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Hazra, Ashis Kumar, Jana, Debanjan, Smith, Graeme (2023): A new species of the genus Acrotelsella (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from Jhargram West Bengal, India. Zootaxa 5227 (5): 594-600, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5227.5.6

Ctenolepisma calvum (Ritter, 1910) (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) is a primitive wingless insect that causes damage to paper, and it is regarded as a pest of collections in museums, archives, and libraries. This species was recently discovered in Japan for the first time and may have already spread over large areas of Japan, but, currently, no information is available on the biological characteristics of C. calvum in Japan. In this study, we observed the processes of development and reproduction of C. calvum found in Japan at room temperature. Oviposition was observed from April to November, with a peak in early June. The average egg period was 56.9 days at average temperatures above 24.0 °C, and was 72.4 days at average temperatures below 24.0 °C. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instars lasted 4.7 days, 13.2 days, and 26.1 days on average, respectively, at average temperatures above 22.0 °C. Average instar periods were 23–28 days in 4th–7th instars and tended to increase in later instars. Instar periods also increased when the average temperature was 22.0 °C or lower. In individual rearing, the longest-living individual lived for approximately two years, up to the 15th instar. The head width grew at an approximate ratio of 1.1 per molt. First oviposition occurred at the 10th or 11th instar. Individually observed females oviposited once or twice a year, laying 6–16 eggs at one time, but females at least two years old laid 78.2 eggs per year on average in a mass-culture cage. Through this study, only females were found, and the mature females produced their progenies parthenogenetically.

Genus Allacrotelsa Silvestri, 1935 Type species: Ctenolepisma kraepelini Escherich, 1905., Published as part of Kaplin, V. G., 2023, A new species of the silverfish genus Allacrotelsa Silvestri, 1935 (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from Crimea, pp. 19-28 in Far Eastern Entomologist 471 on page 20, DOI: 10.25221/fee.471.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7616324, {"references":["Silvestri, F. 1935. Marquesan Thysanura. Bulletin of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum,","Escherich, K. 1905. Das System der Lepismatiden. Zoologica (Stuttgart), 18 (43): 1 - 164."]}

Kaplin, V.G. (2023): A new species of the silverfish genus Allacrotelsa Silvestri, 1935 (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from Crimea. Far Eastern Entomologist 471: 19-28, DOI: 10.25221/fee.471.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.471.2

Acrotelsella jhargramensis sp. n. (Figures 1–18, Table 1) Type material. Holotype male under the bark of a Sal tree (Shorea robusta), Bandarbhola, Jhargram, West Bengal, India [22°25′38″ N, 87°15′37″ E, elevation 82 m], 21.xi.2019, 1 male, coll. Dr. A. K. Hazra & D. Jana, Registration number 3144/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Paratype male, same date and locality as holotype, Registration number 3145/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Etymology. The species is named after the type locality, the district Jhargram, West Bengal, India. Diagnosis. Apical article of labial palps with high number of sensory papillae (10‒12); labrum with macrosetae not arranged in bushes; trichobothria lacking from the most posterior comb of the mesonotum; prosternum with 4+4 bristle combs of macrosetae, mesosternum with 2+2 bristle combs of macrosetae and metasternum with 1+1 bristle combs of macrosetae. Urotergite X acutely triangular (44°) with sharp and pointed apex; two pairs of abdominal styli. Description. Holotype male body length 12.4 mm in life, mottled brown with dark annulated antennae and caudal appendages (Fig. 1). Base colour (in alcohol) dorsally brownish yellow with a covering of light brown scales, ventrally whitish yellow. Shape of the body elongate, more or less parallel-sided, dorsoventrally compressed anteriorly, sub-cylindrical posteriorly; thorax slightly wider than abdomen (Fig. 2). Faintly brownish but distinct pigment on the segments of the maxillary palp. Antennae and caudal appendages with alternate dark and light bands of brown pigmentation. Antennal length 16.9 mm, longer than body and surpassing the body by 1.3 times when directed backwards. Near base, flagellomeres with one annulus; ninth interval composed of two annuli; most distal part of the antennae with eight annuli in each flagellomere; fifth annulus in each interval a dark ring. Oval scales present on both the scape and pedicel, basiconic sensilla present on apical flagellomeres. Head semi-circular in outline anteriorly; frons bearing two very conspicuous tufts of stout cephalic setae, pectinate and radially arranged. Numerous