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For centuries, international reparations were commonly exacted as a form of victor's justice after war. Following World War II, however, the bitter legacy of the Treaty of Versailles and West Germany's compensation of Nazism's victim shifted this practice, ushering in a novel moral economy of international reparations. Yet, while recent decades have seen increased transnational activism around reparations, as well as interstate aid payments and official apologies, international reparations remain infrequent, and agreements often fail to end financial claims. This paper argues that one explanation for this lackluster record is a central paradox relating to finality. Though international reparations are designed to settle accounts and provide a basis for deeper reconciliation, by opening issues of traumatic memory to public debate, they often achieve the opposite effect and inspire a cascade of further financial claims. As evidence, we examine three cases of international reparations' occurrence and rejection: Germany's reparations for Nazi-era crimes, the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) formation following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, and reparations negotiated but removed from the 1973 Paris Peace Accords. Employing process tracing methods on archival documents, we demonstrate in each case how this paradox helps explain international reparations' limitations as a practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that can involve the skin primarily or secondarily. Our case describes an unusual presentation of eruptive tumors localized to the leftbreast region several years following breast cancer surgery and radiation for carcinoma of the breast. This report highlights the challenges in reachingthe diagnosis of an aggressive systemic lymphoma presenting on the skin.

Recent years' political debates have raised questions regarding how to understand individuals' responsibilities for repairing unjust structures they may perpetuate, but do not directly cause. Though Iris Marion Young's conceptualization of structural injustice has become widespread in political theory, disagreements persist due to divergent and narrow understandings of intentionality. Some deny that individuals intentionally reinforce unjust structures, while others attempt to trace causality sufficiently finely to attribute such responsibility. This paper offers a novel cognitive entanglement model to move forward these debates, drawing on insights from neo-pragmatism and enactivist philosophy of mind. This model demonstrates how, to the degree that individuals cognitively entangle themselves with unjust structures, offloading cognitive responsibilities to them and uncritically accepting their logics, we can attribute extended intentionality and, along with it, an attenuated form of moral responsibility to inform differential obligations in the context of collective action. This framework explains how individuals relate to unjust structures, while also clarifying methods for combatting structural injustice through cognitive disentanglement—regaining critical perspective and cognitive distance from unjust institutions. I illustrate this framework's utility via the complex case of the United Kingdom's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the structural injustice it perpetuated. After considering relevant mitigating circumstances, this model can help move forward tendentious political debates, including over individual responsibilities to pay reparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that a renewed focus on how dominant international practices produce ontological insecurity can help better orient ontological security studies (OSS) to injustice in world politics, particularly as it affects structurally marginalized political actors at multiple levels. It makes this case by bringing the work of Iris Marion Young to bear on OSS, particularly her theory of justice as the elimination of domination and oppression. Drawing on Young's "Five Faces of Oppression," this paper argues that multiple injustices endemic to the international system should be understood as key producers of ontological insecurity in the international system, both in their direct ability to destabilize identities and in their undermining of disadvantaged actors' ontological security-seeking practices. On international scales, these processes transcend levels of analysis, affecting individuals, social groups, and even states in differing ways. Incorporating Young's work into OSS not only helps build a vital bridge between the oft estranged sub-disciplines of political theory and IR, but also can provide scholars a means of better theorizing how ontological insecurity is so often a product of the international system's injustices. The paper thus concludes by proposing a normative turn within OSS, asking whether global justice should be understood as a precondition for ontological security-seeking among multiple co-existing actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In The Birth of Ethics, Philip Pettit carefully argues that Erewhonians would develop concepts that closely resemble our normative concepts – including our moral concepts – and that this reveals a great deal about the nature of normativity in general and morality in particular. The purported revelations about morality include: Thesis #1: Moral concepts ascribe natural properties. Thesis #2 "Full-scale" moral realism is true. Thesis #3: There is a sufficiently good answer to the question, "Why be moral?" In this paper, I do not question Pettit's ingenious argument that the Erewhonians' conceptual repertoire would expand in the way described in his narrative. I instead question whether this narrative supports these metaethical theses. I argue that if our moral concepts were expressively equivalent to Erewhonian moral concepts, that would not ground a "full-scale" moral realism, nor would it give us a sufficiently compelling answer to the question "Why be moral?" Furthermore, I argue that our moral concepts are not expressively equivalent to Erewhonian moral concepts, which puts pressure on the argument that our moral concepts ascribe natural properties. Finally, contra Pettit, I argue that moral concepts do not play the same function in our lives as the analogous concepts play in Erewhonians' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppose that, for reasons of animal welfare, it would be better if everyone stopped eating chicken. Does it follow that you should stop eating chicken? Proponents of the 'inefficacy objection' argue that, due to the scale and complexity of markets, the expected effects of your chicken purchases are negligible. So the expected effects of eating chicken do not make it wrong. We argue that this objection does not succeed, in two steps. First, empirical data about chicken production tells us that the expected effects of consuming many chickens are not negligible. Second, this implies that the expected effect of consuming one chicken is ordinarily not negligible. Parity between your purchase and other counterfactual purchases, and uncertainty about others' consumption behaviour, each tend to pull the expected effect of a single purchase toward the average large scale effect. While some purchases do have negligible expected effects, many do not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author(s): Ali Poyan Mehr [sup.1] , Mei T. Tran [sup.1] , Kenneth M. Ralto [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , David E. Leaf [sup.4] , Vaughan Washco [sup.1] , Joseph Messmer [sup.1] [...], Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD.sup.+) extends longevity in experimental organisms, raising interest in its impact on human health. De novo NAD.sup.+ biosynthesis from tryptophan is evolutionarily conserved yet considered supplanted among higher species by biosynthesis from nicotinamide (NAM). Here we show that a bottleneck enzyme in de novo biosynthesis, quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT), defends renal NAD.sup.+ and mediates resistance to acute kidney injury (AKI). Following murine AKI, renal NAD.sup.+ fell, quinolinate rose, and QPRT declined. QPRT.sup.+/- mice exhibited higher quinolinate, lower NAD.sup.+, and higher AKI susceptibility. Metabolomics suggested an elevated urinary quinolinate/tryptophan ratio (uQ/T) as an indicator of reduced QPRT. Elevated uQ/T predicted AKI and other adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. A phase 1 placebo-controlled study of oral NAM demonstrated a dose-related increase in circulating NAD.sup.+ metabolites. NAM was well tolerated and was associated with less AKI. Therefore, impaired NAD.sup.+ biosynthesis may be a feature of high-risk hospitalizations for which NAD.sup.+ augmentation could be beneficial. Impaired NAD.sup.+ biosynthesis may be a common feature of high-risk hospitalizations for which NAD.sup.+ augmentation could improve therapeutic outcome.