97 results on '"Letitia Anne Peplau"'
Search Results
2. Masculinity, Femininity and the Development of Sexual Orientation in Women
- Author
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Letitia Anne Peplau and Mark Huppin
- Published
- 2020
3. Urban Middle School Students’ Stereotypes at the Intersection of Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity, and Gender
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Negin Ghavami and Letitia Anne Peplau
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Male ,Adolescent ,Urban Population ,Sexual Behavior ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Intelligence ,education ,Ethnic group ,Poison control ,050109 social psychology ,Suicide prevention ,Peer Group ,Education ,Developmental psychology ,Ethnicity ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Homosexuality ,Child ,Students ,media_common ,Stereotyping ,Aggression ,05 social sciences ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Social Perception ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Sexual orientation ,Female ,Lesbian ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Heterosexual urban middle school students’ (N = 1,757) stereotypes about gender typicality, intelligence, and aggression were assessed. Students (Mage = 12.36 years) rated Facebook-like profiles of peers who varied by gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Several hypotheses about how the gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation of target peers intersect to shape stereotypes were tested. As predicted, a peer's sexual orientation determined stereotypes of gender typicality, with gay and lesbian students viewed as most atypical. As expected, ethnicity shaped stereotypes of intelligence, with Asian American students seen as most intelligent. Gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation independently and jointly affected stereotypes of aggression. These results demonstrate the value of an intersectional approach to the study of stereotypes. Implications for future research and practice are offered.
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- 2017
4. Narcissism and the Strategic Pursuit of Short-Term Mating:Universal Links across 11 World Regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2
- Author
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Zita Tordai, Krystle A. Hearns, Letitia Anne Peplau, Niki Thoma, Martin Voracek, Ioannis Tsaousis, Ivan Lukšík, Elvira Consuegra, Tomasz Szlendak, Francis Sichona, Steven M. Platek, Shiri Lavy, Cecilie Amalie Collin-Hansen, Nuška Podobnik, Maryanne L. Fisher, Petra Szeghy, Sigal Tifferet, David P. Schmitt, Kristina Coop Gordon, Liria Grimaldi, Pablo Vera-Villarroel, I. C.B. Alves, Siswa Widyatmoko, Pekka Santtila, Brad J. Sagarin, Sirpa Fry, Janette Casson, Teresa Borja, Frank Van Overwalle, Liesbeth Woertman, Endre Hajdú, Karl Grammer, Sonia Salas, Arjan E. R. Bos, Anton Laireiter, Isabel Castillo, Solvina Konrads, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Tilahun Sineshaw, Suzanne L. Osman, Chen Li, Petr Weiss, Franz J. Neyer, Ivars Austers, Renee V. Galliher, Francisca Expósito, Hai Ye, M. Shamsuddin Elias, Tibor Kökény, Jens B. Asendorpf, Petra Daniel, Brigitte Khoury, Todd K. Shackelford, Sóley S. Bender, Fiona Gordon, Jessica M. Geri, April Bleske-Rechek, Margaret Makore Rukuni, Eleanor Tranthan, Bogusław Pawłowski, Gary L. Brase, Valery Chirkov, Katherine B. Carnelley, Eileen Wood, Dory A. Schachner, Magdalena S. Halim, Janine Hertel, Adrian Opre, Sara Leyla Szente, Aukse Endriulaitiene, Lidia Alcalay, Gabriel Bianchi, V. N. Giri, Sylvie Lombardo, Isabel Balaguer, Wendy W.N. Wan, C. Ndeya-Ndereya, Nebi Sümer, Behrooz Birashk, Ine Vanwesenbeeck, Deborah Golden, Ulf-Dietrich Reips, Rolando Díaz-Loving, Gert Martin Hald, Katalin Lányi, Lars Penke, Leo Gerard A. Caral, Laytonseth Curl, F. S.K. Tungaraza, Julie Fitness, Karissa Flowers, Shamsul Haque, Andrea Camperio Ciani, Jasna Hudek-Knezevic, Brian Lythe, Marie Helweg-Larsen, John R. Kraft, Marijke Van Duynslaeger, Serge Desmarais, Jas Laile Suzana Binti Jaafar, Glenn Geher, Willibald Ruch, Lucinda Woodward, Osamu Fukushima, Miroslav Popper, Helmuth Nyborg, Melissa A. Commisso, Phillip R. Shaver, Dora Herrera, Fredrick Boholst, Olufemi Adigun Lawal, Lorena Cordovez, V. B. Oliveira, Mark Nelissen, Agata Zupančič, Craig A. Anderson, Ekin Eremsoy, Jamin Halberstadt, Heather J. Martin, Alejandro Castro, Imelu G. Mordeno, Deborah P. Welsh, Dmitry V. Vorontsov, Daniel Tefera, Gahyun Youn, Danielle Cohen, Michael E. Mills, Patrick C. L. Heaven, Marina Carvalho, Astrid Schütz, Henrik Høgh-Olesen, Igor Kardum, Mario Mikulincer, Kevin Bennett, David A. Frederick, Mary Anne Lauri, Stanley O. Gaines, Américo Baptista, Lynda G. Boothroyd, Jüri Allik, Wade C. Rowatt, Chris Tkach, Kumari Fernando, Mariamartina Casullo, Visvaldas Legkauskas, Ruth Falzon, José de Almeida Brites, Jean Choi, Edwin G. Brainerd, Sanna Malinen, Silvia Koller, Sonja Lyubomirsky, Barbara J. Houle, Teresa Anne B. Mashego, Monika Schmidt, Bernhard Fink, Ana María Fernández, Miguel Moya, Eduardowills Herrera, Jaap J. A. Denissen, Irmina Sukiennik, Siri Katinka Harlem, Delroy L. Paulhus, Michael Cunningham, Tünde Polonyi, Stephen Giunta, Mark Byrd, Toshihiko Souma, Agota Kun, N. Kenneth Sandnabba, Mary Ann Borg Cunen, Franco Simonetti, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Eros DeSouza, E. Gandari, Cem Safak Cukur, Kikue Sakaguchi, Nebojša Petrović, José Henrique Benedetti Piccoli Ferreira, Douglas A. Gentile, Velko S. Rus, A. L. Angelini, Tatjana Stefanović Stanojević, J. A. Camilleri, M. Burakova-Lorgnier, Barry X. Kuhle, Kenneth D. Locke, Heather Hoffmann, Lindiwe B.T. Sibisi, Robert L. Lloyd, Hung Yu Lin, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Pepijn van Empelen, Department Clinical Psychology, RS-Research Line Clinical psychology (part of IIESB program), and University of Rijeka
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,Educational Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Cross Cultural Differences *Human Mate Selection *Narcissism *Personality Traits Sexual Intercourse (Human) ,050109 social psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,sexuality ,Clinical Psychology ,5. Gender equality ,Narcissism ,personality ,cross-cultural psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Applied Psychology - Abstract
Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responsesfrom a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of shortterm mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating. Creative Commons CC-BY-SA licence.
- Published
- 2017
5. The impact of cues of stigma and support on self-perceived sexual orientation among heterosexually identified men and women
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Kerri L. Johnson, Mariana A. Preciado, and Letitia Anne Peplau
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Social support ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Social stigma ,Sexual attraction ,Sexual orientation ,Human sexuality ,Situational ethics ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Attraction ,Stigma (anatomy) ,Developmental psychology - Abstract
Sexual orientation can be thought of as encompassing both actual sexual experience (e.g., behavior, attraction, fantasy) and beliefs about those experiences. We refer to those beliefs as self-perceived sexual orientation. We report the first experimental evidence that manipulating situational cues directly impacts self-perceived sexual orientation among heterosexually identified men and women. Across three studies that used distinct manipulations (both explicit and implicit), measured different outcomes, and sampled different ages, we found that cues of support for same-sex sexuality lead to self-perceived sexual orientation containing more same-sex sexuality than did cues of stigma against same-sex sexuality. We discuss the implications for understanding the role of factors outside of actual sexual experience in the development and maintenance of sexual orientation.