bifid and pectinate macrosetae present on both clypeus and labrum, those of the clypeus grouped in two tufts composed of 30‒32 macrosetae each and those on the labrum scattered over the outer third (Fig. 3). Eyes relatively small, located well behind the antennae. Head wider (1.42 mm) than long (0.98 mm). Maxillary palp (Fig. 4) five-segmented; terminal segment (0.45 mm) longer than penultimate segment (0.34 mm). Apical segment of labial palp (Figs. 5, 6) bearing ten horizontal sensory papillae on left labial palp and twelve horizontal sensory papillae on right labial palp, arranged in single rows; apical segment about 2.4× wider at the apex than at the base and 1.5× wider than long. Medial part of the pronotal collar (Fig. 7) composed of two rows of macrosetae, lateral regions with a single row of smooth macrosetae. Lateral margins of pronotum with 7+7 combs composed of 1−2 macrosetae each. Two trichobothrial areas on each side, associated with the inner end of the last comb (N) and between the two macrochaetae of N-3. Lateral margins of mesonotum (Fig. 8) with 12+11 combs each consisting of 1−3 macrosetae, including one trichobothrium between the macrochaeta and the margin of N-2; no macrochaetae associated with the trichobothrium of the most posterior lateral combs of the mesonotum. Lateral margins of metanotum (Fig. 9) with 10+10 combs composed of 1−3 macrosetae, including two trichobothrial areas, the trichobothrium located on the inner side of comb N and between the macrochaeta and the margin of comb N−1. Hind borders of pro, meso and metanota with 1+1 submedial bristle combs composed of five macrosetae each, the two pronotal combs separated by about 0.4× the width of the pronotum. Prosternum (Fig. 10) 1.4 mm long, length/width ratio about 0.9, subtriangular, posteriorly rounded; posteriorly with 4+4 bristle combs each composed of 2−5 macrosetae. Mesosternum (Fig. 11) 1.7 mm long, length/width ratio about 0.9, rounded-triangular in shape, with 2+2 posterior bristle combs each composed of four macrosetae. Metasternum 1.4 mm long, length/width ratio about 0.7; posterior margin broadly rounded with 1+1 bristle combs, each composed of seven macrosetae (Fig 12); distance between metasternal combs 5.4× the width of a comb. Legs stout; femora moderate in size; tibiae and tarsi moderately elongate; pretarsi with slightly curved claws (Fig. 13). Scales present on coxae, femora, tibia and first tarsomere (Fig. 14). Length/width ratio of protibia about 2.5× longer than wide; protibia with two macrosetae inserted on dorsal margin, six macrosetae on ventral margin. Lengths of fore tarsomeres I‒IV 0.41, 0.13, 0.18 and 0.2 mm, respectively. Mesotibia 2.9× longer than wide, with two dorsal and five ventral macrosetae. Lengths of middle tarsomeres I‒IV 0.51, 0.16, 0.19 and 0.22 mm, respectively. Metatibia about 3.3× longer than wide, with two dorsal and four ventral macrosetae. Lengths of hind tarsomeres 0.71, 0.16, 0.21 and 0.26 mm, respectively. Urotergite I with 1+1 bristle-combs, each composed of five macrosetae; urotergites II−VII with 3+3 bristlecombs, each composed of 4−10 macrosetae; urotergite VIII with 2+2 bristle-combs, each composed of 4−12 macrosetae. Urotergite IX without bristle combs. The number of macrosetae per bristle comb on urotergites given in Table 1. Urotergite X (Fig. 15) triangular with sharply pointed apex; length 0.14 mm, length/width ratio about 1.2, with 4+4 bristle-combs of 2−4 macrosetae each. Urosternites I and II without setae, III−VIII with 1+1 lateral bristle-combs, each composed of 13−15 macrosetae. Width of the bristle combs and the gap between them varying on each urosternite; ratio of the distance between the combs and the width of a comb ranges from 3.0 on urosternite VIII to 6.2 on urosternite IV (Fig. 16). Two pairs of styli present, inserted on segments VIII (Fig. 17) and IX (Fig.18), both covered with scales. Styli IX length 1.4× that of styli VIII. Posterior margin of coxite VIII between the combs almost straight. Inner process of coxite IX long, triangular and pointed at tip with the angle of the posterior point (44°), about 1.6× longer than wide at its base and 1.8× longer than the outer process. Penis shape typical for the subfamily; length 0.53 mm, length/width ratio 0.8. Length of caudal filament up to 9.7 mm, that of cerci up to 9.9 mm. Most distal flagellomere of the caudal appendages with eight annuli, major macrochaetae restricted to the most distal annulus. Scales present on annuli 2, 4 and 6. Pigment absent from the most distal and most basal annuli of each flagellomere resulting in the banded appearance. Distribution and habitat. The specimens belonging to this new species were found under the bark of Sal trees (Shorea robusta) of Bandarbhola at Jhargram, West Bengal, India. Red laterite is the predominant soil in the district, supporting undergrowth of various types of herbs and shrubs on the forest floor. The weather is extremely humid and tropical. There are large numbers of termite mounds present on the forest floor.

