca (Linnaeus, 1758). Three Leuctridae genera and species are reported from North Korea for the first time and three species are new country records for South Korea. The number of stonefly species known from the Korean Peninsula is increased to 82. A key is presented for the Leuctridae species known from Korean Peninsula including taxa that are expected to occur. Distributional maps are presented and additional notes on the habitats of Korean Leuctridae are given.

Leuctra fusca fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 3A–B) Macedonia: Valandovo municipality, Belasica Mts, Bašibos, Činarli Stream N of the village, 355 m, N41°19.050’ E22°41.983’, 20.02.2014, leg. DA, LD, TK, DM: 1♂ (HNHM: PLP4597). This widespread Eurosiberian species is known as an autumnal, hyporhitral-potamal species in most of its range. Early spring imagoes were reported only from the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, the present data from February is the first non-autumnal report from the Balkans. The single male found above Bašibos shows no notable morphological difference from autumnal specimens previously collected in Macedonia., Published as part of Murányi, Dávid, Kovács, Tibor & Orci, Kirill Márk, 2014, New country records and further data to the stonefly (Plecoptera) fauna of southeast Macedonia, pp. 64-77 in Ecologica Montenegrina 1 (2) on page 67, DOI: 10.37828/em.2014.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/8028932, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Neuroptera. In: Linnaeus, C. systema Naturae, 10. ed., Holmiae, pp. 543 - 552."]}

Comprehensive bibliographic sources of Plecoptera systematics in Korea and Far East Russia were provided. Systematic status and distributional features of stoneflies in those areas were also discussed. Based on comprehensive type and non‐type material examinations in those areas, new synonymies of Sweltsa colorata Zhiltzova and Levanidova, 1978 [= Sweltsa nikkoensis (Okamoto), 1912] and Capnia KUa (Yoon and Aw, 1986) [=Paracapnia recta Zhiltzova, 1984] were established; and the following species were newly recorded from Korea: Taenionema japonicum (Okamoto), Paraleuctra cercia (Okamoto), Leuctra fusca (Linnaeus), Eucapnopsis stigmatica Okamoto, Paracapnia recta Zhiltzova, Nemoura jezoensis (Okamoto), Stavsolus japonicus (Okamoto), Isoperla flavescens Zhiltzova and Potikha, Alloperla joosti Zwick, A rostellata (Klapalek), Sweltsa nikkoensis (Okamoto), and S. lepnevae Zhiltzova

1. The post-emergence lateral migration of both sexes of eight stonefly species was examined in a dystrophic, fourth-order forest river in eastern Finland. 2. For this purpose, 7351 stonefly adults were collected with eighteen trunk funnels positioned in rows of six at distances of approximately 1, 15 and 60 m from the river. A further 1880 adults were also caught from the vegetation of the bank zone by sweep netting and with slit traps. 3. The species could be grouped into two types with respect to migration distance: Isoperla difformis, I.grammatica and Leuctra fusca tended to stay in the bank area, whereas Nemoura flexuosa, N.avicularis, Amphinemura borealis, L.hippopus and N.cinerea tended to disperse into the forest, so that the majority were found some distance away from the shore. 4. The males of the leuctrids, N.flexuosa and N.cinerea migrated farther than the females. 5. The sex ratio was significantly biased in all species except N.flexuosa. The isoperlids, leuctrids and A.borealis showed a significant predominance of females in the trunk funnel catches, but males were significantly dominant in N.avicularis and N.cinerea. The material caught by other methods reversed the ratio for I.difformis and N.avicularis. Comparison of the sex ratios of the species with other reports revealed marked variation and deviation from unity, much of which could be attributed to bias introduced by the sampling methods. 6. Lateral migration seems to be the first phase in the colonization cycle, although the latter as such was not studied here. Adults of Euholognatha species migrate farther than those of Systellognatha, a difference of which may be due to their ability to feed as adults.

16. Leuctra fusca (Linnaeus 1758) Distribution. Widely distributed in the foothills. In spring rivers it can be found in densities of 45 individuals per m 2. Often it is found among fall leaf packs., Published as part of Cherchesova, S. K, Shioloshvili, M. N, Yakimov, A. V., Nemno, E. V., L`vov, V. D. & Kovilyaeva, N. E., 2012, Stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera) Of Kabarda-Balkarian Republic (The Central Caucasus), pp. 174-181 in Illiesia 8 (19) on page 178, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4753237

In the Riera major, north-eastern Spain, hyporheic stoneflies and mayflies were far less abundant than those in the benthos. Three species, Baetis scambus, Caenis macrura and Leuctra fusca, spent a major part of their life cycle in the hyporheos.

Records for fifteen species of stoneflies (Amphinemura sulcicollis, Nemoura avicularis, Nemoura cinerea, Nemurella pictetii, Protonemura meyeri, Leuctra fusca, Leuctra hippopus, Leuctra inermis, Capnia atra, Capnia bifrons, Diura bicaudata, Isoperla grammatica. Perla bipunctata, Chloroperla tripunctata and Siphonoperla torrentium) from the Comb catchment basin in the west of Ireland are presented. Their distributional patterns are considered in relation to habitat characteristics, including water chemistry, and the general topographical and geological features of the area. Predation by fish on stoneflies in alkaline streams was also investigated.