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- 2013
6. An Intersectional Analysis of Gender and Ethnic Stereotypes
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Letitia Anne Peplau and Negin Ghavami
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Intersectionality ,Social perception ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Ethnic group ,Cultural stereotypes ,Gender studies ,Gender Studies ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Group differences ,Asian americans ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,Diversity (politics) ,media_common ,Social theory - Abstract
We compared perceived cultural stereotypes of diverse groups varying by gender and ethnicity. Using a free-response procedure, we asked 627 U.S. undergraduates to generate 10 attributes for 1 of 17 groups: Asian Americans, Blacks, Latinos, Middle Eastern Americans, or Whites; men or women; or 10 gender-by-ethnic groups (e.g., Black men or Latina women). Based on intersectionality theory and social dominance theory, we developed and tested three hypotheses. First, consistent with the intersectionality hypothesis, gender-by-ethnic stereotypes contained unique elements that were not the result of adding gender stereotypes to ethnic stereotypes. Second, in support of an ethnicity hypothesis, stereotypes of ethnic groups were generally more similar to stereotypes of the men than of the women in each group. Third, a gender hypothesis postulated that stereotypes of men and women will be most similar to stereotypes of White men and White women, less similar to ethnic minority men and ethnic minority women, and least similar to Black men and Black women. This hypothesis was confirmed for target women, but results for target men were mixed. Collectively, our results contribute to research, theory, and practice by demonstrating that ethnic and gender stereotypes are complex and that the intersections of these social categories produce meaningful differences in the way groups are perceived.
- Published
- 2012
7. Self-perception of Same-sex Sexuality Among Heterosexual Women: Association with Personal Need for Structure
- Author
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Mariana A. Preciado and Letitia Anne Peplau
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Interpretation (philosophy) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Human sexuality ,Conservatism ,Self perception ,Developmental psychology ,Perception ,Young adult ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Association (psychology) ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Though sexuality is often described categorically, the sexual experiences that form the basis of heterosexuals' self-perceived sexuality are often not clear cut and can be open to interpretation. Factors other than actual sexual experiences may also be associated with self-perceptions of sexuality. The present research examined how personal need for structure (Neuberg & Newsom, 1993; Thompson, Naccarato, Parker, & Moskowitz, 2001) was associated with degree of self-perceived same-sex sexuality in a sample of 103 heterosexually identified young adult women. Results indicated that women higher in personal need for structure self-perceived less same-sex sexuality than women lower in personal need for structure, even when accounting for conservatism on gay and lesbian issues and for perceptions of the degree of same-sex sexuality experienced by other heterosexual women. We discuss implications for future research on the self-perception of same-sex sexuality in heterosexuals.
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- 2012
8. Testing a model of minority identity achievement, identity affirmation, and psychological well-being among ethnic minority and sexual minority individuals
- Author
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Negin Ghavami, Sheila K. Grant, Adam W. Fingerhut, Letitia Anne Peplau, and Michele Andrisin Wittig
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Male ,Adolescent ,Universities ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Cultural identity ,Self-concept ,Identity (social science) ,Models, Psychological ,Social identity approach ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Social group ,Humans ,Students ,Social identity theory ,Minority Groups ,Schools ,Social Identification ,Homosexuality ,Achievement ,Self Concept ,Sexual minority ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Identity formation - Abstract
How is social identity related to psychological well-being among minority individuals? Drawing on developmental models of identity formation (e.g., Erikson, 1968) and on Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), we tested a conceptual model examining links between two key aspects of social identity and psychological well-being. We proposed that the association between identity achievement (exploring and understanding the meaning of one's identity) and psychological well-being is mediated by identity affirmation (developing positive feelings and a sense of belonging to one's social group). Across three studies, including ethnic minority high school students (Study 1), ethnic minority college students (Study 2) and lesbian and gay male adults (Study 3), we found strong support for the model. Results suggest that the process of exploring and understanding one's minority identity can serve as an important basis for developing positive feelings toward and an enhanced sense of attachment to the group, which can in turn confer psychological benefits for minority individuals. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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- 2011
9. Identity, minority stress and psychological well-being among gay men and lesbians
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Shelly L. Gable, Adam W. Fingerhut, and Letitia Anne Peplau
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Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,Stressor ,virus diseases ,Identity (social science) ,Minority stress ,Mental health ,Gender Studies ,immune system diseases ,Psychological well-being ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Lesbian ,Reactivity (psychology) ,Psychology ,Social identity theory ,Social psychology ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Applied Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Exposure to gay-related discrimination, perceived stigma or other stressors is associated with poorer mental health for gay and lesbian individuals. Yet not all gay men and lesbians experience the same levels or types of stressors, nor do they react the same in response to stress exposure. Using a sample of self-identified gay and lesbian individuals who completed an online survey, this research examined whether social identity, specifically a sense of belonging to the lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) community, predicted both exposure and reactivity to gay-related stress. Results showed that those who were higher in gay identity reported significantly more discrimination but significantly less perceived stigma than those who were lower in gay identity. Although gay identity was not associated with reactivity to discrimination, it was associated with reactivity to perceived stigma. Those who were lower in gay identity reported significantly more depressive symptoms when they experienced high levels of perc...
- Published
- 2010
10. Gender and Perceptions of Romantic Partners’ Sexual Risk
- Author
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Letitia Anne Peplau and Terri D. Conley
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Adult ,Male ,Character ,Personality Inventory ,genetic structures ,Cross-sectional study ,Sexual Behavior ,Urology ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Sexually Transmitted Diseases ,Context (language use) ,Lower risk ,Developmental psychology ,Young Adult ,Endocrinology ,Humans ,Gender role ,Family Characteristics ,Unsafe Sex ,Socialization ,Perspective (graphical) ,Gender Identity ,Risk perception ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Sexual Partners ,Reproductive Medicine ,Female ,Personality Assessment Inventory ,Psychology ,Attitude to Health - Abstract
Introduction Research shows that in most situations, women perceive themselves to be at greater risk of harm than do men. Gustafson's gender role perspective on risk perception suggests that this is because women are socialized to feel that they need protection, especially from men. Aims Based on Gustafson's gender role perspective on sex differences in risk perception, we predicted that in at least one context, perception of romantic partners’ sexual risk, this gender difference would be reversed. Specifically, women should rate boyfriends as having lower risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than boyfriends rate themselves having. Methods In two studies, we examined heterosexual couples and compared women's perceptions of their boyfriends’ sexual risk level with the boyfriend's self-perception of sexual risk. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported measures of risk for STIs, perception of romantic partners’ risk for STIs. Results On multiple measures, women rated their boyfriends as having a lower risk for STIs than the men rated themselves. Men did not show this pattern and, in some cases, showed the reverse pattern of perceiving their girlfriends to have a greater level of risk than girlfriends themselves believed they had. Conclusions Consistent with Gustafson's gender role perspective on risk perception, heterosexual women perceived their romantic partners as relatively less risky in terms of STI risk than men perceived themselves. One potential implication of this finding is that women may be less likely to protect themselves against disease in close romantic relationships because they believe that their partners are low risk, regardless of the partners’ actual risk levels. Conley TD, and Peplau LA. Gender and perceptions of romantic partners’ sexual risk.