Identification key to Ctenolepisma s. str. species from India 1. Urotergite VII with 3+3 bristle-combs.................................................................... 6 - Urotergite VII with 2+2 bristle-combs.................................................................... 2 2. Urotergite VI with 3+3 bristle-combs..................................................................... 4 - Urotergite VI with 2+2 bristle-combs..................................................................... 3 3. Urotergite X without well-defined bristle-combs........................................ Ctenolepisma (C.) nigrum - Urotergite X with 1+1 bristle-combs............................................... Ctenolepisma (Ct.) tripurense 4. Prosternum with only 1+1 small bristle-combs consisting in a row of 3‒4 macrosetae. Ovipositor with fewer than 30 divisions.................................................................... Ctenolepisma (C.) udumalpetense sp. n. - Prosternum with at least 2+2 bristle-combs, frequently with more than 5 macrosetae each. Ovipositor with more than 35 divisions............................................................................................ 5 5. Epidermic pigment absent or yellowish. Caudal filaments and antennae as long as or longer than body length. Lateral margins of prosternum convex...................................................... Ctenolepisma (C.) longicaudatum - Epidermic pigment intense, especially in appendages, usually purplish brown. Caudal filaments shorter than body length, antennae at most as long as body. Lateral margins of prosternum straight.................... Ctenolepisma (C.) ciliatum 6. Infralateral combs of urotergites broad, composed of about 15 macrosetae. Apex of the ovipositor acute. Adult specimens reaching 15 mm in length......................................................... Ctenolepisma (C.) alticola - Infralateral combs of urotergites smaller, with 3‒8 macrosetae.Apex of the ovipositor rounded. Adult specimens smaller, length upto 9 mm.......................................................................................... 7 7. Labial palp bearing three sensory papillae. Ovipositor with 70 divisions............... Ctenolepisma (C.) boettgerianum - Labial palp bears nine sensory papillae. Ovipositor with 54‒56 divisions......... Ctenolepisma (C.) venkataramani sp. n., Published as part of Hazra, Ashis Kumar, Jana, Debanjan, Mandal, Guru Pada & Molero-Baltanás, Rafael, 2022, On two new species of the genus Ctenolepisma (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from India, pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 5222 (1) on pages 67-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7456435

Hazra, Ashis Kumar, Jana, Debanjan, Mandal, Guru Pada, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2022): On two new species of the genus Ctenolepisma (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from India. Zootaxa 5222 (1): 59-68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5222.1.4

Ctenolepisma (Ctenolepisma) venkataramani sp. n. (Figures 1−17, Table 1) Type material. Holotype: Under leaf litter near the East Thiopathak Waterfalls, Sri Venkateshwara National Park, Andhra Pradesh, India [13°45’4” N, 79°20’16” E], 17.vii.2000, 1 female, coll. A.K. Hazra, Registration number 3051/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Paratypes: Same locality as holotype, 17.vii.2000, 9 examples. (6 males and 3 females), coll. A.K. Hazra, Registration number 3052/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Etymology. The species is named after Dr. K. Venkataraman, former Director of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for inspiration to explore the Indian Zygentoma. Diagnosis. Apical article of labial palps with an unusually high number of sensory papillae (nine). Trichobothria of nota arranged as in C. ciliatum. All thoracic sternites with 1+1 subapical bristle-combs of macrosetae. Urotergite I with 1+1, II-VII with 3+3 