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- 2010
11. A Test of Positive Illusions Versus Shared Reality Models of Relationship Satisfaction Among Gay, Lesbian, and Heterosexual Couples
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Terri D. Conley, Scott C. Roesch, Letitia Anne Peplau, and Michael S. Gold
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Social Psychology ,Griffin ,Poison control ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Suicide prevention ,Positive illusions ,Romance ,Structural equation modeling ,Test (assessment) - Abstract
According to the positive illusions model (Murray, Holmes, & Griffin, 1996a), people in romantic relationships are more satisfied when they view their partners more favorably than the partners see themselves. By contrast, shared reality theory (Hardin & Conley, 2001) emphasizes the benefits of perceiving a partner as the partner sees himself or herself. We analyzed archived data from the American Couples Study (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983) to test the applicability of the positive illusions model to gay and lesbian relationships. Structural equation models demonstrated that the positive illusions model effectively explains relationships among lesbian, gay, heterosexual cohabitating, and married couples.
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- 2009
12. Masculinity, Femininity and the Development of Sexual Orientation in Women
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Letitia Anne Peplau and Mark Huppin Jd
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Nonconformity ,Health (social science) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Perspective (graphical) ,Gender studies ,Femininity ,Childhood gender nonconformity ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Masculinity ,Sexual orientation ,Homosexuality ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
In an analysis that focuses exclusively on women, the authors argue that gender nonconformity is not the key to understanding women's sexual orientation. Instead, they assert, the associations among masculinity, femininity and women's sexual orientation are diverse and vary across time and place. To develop this perspective, this paper reviews research on biological processes, childhood gender nonconformity, and adult masculinity and femininity. It also draws on historical and cross-cultural accounts and considers the important but neglected role that financial self-sufficiency plays in the lives of women. The authors urge the adoption of a new paradigm recognizing that the development of women's sexual orientation can follow diverse developmental pathways shaped by multiple biological, social and cultural influences.
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- 2008
13. Desiring the muscular ideal: Men's body satisfaction in the United States, Ukraine, and Ghana
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Anna Berezovskaya, Gregory M. Buchanan, Martie G. Haselton, Leila Sadehgi-Azar, Letitia Anne Peplau, Ryan E. Lipinski, and David A. Frederick
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musculoskeletal diseases ,Attractiveness ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Human Males ,Body satisfaction ,Ideal (ethics) ,Gender Studies ,Muscular build ,Dominance (ethology) ,Masculinity ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Applied Psychology ,Demography ,Body dissatisfaction ,media_common - Abstract
Failure to achieve a lean and muscular build, a prominent characteristic of masculinity for many men, may lead to body dissatisfaction. In four studies the authors used silhouette measures to assess men’s satisfaction with their muscularity and body fat. Across studies, many U.S. men (51‐71%) were not satisfied with their body fat level. Further, over 90% of U.S. undergraduate men wanted to be more muscular, as did many Ukrainian (69%) and Ghanaian (49%) men. In the United States, men’s ratings of their current and ideal muscularity were associated with endorsement of the male role, and many men desired increased muscularity for reasons related to increased dominance and attractiveness to women. These results suggest widespread desire for increased muscularity among men.
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- 2007
14. The Close Relationships of Lesbians and Gay Men
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Adam W. Fingerhut and Letitia Anne Peplau
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Adult ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public Policy ,Human sexuality ,Personal Satisfaction ,Interpersonal relationship ,Child Rearing ,Empirical research ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Homosexuality ,Homosexuality, Male ,Marriage ,Child ,Somatoform Disorders ,General Psychology ,Legalization ,media_common ,Family Characteristics ,Stereotyping ,Gender Identity ,Homosexuality, Female ,Gender studies ,Love ,United States ,Heterosexuality ,Sexual orientation ,Female ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Social Adjustment ,Social psychology ,Prejudice ,Stress, Psychological - Abstract
Abstract This article reviews empirical studies of same-sex couples in the United States, highlighting consistent findings, drawing comparisons to heterosexual couples, and noting gaps in available research. U.S. Census data indicate that there were more than 600,000 same-sex couples living together in 2000. Research about relationship formation, the division of household labor, power, satisfaction, sexuality, conflict, commitment, and relationship stability is presented. Next, we highlight three recent research topics: the legalization of same-sex relationships through civil unions and same-sex marriage, the experiences of same-sex couples raising children, and the impact of societal prejudice and discrimination on same-sex partners. We conclude with comments about the contributions of empirical research to debunking negative stereotypes of same-sex couples, testing the generalizability of theories about close relationships, informing our understanding of gender and close relationships, and providing a scientific basis for public policy.
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- 2007
15. The Impact of Social Roles on Stereotypes of Gay Men
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Letitia Anne Peplau and Adam W. Fingerhut
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Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stereotype ,Role theory ,Truck driver ,Developmental psychology ,Test (assessment) ,Gender Studies ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Personality ,Social role ,Homosexuality ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Past research demonstrates that heterosexuals perceive gay men to have traditionally feminine characteristics. Guided by Social Role Theory (Eagly, 1987), we predicted that this stereotype would differ depending on a gay man’s specific social role. To test this idea, participants rated five gay targets (father, single man, hairdresser, truck driver, typical gay man) on stereotypically masculine (e.g., ambitious, leader) and feminine (e.g., affectionate, sensitive) personality attributes. Gay men in traditionally masculine roles (truck driver, single man) were rated as less feminine than gay men in traditionally feminine roles (hairdresser, parent). In addition, gay men in feminine roles were perceived as more similar to the typical gay man than were those in masculine roles. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
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- 2006
16. Disclosure Patterns Within Social Networks of Gay Men and Lesbians
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Letitia Anne Peplau and Kristin P. Beals
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Disclosure ,Education ,Gender Studies ,Interpersonal relationship ,Social support ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Perception ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Quality (business) ,Homosexuality ,Homosexuality, Male ,General Psychology ,Aged ,media_common ,Social network ,business.industry ,Homosexuality, Female ,Social Support ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Sexual orientation ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY ,Female ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,business ,Social psychology - Abstract
Gay men and lesbians must make decisions about disclosure of their sexual orientation. Past research has focused on an individual's overall level of disclosure or on disclosure to a specific subset of individuals. This study used a new measure, the Disclosure Grid, to assess the disclosure patterns of 89 gay men and 55 lesbians across their entire social network. In addition to assessing disclosure to each network member, the Grid also assessed perceived relationship quality prior to disclosure and currently. Finally, the Grid assessed perceptions of each network member's initial and current acceptance of the gay or lesbian person's sexual orientation. Data provide a rich portrait of disclosure patterns among a heterogeneous, urban sample of lesbians and gay men. Analyses also found support for three hypotheses about disclosure, relationship quality, and acceptance. For example, it was found that participants have better relationships with individuals they have directly told about their sexual orientation than with people who found out in an indirect manner.
- Published
- 2006
17. The glass partition: Obstacles to cross-sex friendships at work
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Letitia Anne Peplau and Kim Elsesser
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Strategy and Management ,media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,05 social sciences ,General Social Sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Romance ,humanities ,Social relation ,Developmental psychology ,Friendship ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Work (electrical) ,Organizational behavior ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,0502 economics and business ,Partition (politics) ,Harassment ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Sexual interest ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,media_common - Abstract
This study explores cross-sex friendships within the professional workplace and examined the impact of the workplace environment and heightened awareness of sexual harassment on cross-sex friendship formation. Results from interviews with 41 professionals suggest the existence of obstacles to developing cross-sex friendships at work. Specifically, these professionals worried that their cross-sex friends would misinterpret their friendliness as romantic or sexual interest, that their co-workers would misinterpret their friendliness to a cross-sex friend, and that their humor and conversational topics might be perceived by a cross-sex friend as sexual harassment. Barriers to cross-sex friendship at work were labeled the ‘glass partition,’ and the potential impact of this glass partition on women's and men's careers is discussed.
- Published
- 2006
18. Approach and avoidance sexual motives: Implications for personal and interpersonal well-being
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Letitia Anne Peplau, Shelly L. Gable, and Emily A. Impett
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Social Psychology ,Conceptualization ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Human sexuality ,Interpersonal communication ,Developmental psychology ,Feeling ,Anthropology ,Perception ,Well-being ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Quality (business) ,Young adult ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
This research provides the first empirical investigation of how approach and avoidance motives for engaging in sex in intimate relationships are associated with personal well-being and relationship quality. A 2-week daily experience study of college student dating couples tested specific predictions from the theoretical model and included both longitudinal and dyadic components. Whereas approach sex motives were positively associated with personal and interpersonal well-being, avoidance sex motives were negatively associated with well-being. Engaging in sex for avoidance motives was particularly detrimental to the maintenance of relationships over time. Perceptions of a partners motives for sex were also associated with well-being. Implications for the conceptualization of sexuality in relationships along these two dimensions are discussed. Sexual interactions in young adulthood can be positive forces that bring partners closer and make them feel good about themselves and their relationships. In the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS), 78% of participants in monogamous dating relationships reported being either extremely or very pleased with their sexual relationship (Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, & Michaels, 1994). For instance, when asked to rate specific feelings they experienced after engaging in sex, a majority of the participants reported positive feelings (i.e., ‘‘felt loved,’’ ‘‘thrilled,’’ ‘‘wanted,’’ or ‘‘taken care of ’’). More generally, feelings of satisfaction with the sexual aspects of an intimate relationship contribute to overall relationship satisfaction and stability over time (e.g., Sprecher, 2002; see review by
- Published
- 2005
19. A Dual-Identity Framework for Understanding Lesbian Experience
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Adam W. Fingerhut, Negin Ghavami, and Letitia Anne Peplau
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media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Life satisfaction ,Identity (social science) ,050109 social psychology ,Gender studies ,050105 experimental psychology ,Gender Studies ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Sexual orientation ,Mainstream ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Homosexuality ,Lesbian ,Social identity theory ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Identity formation ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
The diverse life experiences of contemporary lesbians are shaped by women's differing ties to two social worlds, the majority heterosexual society and the minority subculture of the lesbian or sexual-minority world. This article presents a detailed conceptual analysis of a dual-identity framework that emphasizes lesbians' simultaneous affiliations with both lesbian and mainstream/heterosexual communities. The usefulness of this approach is discussed, with emphasis on implications for understanding individual differences in exposure to gay-related stress and mental health. Results from a survey of 116 lesbians showed that scores on measures of Lesbian Identity and Mainstream Identity were not significantly correlated with each other. Both lesbian and mainstream identities were significantly related to lesbians' reported experiences of discrimination, feelings of internalized homophobia, and life satisfaction. Limitations of the dual-identity framework and suggestions for future research are considered.
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- 2005
20. Identity Support, Identity Devaluation, and Well-Being Among Lesbians
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Letitia Anne Peplau and Kristin P. Beals
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media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Self-esteem ,Devaluation ,050401 social sciences methods ,Identity (social science) ,Life satisfaction ,050109 social psychology ,Gender Studies ,0504 sociology ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Well-being ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Homosexuality ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Association (psychology) ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
This research tested predictions about the association of identity support and identity devaluation with psychological well-being (self-esteem, life satisfaction, and depression). Lesbian women completed baseline surveys ( N = 42), then provided daily experience reports during a 2-week period ( n = 38), and completed a 2-month follow-up survey ( n = 34). Several types of evidence consistently demonstrated the importance of identity support for well-being. Lesbians who reported more identity support scored higher on measures of well-being at initial assessment, during the daily phase of the study, and at the follow-up. Comparable results were found for the negative association between identity devaluation and well-being. Identity measures proved to be significant predictors of lesbians' well-being even after controlling for other types of support and social stress. Both identity support and identity devaluation contributed independently to the prediction of daily self-esteem and life satisfaction. Strengths and limitations of this study are discussed.
- Published
- 2005
21. Giving up and giving in: The costs and benefits of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships
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Letitia Anne Peplau, Emily A. Impett, and Shelly L. Gable
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Social Values ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Individuality ,Poison control ,Personal Satisfaction ,Relationship maintenance ,Risk Assessment ,Altruism ,Developmental psychology ,Interpersonal relationship ,Adaptation, Psychological ,Sacrifice ,Humans ,Personality ,Interpersonal Relations ,Longitudinal Studies ,Problem Solving ,Personal Construct Theory ,media_common ,Motivation ,Object Attachment ,Social relation ,Personal Autonomy ,Well-being ,Quality of Life ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
This research provided the first empirical investigation of how approach and avoidance motives for sacrifice in intimate relationships are associated with personal well-being and relationship quality. In Study 1, the nature of everyday sacrifices made by dating partners was examined, and a measure of approach and avoidance motives for sacrifice was developed. In Study 2, which was a 2-week daily experience study of college students in dating relationships, specific predictions from the theoretical model were tested and both longitudinal and dyadic components were included. Whereas approach motives for sacrifice were positively associated with personal well-being and relationship quality, avoidance motives for sacrifice were negatively associated with personal well-being and relationship quality. Sacrificing for avoidance motives was particularly detrimental to the maintenance of relationships over time. Perceptions of a partner's motives for sacrifice were also associated with well-being and relationship quality. Implications for the conceptualization of relationship maintenance processes along these 2 dimensions are discussed.
- Published
- 2005
22. The Paradox of the Lesbian Worker
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau and Adam W. Fingerhut
- Subjects
Work motivation ,media_common.quotation_subject ,General Social Sciences ,Common sense ,social sciences ,Developmental psychology ,Disadvantaged ,Work commitment ,Empirical research ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Sexual orientation ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Competence (human resources) ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,media_common - Abstract
Common sense might suggest that lesbian workers are doubly disadvantaged due to their gender and their stigmatized sexual orientation. But empirical research documents that lesbian workers earn more than their heterosexual women peers. This article considers two reasons for the economic advantage of lesbian workers. First, because lesbians must provide for themselves and their children, they may pursue nontraditional, higher-paying jobs and show increased work motivation. Second, stereotypes may depict lesbians, including lesbian mothers, as competent and committed workers. A review of available research is augmented with data from a study of 162 college students. Results indicate that motherhood detracts from the perceived work commitment and competence of heterosexual mothers but not lesbian mothers. Directions for future research are considered.
- Published
- 2004
23. Human Sexuality
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau
- Subjects
Aggression ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Human sexuality ,Context (language use) ,Human Males ,050105 experimental psychology ,Sexual desire ,Feeling ,medicine ,Sexual orientation ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,Human Females ,media_common - Abstract
A large body of scientific research documents four important gender differences in sexuality. First, on a wide variety of measures, men show greater sexual desire than do women. Second, compared with men, women place greater emphasis on committed relationships as a context for sexuality. Third, aggression is more strongly linked to sexuality for men than for women. Fourth, women's sexuality tends to be more malleable and capable of change over time. These male-female differences are pervasive, affecting thoughts and feelings as well as behavior, and they characterize not only heterosexuals but lesbians and gay men as well. Implications of these patterns are considered.