and VIII with 2+2 bristle combs. Urosternites I and II without setae, III–VIII with 1+1 lateral bristle combs. Urotergal combs with 4−8 macrosetae and urosternal combs with 8−9 macrosetae each. Urotergite X trapezoidal, similar to that of C. boettgerianum Paclt, 1961. Two pairs of abdominal styli. Ovipositor with 54−56 divisions. Description. Body length of female up to 8.8 mm; of male up to 7.8 mm. Base colour (in spirit) dorsally whitish yellow with a covering of light brown scales, ventrally whitish yellow. Shape of the body elongate, more or less parallel sided, dorso-ventrally compressed anteriorly, sub-cylindrical posteriorly; thorax slightly wider than abdomen (Fig. 1). Faintly brownish pigments distinct on sides and apical border of scapus and antennae, on second and third segment of maxillary palp; lateral margins of labial palp; upper part of coxa, lower part of trochanter, entire lateral margin of femur and outer margin of tibia; styli IX all along their length. Caudal appendages with uniform brown pigmentation, not arranged in alternating dark and light bands. Head semi-circular in outline anteriorly; frons bearing two very conspicuous tufts of stout cephalic setae, pectinate and radially arranged. Numerous bifid and pectinate macrosetae present in both clypeus and labrum; those of the clypeus are grouped in two tufts composed of 28−32 each (Fig. 2). Eyes relatively small, located well behind antennae. Head wider (1.17 mm) than long (0.58 mm). Antenna length up to 5.4 mm, shorter than body and reaching the sixth abdominal segment when directed backwards. Maxillary palp (Fig. 3) slender, five-segmented, last article slightly longer (0.39 mm) than penultimate (0.37 mm). Apical article of labial palp (Fig. 4) sub-globular in shape and bearing nine sensory papillae arranged in a single row; it is about 2.7 times wider at the apex than at the base and 1.1 times wider than long. Anterolateral row of the pronotum (Fig. 5) composed of a single row of bifid and smooth macrosetae. Pronotal collar with oblique sub-parallel rows of 3−5 macrosetae. Lateral margins with 8+8 combs composed of 2‒3 macrosetae each. Two trichobothrial areas on each side, associated to the inner side of the last comb (N) and to inner side of the N-3 comb; trichoid sensilla inserted on the outer side of the combs N and N−1 and on inner side of N-2, N-4, N-5 and N-6. Mesonotum (Fig. 6) lateral margins with 11 combs each consisting of 2−3 macrosetae, including two trichobothrial areas, one in the inner side of the last comb (N) and one in the outer side of the N-2 comb; trichoid sensilla present in the outer side of N-1 and in the inner side of N-3, N-4 and N-5. Metanotum (Fig. 7) lateral margins with 9+9 combs composed of 2‒3 macrosetae. Trichobothrial areas situated in the inner sides of the combs N and N-1; trichoid sensilla inserted on the outer side of combs N-1, N-2, N-5 and N-6 and on the inner side of combs N-2, N-3 and N-4. Hind borders of pro-, meso- and metanota with 1+1 bristle combs composed of 3−4 macrosetae each. Prosternum (Fig. 8) 1.2 mm long, its length/width ratio about 1, subtriangular, posteriorly elliptical in shape; apical part with 1+1 bristle combs each composed of 4 macrosetae. Mesosternum (Fig. 9) 1.4 mm long, its length/ width ratio about 1.1, semi-elliptical in shape, with rounded apex and 1+1 subapical bristle combs each composed of 4 macrosetae. Metasternum 1.3 mm long, length/width ratio about 0.9; posterior margin broadly rounded, with 1+1 bristle combs each composed of 4 macrosetae (Fig 10); the distance between these combs about 5 times the width of a comb. Legs stout; femora short, one strong seta on outer margin distally near the junction of tibiae; tibiae and tarsi moderately elongated; pretarsi with slightly curved claws (Figs. 11 and 12). Coxae and femora with scales. Protibia about 2.4 times longer than wide, with two macrosetae inserted in the dorsal margin and four macrosetae in the ventral margin. Protarsal tarsomere I length about 0.32 