- Published
- 2003
24. Sexual compliance: Gender, motivational, and relationship perspectives
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau and Emily A. Impett
- Subjects
Male ,Motivation ,Sexual violence ,Sociology and Political Science ,Sexual attraction ,Sexual Behavior ,Perspective (graphical) ,Poison control ,Relationship maintenance ,Compliance (psychology) ,Gender Studies ,Interpersonal relationship ,Risk-Taking ,Sex Factors ,Empirical research ,Attitude ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Humans ,Female ,Interpersonal Relations ,Cooperative Behavior ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology - Abstract
This paper provides a systematic review of research on sexual compliance in heterosexual relationships. Three perspectives shed light on which individuals are the most likely to comply with a sexually interested partner's desire for sex and why. A gender perspective highlights the common male-female asymmetry in compliant sexual behavior and identifies factors that contribute to women's greater likelihood of being the sexually compliant partner. A motivational perspective distinguishes between approach and avoidance motives for compliance and considers the possible consequences of these motives for emotional reactions, sexual risk taking, and sexual violence. A relationship maintenance perspective views sexual compliance as illustrative of broader patterns of sacrifice in committed relationships. Each perspective suggests important new directions for empirical research.
- Published
- 2003
25. Why Some Women Consent to Unwanted Sex With a Dating Partner: Insights from Attachment Theory
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau and Emily A. Impett
- Subjects
05 social sciences ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,050109 social psychology ,Human sexuality ,Suicide prevention ,Compliance (psychology) ,Gender Studies ,Interpersonal relationship ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,0502 economics and business ,Injury prevention ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Attachment theory ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,General Psychology - Abstract
Several studies have shown that many college women engage in unwanted sexual activity with a dating partner. However, little research has examined the differences between women who comply with requests for unwanted sexual activity and women who do not. This study utilized an attachment theory framework to investigate individual differences in women's compliant sexual behavior. An ethnically diverse sample of 125 college women who had consented to unwanted sex with a current dating partner completed measures of their attachment style, commitment to their current relationship, perceptions of their partner's commitment, and willingness to consent to unwanted sex in a hypothetical scenario. Results showed that attachment style and commitment perceptions were associated with women's willingness to consent to unwanted sex with a dating partner in the hypothetical scenario and their reasons for this decision. As predicted, anxiously attached women were the most willing to consent to unwanted sex, and they often cited fears that their partner would lose interest in them as reasons for their compliance. Contrary to hypotheses, avoidantly attached women were not the least willing to consent to unwanted sex. They often reported passively complying with a partner's sexual request in order to fulfill relationship obligations. The importance of sexuality to attachment formation in dating relationships and the potential consequences of consenting to unwanted sex are discussed.
- Published
- 2002
26. A New Paradigm for Women's Sexual Orientation
- Author
-
Linda D. Garnets and Letitia Anne Peplau
- Subjects
Sexual attraction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Social environment ,Human sexuality ,Mental health ,Gender Studies ,Heterosexuality ,Sexual orientation ,Homosexuality ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
This paper critiques old models of women's sexual orientation that viewed heterosexuality as the norm for mental health, characterized lesbians as masculinized sexual “inverts,” and looked to biology to explain the development of homosexuality. A new paradigm for women's sexual orientation is presented. This paradigm emphasizes the importance of the social context and recognizes the multiple pathways that can lead a woman to identify as lesbian, bisexual or heterosexual. In addition, the main components of sexual orientation are considered as is the potential fluidity of women's sexuality. Throughout, implications of the new paradigm for psychotherapy with women are considered.
- Published
- 2002
27. Parent adjustment over time in gay, lesbian, and heterosexual parent families adopting from foster care
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau, Jill Waterman, and Justin A. Lavner
- Subjects
Change over time ,Adult ,Male ,Parents ,Scrutiny ,nontraditional families ,Developmental & Child Psychology ,PsycINFO ,Foster Home Care ,Social support ,foster care ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Adoption ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Psychology ,Humans ,Homosexuality, Male ,Heterosexuality ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,high-risk adoption ,Gay lesbian ,Homosexuality, Female ,Homosexuality ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Foster care ,Welfare system ,transition to parenthood ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Female ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Lesbian ,gay or lesbian parents ,Social Adjustment ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Although increasing numbers of gay and lesbian individuals and couples are adopting children, gay men and lesbian women continue to face increased scrutiny and legal obstacles from the child welfare system. To date, little research has compared the experiences of gay or lesbian and heterosexual adoptive parents over time, limiting conceptual understandings of the similarities they share and the unique challenges that gay and lesbian adoptive parents may face. This study compared the adoption satisfaction, depressive symptoms, parenting stress, and social support at 2, 12, and 24 months postplacement of 82 parents (60 heterosexual, 15 gay, 7 lesbian) adopting children from foster care in Los Angeles County. Few differences were found between heterosexual and gay or lesbian parents at any of the assessments or in their patterns of change over time. On average, parents in both household types reported significant increases in adoption satisfaction and maintained low, nonclinical levels of depressive symptoms and parenting stress over time. Across all family types, greater parenting stress was associated with more depressive symptoms and lower adoption satisfaction. Results indicated many similarities between gay or lesbian and heterosexual adoptive parents, and highlight a need for services to support adoptive parents throughout the transition to parenthood to promote their well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2014
28. Lesbians in love
- Author
-
Kristin P, Beals, Emily A, Impett, and Letitia Anne, Peplau
- Abstract
Lesbians often begin romantic relationships with high hopes that their relationships will be satisfying and long-lasting. Why do some women maintain committed and stable relationships while others do not? This article considers factors that affect commitment and stability among lesbian couples. We begin by reviewing previous empirical research on the topic. Next, we test a leading model of commitment using survey data from 301 lesbian couples who participated in the American Couples Study (BlumsteinSchwartz, 1983). According to Caryl Rusbult's model (1983), an individual's commitment to a relationship is affected by three general factors: satisfaction, the quality of alternatives to the current relationship, and investments made in the relationship. In turn, a woman's degree of commitment influences relationship stability. Path analysis provided strong support for Rusbult's model. Nonetheless, this model did not fully explain the sources of commitment and stability in lesbian relationships. Consequently, we consider unique aspects of the social environment that may affect commitment and stability in lesbian relationships.
- Published
- 2014
29. Testing the investment model of relationship commitment and stability in a longitudinal study of married couples
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau, Emily A. Impett, and Kristin P. Beals
- Subjects
Longitudinal study ,Disappointment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stability (learning theory) ,Relationship commitment ,Marital relationship ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,medicine ,Quality (business) ,Interdependence theory ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
This study tested Rusbult’s (1980, 1983) investment model of relationship commitment and stability using data from both partners of 3,627 married couples. As predicted, spouses’ satisfaction, investments, and quality of alternatives were unique predictors of their commitment to the marital relationship. Additionally, commitment assessed at the initial testing predicted marital termination or stability 18 months later. Multiple-group path analyses showed that the investment model provided an adequate fit to the data and that the associations among variables were similar for husbands and wives. Limitations of the model as well as directions for future research are considered. Romantic relationships initiated with high hopes sometimes end in disappointment. What factors lead some relationships to endure and others to end? Rusbult’s (1980, 1983) investment model draws on interdependence theory (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978; Thibaut & Kelley, 1959) to predict commitment and stability in romantic relationships. According to the investment model depicted in Figure 1, the most proximate predictor of relationship stability is each individual partner’s commitment to maintaining the relationship. Commitment represents the degree to which an individual experiences long-term orientation toward a relationship, including the desire to maintain the relationship for better or worse. Commitment, in turn, is affected by three factors— satisfaction, investments, and the quality of alternatives. Predictors of Relationship Commitment and Stability
- Published
- 2001
30. DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR ARTICLE Rethinking women's sexual orientation: An interdisciplinary, relationship-focused approach
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,Sexual attraction ,Human sexuality ,Evolutionary psychology ,Romance ,Sexual desire ,Anthropology ,Heterosexuality ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Attachment theory ,Sexual orientation ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
What leads some women to form romantic and sexual relationships with men, and other women to form intimate relationships with women? This article presents a new conceptual paradigm for understanding women's sexual orientation that is emerging from research in such diverse fields as social psychology, sex research, evolutionary psychology, attachment theory, and neuroscience. This approach acknowledges the potential plasticity of women's sexuality and the emphasis that women place on close relationships as a context for sexuality. Research also raises the possibility that for women the biological determinants of sexual desire, attraction, and attachment are not inherently linked to a partner's gender. This article begins with a brief survey of research on women's same-sex romantic and sexual relationships not only in the United States today but also in other cultures and historical periods. These and other findings are used to critique prevailing conceptual models of women's sexual orientation. Finally, key elements in an alternative paradigm are described.
- Published
- 2001
31. Social Involvement, Disclosure of Sexual Orientation, and the Quality of Lesbian Relationships
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau and Kristin P. Beals
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Social engagement ,Romance ,Social relation ,Developmental psychology ,Gender Studies ,050106 general psychology & cognitive sciences ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Self-disclosure ,Sexual orientation ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Quality (business) ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Association (psychology) ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Gay and lesbian political activists encourage lesbians to “come out” and get involved. Is this good advice for lesbian couples? In these secondary analyses of data collected from 784 lesbian couples in 1979 for the American Couples Study (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983), we examined whether social involvement and disclosure of sexual orientation were systematically associated with the quality of women's relationships. We predicted and found that partners matched on level of social involvement were happier than mismatched couples. The extent of women's social involvement had a curvilinear association with relationship quality: moderately involved couples were the most satisfied. Contrary to predictions, lesbians who had disclosed to a greater number of important others did not have more satisfying romantic relationships, nor did partner matching on self-disclosure enhance relationship quality.
- Published
- 2001
32. A New Paradigm for Understanding Women's Sexuality and Sexual Orientation
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau and Linda D. Garnets
- Subjects
Sexual attraction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,General Social Sciences ,Human sexuality ,Conformity ,Femininity ,Developmental psychology ,Psychosexual development ,Heterosexuality ,Masculinity ,Sexual orientation ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Major scientific findings about women’s sexuality and sexual orientation are reviewed. Sexual orientation is unrelated to mental health. There is no inherent association between gender conformity and women’s sexual orientation; masculinity and femininity are linked to sexual orientation in some social contexts but not in others. Research has so far failed to identify major biological or childhood antecedents of women’s sexual orientation. Women’s sexuality and sexual orientation are potentially fluid, changeable over time, and variable across social contexts. Regardless of sexual orientation, there are important commonalities in women’s sexuality. In particular, women tend to have a relational or partner-centered orientation to sexuality. Together, these findings provide the basis for a paradigm shift in the conceptualization of women’s sexual orientation. Scientific research on women’s sexuality and sexual orientation is still a young endeavor. Nonetheless, several basic findings have been supported consistently by empirical research. Taken together, these findings highlight the need to reject old models of women’s sexual orientation and to develop a new paradigm that is grounded in scientific research and sensitive to the realities of women’s lives. Too often, old theories have taken male experience as the norm for human experience. Yet there appear to be important differences in the sexualities of women and men that emerge when women’s lives are the central focus of investigation. Consequently, we believe that a necessary research strategy will be to develop separate analyses of women’s and men’s sexualities, each based on a
- Published
- 2000
33. Understanding Women's Sexualities and Sexual Orientations: An Introduction
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau and Linda D. Garnets
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Sexual orientation ,General Social Sciences ,Human sexuality ,Gender studies ,Sociocultural evolution ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Diversity (politics) ,media_common - Abstract
Researchers and theorists who attempt to generalize about sexuality and sexual orientation in both men and women simultaneously often take male experiences as the norm and ignore unique aspects of women's lives. The purpose of this issue is to focus attention on scientific research and theory about aspects of women's sexualities, with special emphasis on sexual orientation. A new paradigm is presented that recognizes the great diversity of women's erotic experiences and the many sociocultural factors that shape women's sexuality and sexual orientation across the lifespan. This introductory article highlights major themes and provides a brief summary of the articles in the issue. Four central topics are discussed: (1) the complexnature of women's sexualities and sexual orientations; (2) the importance of historical, social, and cultural contexts for adequately understanding women's sexualities; (3) the development of sexual orientation in women; and (4) implications for research and policy.
- Published
- 2000
34. A Longitudinal Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action to Women's Career Behavior1
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau, Paula C. Vincent, and Charles T. Hill
- Subjects
Theory of reasoned action ,Social Psychology ,Longitudinal data ,Perception ,media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,Theory of planned behavior ,Future career ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,humanities ,Structural equation modeling ,media_common - Abstract
Based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), we hypothesized that young women's career intentions would be predicted by their gender-role attitudes and perceptions of their boyfriends' and parents' career-related preferences for them. Career intention was expected to predict future career behavior. The model was tested using longitudinal data from 105 women studied in 1973 and followed up 14 years later in 1987. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results supported the TRA: women's gender-role attitudes and their perceptions of important others' preferences predicted their career intentions, which predicted career behavior 14 years later. Implications for the study of women's careers and the longitudinal application of the TRA are discussed.
- Published
- 1998
35. A critique of Bem's 'Exotic Becomes Erotic' theory of sexual orientation
- Author
-
Terri D. Conley, Linda D. Garnets, Letitia Anne Peplau, Rosemary C. Veniegas, and Leah R. Spalding
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Nonconformity ,Conceptualization ,Sexual Behavior ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Personality development ,Human sexuality ,Personality Development ,Sex Factors ,Argument ,Heterosexuality ,Sexual orientation ,Humans ,Female ,Homosexuality ,Child ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Two critiques of D. J. Bem's (1996) "Exotic Becomes Erotic" (EBE) theory of sexual orientation are presented. First, the core proposition of EBE theory is considered; that is, the idea that adults are erotically attracted to the gender-based class of peers (males or females) who were dissimilar or unfamiliar to them in childhood. Studies cited by Bem and additional research show that EBE theory is not supported by scientific evidence. Second, Bem's claim that his theory applies equally to both sexes is questioned; instead the argument that it neglects and misrepresents women's experiences is made. Bem's conceptualization of erotic desire and his analysis of gender nonconformity illustrate this problem. It is suggested that different theories may be needed to explain the development of men's and women's sexual orientation.