mm; tarsomere II, about 0.09 mm; tarsomere III, about 0.17 mm; tarsomere IV, about 0.12 mm. Mesotibia 2.7 times longer than wide, with two dorsal and three ventral macrosetae. Lengths of tarsomeres I, II, III and IV (in mm) on mesotarsus as follows: 0.41, 0.12, 0.15, 0.16. Metatibiae (Fig. 12) about 3 times longer than wide, with four dorsal and six ventral macrosetae. In the metatarsus, the length of tarsomere I is about 0.63 mm; of tarsomere II is about 0.13 mm; of tarsomere III is about 0.18 mm and of tarsomere IV is about 0.21 mm. Urotergite I with 1+1 bristle-combs, each composed of 4−5 macrosetae. Urotergites II−VII with 3+3 bristlecombs, each composed of 4−8 macrosetae, and urotergite VIII with 2+2 bristle-combs, each composed of 6−7 macrosetae. Urotergite IX without bristle combs. Urotergite X (Fig. 13) shorter than the width at its base, subtrapezoidal, short, with rounded posterolateral corners and faintly emarginated hind border with 1+1 prominent bristle-combs, each composed of 7 macrosetae. Urosternites I and II without setae, III−VIII with 1+1 lateral bristle-combs, each composed of (6)8-9 macrosetae. The width of the bristle combs and the gap distances between them varies in each urosternite, so that the ratio between the distance between the combs and the width of a comb varies from 8 on urosternite VII to 15 on urosternite III (Fig. 14). Both sexes with two pairs of styli, inserted on segments VIII (Fig. 15) and IX. In female, the ratio length of styli IX/ length of styli VIII about 1.2. Posterior margin of the coxite VIII round. Inner process of coxite IX triangular and pointed at tip, in the female about 1.5 times longer than wide at its base and 4 times longer than the outer process. Ovipositor very long, with 54−56 divisions, surpassing the apex of the inner process of the coxite IX by 4.3 times the length of this process (Fig. 16). Apical parts of gonapophyses not sclerotized, both the anterior and posterior regions with fine bristles; anterior region with two long setae (Fig. 17). Caudal filaments long but broken and incomplete on type material. Distribution and habitat. Specimens of Ctenolepisma venkataramani sp. n. were found in large numbers generally in shady, semi-decomposed leaf litter and under stones beside East Thiopathak Waterfalls at Sri Venkateshwara National Park. The species is supposed to be abundant in this tropical forest of Indian Deccan plateau. The conservation of this habitat will protect this Zygentoma species. Differential diagnosis. This new species is close to Ctenolepisma (Ctenolepisma) boettgerianum, as they have similar abdominal chaetotaxy (urotergite I with 1+1, II‒VII with 3+3 and VIII with 2+2 bristle combs; urosternites I and II without setae, III–VIII with 1+1 bristle combs), similar trapezoidal shape of the tenth urotergite and similar size. They differ in the characters presented in Table 1. The most remarkable character of the new species is the presence of an unusually high number of sensory papillae (nine) on the apical article of the labial palp, a condition that can be occasionally found in C. longicaudatum Escherich, 1905. In this latter species the number of papillae is variable, and most specimens bear the typical number (five), arranged as usual in a single row. However, C. longicaudatum is different because of its urotergal setation (3+3 combs in urotergite II‒VI), larger size (up to 15 mm or more), greater length of appendages and lighter epidermal pigment. Compared with other Indian species of the genus, there are 2 species of the subgenus Ctenolepisma s. str. bearing 3+3 combs on urotergites II‒VII and a trapezoidal tenth urotergite that are also present in some parts of Asia: C. mauritanicum (Lucas, 1846) and C. przewalskyi Kaplin, 1982. These species are easily distinguishable from C. venkataramani sp. n. as they have 2 or more pairs of bristle-combs in their prosternum (only one pair in the new species), and their ovipositor has a lower number of divisions (about 40 or less).