- Published
- 1998
36. The Unfaithful Lover
- Author
-
Leah R. Spalding and Letitia Anne Peplau
- Subjects
Sexually transmitted disease ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,0506 political science ,Compliance (psychology) ,Heterosexual relationship ,Biphobia ,Developmental psychology ,Gender Studies ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Heterosexuality ,Perception ,050602 political science & public administration ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Sexual orientation ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Young adult ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
To examine heterosexuals' perceptions of bisexuals, 353 young adults read a description of a dating couple and rated each partner and the couple on several dimensions. The gender and sexual orientation (bisexual, heterosexual, homosexual) of each partner was varied among research participants. Compared to heterosexuals, bisexuals were seen as less likely to be monogamous, more likely to give a sexually transmitted disease (STD) to a partner, and more able to satisfy a partner sexually. Compared to gay men and lesbians, bisexuals were seen as more likely to give an STD to a partner and less able to satisfy a partner sexually. Despite their seeming behavioral compliance to heterosexual relationship norms, bisexuals in male–female relationships were not viewed more positively than bisexuals in same-gender relationships. Participants perceived male and female bisexuals similarly. Explanations for these and other findings are considered.
- Published
- 1997
37. Power and the Quality of Same-Sex Friendships
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau and Rosemary C. Veniegas
- Subjects
Multivariate analysis ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Closeness ,050109 social psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Gender Studies ,Power (social and political) ,Friendship ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Same sex ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Quality (business) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Does the quality of same-sex friendship depend on the gender of the friends and the balance of power between friends? Fifty-four men and 60 women undergraduates evaluated two of their same-sex friendships, one equal in power and one unequal in power. The quality of each friendship was rated in terms of emotional closeness, satisfaction, liking, self-disclosure, and rewards. In general, most young adults evaluated their friendships positively. Mixed-model multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) found significant main effects of gender and power on ratings of quality, but no interactions. Consistent with previous research, women generally evaluated their same-sex friendships more positively than did men. Gender differences were relatively small in magnitude and were not found for all indices of relationship quality, however. As predicted, participants rated equal-power friendships significantly higher than unequal-power friendships on all measures of quality. Power appears to be an important but largely neglected element of friendship.
- Published
- 1997
38. Testing the Rusbult Model of Relationship Commitment and Stability in a 15-Year Study of Heterosexual Couples
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau, Khanh-Van T. Bui, and Charles T. Hill
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Stability (learning theory) ,Relationship commitment ,050109 social psychology ,Variance (accounting) ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Heterosexuality ,Linear regression ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Quality (business) ,Duration (project management) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
This study tested Rusbult's investment model of relationship commitment and stability using data from both partners of 167 heterosexual couples studied from 1972 to 1987. Multiple regression analyses generally confirmed predictions that rewards and costs account for a significant proportion of the variance in satisfaction and that satisfaction, investments, and quality of alternatives together account for a significant proportion of the variance in commitment. Evidence about the hypothesized mediational role of subjective commitment in predicting the duration of relationships was mixed. Path analyses showed that Rusbult's model provided an adequate fit to the data and that the associations among variables were similar for men and women. The model successfully predicted relationship duration over a 15-year period. Limitations of the model and directions for future research are considered.
- Published
- 1996
39. Social Support and Well-Being among Lesbian and Heterosexual Women: A Structural Modeling Approach
- Author
-
Heidi A. Wayment and Letitia Anne Peplau
- Subjects
Typology ,Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Structural equation modeling ,Developmental psychology ,Interpersonal relationship ,Social support ,050903 gender studies ,Heterosexuality ,Well-being ,Sexual orientation ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
The authors examined the types of social support that lesbian and heterosexual women receive from their social networks and the link between support and psychological well-being. Participants were White, middle-class, single and coupled women. Using Robert Weiss's typology of social provisions, the authors found that lesbian and heterosexual women reported receiving equivalent overall amounts of support from their social networks. Relationship status was related to well-being; coupled women reported greater well-being than did single women. Using structural equation modeling, the authors found a strong association between social support and psychological well-being for all women. Beyond this general association, lesbian women's well-being was also associated with reassurance-of-worth support, whereas heterosexual women's well-being was linked with guidance support. These results support the usefulness of latent variable models for examining social support and demonstrate that lesbians, like their heterosexual counterparts, benefit from supportive networks.
- Published
- 1995
40. Same-Sex Romantic Relationships
- Author
-
Adam W. Fingerhut and Letitia Anne Peplau
- Published
- 2012
41. Can gay and lesbian parents promote healthy development in high-risk children adopted from foster care?
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau, Justin A. Lavner, and Jill Waterman
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Parents ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Child Behavior ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Developmental psychology ,Foster Home Care ,Cohort Studies ,Child Development ,Cognition ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Adoption ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Cognitive development ,Humans ,Homosexuality ,Longitudinal Studies ,Child ,Heterosexuality ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,media_common ,Parenting ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,Child development ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Foster care ,Child, Preschool ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Transracial adoption ,Female ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Adoption is known to promote cognitive and emotional development in children from foster care, but policy debates remain regarding whether children adopted by gay and lesbian parents can achieve these positive outcomes. This study compared the cognitive development and behavior problems at 2, 12, and 24 months postplacement of 82 high-risk children adopted from foster care in heterosexual and gay or lesbian households. On average, children in both household types showed significant gains in cognitive development and maintained similar levels of behavior problems over time, despite gay and lesbian parents raising children with higher levels of biological and environmental risks prior to adoptive placement. Results demonstrated that high-risk children show similar patterns of development over time in heterosexual and gay and lesbian adoptive households.
- Published
- 2012
42. Book reviews
- Author
-
Michael R. Stevenson, Scott C. Strader, Bernard Apfelbaum, Letitia Anne Peplau, and Julian Slowinski
- Subjects
Gender Studies ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Sociology and Political Science ,General Psychology - Published
- 1994
43. Sex Role Attitudes in Dating and Marriage: A 15-Year Follow-Up of the Boston Couples Study
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau, Charles T. Hill, and Zick Rubin
- Subjects
Traditionalism ,Relationship satisfaction ,Higher education ,business.industry ,General Social Sciences ,Conservatism ,Educational attainment ,Scale (social sciences) ,Social attitudes ,Attitude change ,Psychology ,business ,Clinical psychology ,Demography - Abstract
This longitudinal research investigated the personal and relationship correlates of sex role attitudes first during college and then 15 years later. The original sample of 231 college-age dating couples was studied intensively in 1972–1974, and individual participants were recontacted in 1986–1987. Results provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the 10-item Sex-Role Traditionalism Scale. In college, significant links were found between sex role attitudes and dating relationships, including patterns of self-disclosure, power, and cohabition, but not relationship satisfaction. Fifteen years later, sex role attitudes assessed while in college were largely unrelated to general patterns of marriage, childbearing, and employment for either sex, but did predict women's educational attainment and the long-term outcome of the college romances.
- Published
- 1993
44. Women, Men, and Condoms
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau, Susan Miller Campbell, and Sherrine Chapman DeBro
- Subjects
Culture ,Population Dynamics ,Ethnic group ,050109 social psychology ,California ,Developmental psychology ,law.invention ,Condoms ,law ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Population Characteristics ,Psychology ,Disease ,Contraception Behavior ,General Psychology ,media_common ,education.field_of_study ,Schools ,Data Collection ,05 social sciences ,Age Factors ,virus diseases ,Pregnancy, Unwanted ,Contraception ,Sexual Partners ,050902 family studies ,Family planning ,Family Planning Services ,Clinical psychology ,Adolescent ,Universities ,Sexual Behavior ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Sexually Transmitted Diseases ,Fertility ,Interpersonal communication ,Infections ,Sampling Studies ,Education ,Gender Studies ,Sex Factors ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Condom ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,education ,Demography ,Behavior ,Developed Countries ,Research ,United States ,Sexual intercourse ,Attitude ,Heterosexuality ,North America ,Americas ,0509 other social sciences - Abstract
Most sexually active college students do not use condoms. 213 female and 180 male students of the University of California, Los Angeles, were individually surveyed via questionnaire on their attitudes toward condom acceptability and use and intentions to use them in future sexual activities. Students were also questioned specifically about condom effectiveness against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STD), condom comfort and convenience, interference with sexual pleasure, and the interpersonal consequences of discussing or using condoms. Surveyed students were unmarried, self-proclaimed heterosexuals of mean age 18.6 years recruited from introductory psychology courses. 23% were Asian American, 10% Black, 53% White, and 14% Latino. 73.3% of men and 59.2% of women had experienced sexual intercourse. White students were most likely to have had sexual intercourse (76.7%), while Asian Americans were least likely at least once, yet only 30.6% had done so during their most recent sexual experiences. No significant gender or ethnic differences were found regarding condom use. Respondents felt mildly positive about a condom ability to offer effective protection, but reported a loss of sexual sensation when using condoms. Those with more favorable attitudes toward condoms and positive beliefs about the interpersonal dynamics of condom use reported both higher previous condom use and future intentions to use condoms. Women were more positive about condom use than men. Implications for preventive intervention are discussed.
- Published
- 1992
45. Remembering Hilda Peplau
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau
- Subjects
Pshychiatric Mental Health - Published
- 2000
46. Stigma management and well-being: the role of perceived social support, emotional processing, and suppression
- Author
-
Letitia Anne Peplau, Kristin P. Beals, and Shelly L. Gable
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Self Disclosure ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Health Status ,Emotions ,Emotional processing ,Models, Psychological ,Stigma management ,Social support ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Humans ,Homosexuality ,Homosexuality, Male ,Physiological Phenomena ,media_common ,Stereotyping ,Social Identification ,Social perception ,Homosexuality, Female ,Social Support ,Social Perception ,Well-being ,Self-disclosure ,Sexual orientation ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
Lesbians and gay men frequently make decisions about concealing or disclosing their stigmatized identity. Past research has found that disclosing one's sexual orientation is often beneficial. This study aimed to answer the question, “why?”. Specifically, this study tested a model in which perceived social support, emotional processing, and suppression mediate the association between disclosure and well-being. To capture disclosure decisions in real time, participants completed a 2-week daily diary study and a 2-month follow-up survey. As expected, participants generally reported greater well-being on days when they disclosed (vs. concealed) their sexual orientation. Perceived social support was a consistent predictor of well-being and mediator of the association between disclosure and well-being. Although less consistent across time and measures, emotional processing and to a lesser extent suppression were also significantly associated with disclosure and well-being. This research advances the scientific understanding of concealable stigmatized identities and their impact on individual well-being.
- Published
- 2009
47. Issues in psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men: A survey of psychologists
- Author
-
Linda Garnets, Kristin A. Hancock, Susan D. Cochran, Jacqueline Goodchilds, and Letitia Anne Peplau
- Subjects
General Medicine ,General Psychology - Published
- 1991
48. Sosyal biliş (social cognition)
- Author
-
Nizamettin Koç, Jonathan L. Freedman, Letitia Anne Peplau, David O. Sears, and Ali Dönmez
- Subjects
Education and Educational Research ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Hardware and Architecture ,Eğitim, Eğitim Araştırmaları ,Eğitim,Sosyal Biliş,Sosyal Algı ,Software - Abstract
Sosyal algıda (insanların algılanması) iki varsayımın, büyük ağırlık taşıdığı söylenebilir. Bunların ilkine göre, algı oldukça mekanik bir süreçtir. İkincisine göre de, bu süreçte düşünce ya da bilişten çok duygu ya da değerlendirme önem taşır. Bu iki varsayım, çok değerli ve işe yarar olmakla birlikte, algı sürecini fazlaca yalmlaştırmaktadır. ister insanları, ister nesneleri algılıyor olalım, yaptığımız şey, yalnızca çevremizin bir kopyesini içselleştirmek değildir. Her bilgi parçası, diğerleri ile birlikte ortalaması alınacak bir diğer özellik olarak' değil, tutaılı bir bütünün bir parçası ya da yönü olarak alınır.
- Published
- 1991
49. Interest in cosmetic surgery and body image: views of men and women across the lifespan
- Author
-
Janet Lever, Letitia Anne Peplau, and David A. Frederick
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,business.industry ,Extramural ,Body Weight ,MEDLINE ,Age Factors ,Middle Aged ,Plastic Surgery Procedures ,Body weight ,Surgery ,Body Mass Index ,Lipectomy ,medicine ,Body Image ,Humans ,Female ,business ,Body mass index ,Attitude to Health ,Aged - Abstract
Little is known about interest in cosmetic surgery among the general public or how this interest is related to gender, age, relationship status, body mass index, or body image satisfaction.The present study tested these associations among a sample of 52,677 heterosexual men and women aged 18 to 65 years who completed the online "ELLE/MSBNC.com Sex and Body Image Survey" in 2003.Many women were interested (48 percent) or possibly interested (23 percent) in cosmetic surgery. A substantial minority of men were also interested (23 percent) or possibly interested (17 percent) in cosmetic surgery. Individuals interested in cosmetic surgery did not report poorer global body image than individuals not interested in cosmetic surgery. Individuals specifically interested in liposuction, however, tended to have poorer body image, and interest in liposuction was greater among heavier individuals.The finding that many women and men are interested in cosmetic surgery has implications for research comparing cosmetic surgery patients to individuals drawn from the general population. Specifically, researchers conducting comparative studies should recognize that many individuals in their control group may be strongly interested in cosmetic surgery, even if they have not yet had any. Furthermore, individuals interested in different types of cosmetic surgery may differ from each other on such attributes as body mass index and body image.
- Published
- 2007
50. Body image satisfaction in heterosexual, gay, and lesbian adults
- Author
-
Negin Ghavami, Curtis K. Yee, Janet Lever, Letitia Anne Peplau, Natalya C. Maisel, and David A. Frederick
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sexual Behavior ,Body Mass Index ,Beauty ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Body Image ,Humans ,Homosexuality ,Homosexuality, Male ,Heterosexuality ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,General Psychology ,media_common ,Analysis of Variance ,Internet ,Sex Characteristics ,Homosexuality, Female ,Self Concept ,Sexual dysfunction ,Sex life ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Sexual orientation ,Quality of Life ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Lesbian ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Body mass index ,Sex characteristics ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Does the prevalence and degree of body dissatisfaction differ among heterosexual and homosexual men and women? Some theorists have suggested that, compared to their heterosexual peers, gay men are at greater risk for body dissatisfaction and lesbians at lower risk. Past studies examining this issue have generally relied on small samples recruited from gay or lesbian groups. Further, these studies have sometimes produced conflicting results, particularly for comparisons of lesbian and heterosexual women. In the present research, we compared body satisfaction and comfort with one’s body during sexual activity among lesbian women, gay men, heterosexual women, and heterosexual men through two large online studies (Ns = 2,512 and 54,865). Compared to all other groups, heterosexual men reported more positive evaluations of their appearance, less preoccupation with their weight, more positive effects of their body image on their quality of life and the quality of their sex life, more comfort wearing a swimsuit in public, and greater willingness to reveal aspects of their body to their partner during sexual activity. Few significant differences were found among gay men, lesbian women, and heterosexual women. Many gay men (42%) reported that their feelings about their body had negative effects on the quality of their sex life, as did some lesbian women (27%), heterosexual women (30%), and heterosexual men (22%). Overall, the findings supported the hypothesis that gay men are at greater risk than heterosexual men for experiencing body dissatisfaction. There was little evidence that lesbian women experience greater body satisfaction than heterosexual women.
- Published
- 2007
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