Ctenolepisma (Ctenolepisma) udumalpetense sp. n. (Figures 18−38) Type material. Holotype: Forest floor beside Trimurti dam, Udumalpet, Tiruppur district, Tamil Nadu, India (10°29’11” N and 77°9’46” E), 17.ix.2019, 1 female, coll. A.K. Hazra, Registration number 3053/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Paratypes: Same locality as holotype, 18.ix.2019, 22 (12 males 10 females), coll. A.K. Hazra, Registration number 3054/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Etymology. The species is named after the name of the locality Udumalpet, Tiruppur district, Tamil Nadu, India, which is the type locality. Diagnosis. This new species is a relatively small Ctenolepisma s. str. (about 6 mm long) with five sensory papillae on the apical articles of their labial palps. Their trichobothrial areas are arranged as in C. ciliatum. It has 1+1 bristle-combs of macrosetae in each thoracic sternite, 3+3 bristle-combs in urotergites II-VI, trapezoidal urotergite X and two pairs of abdominal styli. Ovipositor short, with less than 30 divisions. As in related species, tibial scales are absent, but femoral scales are narrower than usual (not widely rounded, but ovoid or elliptical). Description. Body length of females up to 6.1 mm, males slightly shorter (5.8 mm). Habitus (Fig. 18) fusiform, with the thorax slightly wider (1.19 mm) than the abdomen base (1 mm). Body pigment dark, uniformly distributed; antennae with evenly distributed light pigmentation but terminal filaments show distinct light and dark annulations. Scales dorsally dark brown. Ventral scales lighter pigmented. Body scales are rounded, fan-shaped and ovoid (Fig. 19) Macrosetae bifid, plumose; chaetotaxy of head as usual for the genus. Both clypeus and labrum with numerous bifid and pectinate macrosetae. Clypeus with two tufts of setae, each composed of 32–34 macrosetae. In the middle of the clypeus, a tuft of smooth hair-like setae present composed of 14 setae (Fig. 20). Eyes black, composed of 12 ommatidia. Antennal length up to 4 mm, shorter than body, surpassing the thorax up to abdominal segment six when directed backwards. Apical article of maxillary palp (Fig. 21) slightly longer (0.34 mm) than the penultimate (0.31 mm). Apical article of the labial palp about as wide (0.24 mm) as long (0.23 mm), with 5 distinct ovoid sensory papillae arranged in a compact single row (Figs. 22, 23). Medial part of the pronotal collar (Fig. 24) composed of 3–4 rows of macrosetae, lateral regions each with a single row of smooth macrosetae. Lateral margins of pronotum (Fig. 25) with 6+5 combs composed of 1–3 macrosetae each, including two trichobothrial areas, one in the inner side of the last comb (N) and another in the inner side of the N-3 comb. Mesonotum (Fig. 26) lateral margins with 8+8 combs consisting of 1–3 macrosetae; only one trichobothrial area in the outer side of the N-1 comb observed. Metanotum (Fig. 27) lateral margins with 6+6 combs composed of 1–3 macrosetae; trichobothria not seen. Hind borders of pro-, meso- and metanota with 1+1 bristle combs composed of 1–2 macrosetae each. Thoracic sternites as in Figs. 28–30. Prosternum 0.65 mm long, its length/width ratio about 0.9, with rounded posterior apex; postero-lateral margin with 1+1 bristle combs, each composed of 3–4 macrosetae. Mesosternum 0.84 mm long, its length/width ratio about 1.1, slightly wider than prosternum; its posterior apex rounded with 1+1 bristle combs, each composed of 3 macrosetae. Metasternum 0.82 mm long, its length/width ratio about 0.9; with broadly rounded apex, with 1+1 bristle combs, each composed of 5 macrosetae; the distance between these combs about 5 times the width of a comb. Scales present on coxae and femora (Figs. 31 and 32); femoral scales (Fig.–33) smaller than coxal ones, elliptical and with rounded apical margin. Length/width ratio of protibia about 2.4; of mesotibia about 2.5 and of metatibia about 2.8. Two macrosetae present in the dorsal margin of the protibia and three macrosetae in the ventral margin; mesotibia with two dorsal and five ventral macrosetae; metatibia with one dorsal and four ventral macrosetae. Protarsal tarsomere lengths I‒IV 0.25 0.09 mm 0.12 0.1 mm, respectively. The length of tarsomeres I, II, III and IV (in mm) on mesotarsus as follows: 0.34, 0.08, 0.12, 0.1 mm. The length of tarsomeres I, II, III and IV (in mm) on metatarsus as follows: 0.48, 0.11, 0.13, 0.12. Urotergite I with 1+1 bristle-combs composed of 3 macrosetae. Urotergites II–VI with 3+3 bristle-combs composed of 2‒5 macrosetae, urotergites VII‒VIII with 2+2 bristle-combs composed of 3‒4 macrosetae. Urotergite X trapezoidal, wider than long at its base (length 0.48 mm, base width 0.99 mm, apical width 0.29 mm), ratio length/ width about 0.48, posterior margin slightly concave (Fig. 34), with 1+1 bristle-combs of 3–4 macrosetae each. Urosternites I and II without setae, III–VIII with 1+1 lateral bristle-combs with 4–6 macrosetae. The width of the bristle combs and the space between them varying on each urosternite; this distance ranging from 10 times the width of a comb on urosternite VII to about 17 times on urosternite III. On urosternite IV (Fig. 35) this ratio about 13. Both sexes with two pairs of styli on urosternites VIII and IX. Styli IX 2.3 times longer than the inner process of the corresponding coxite in males and 2.1 times longer in females. In females, the length of styli VIII 6.2 times longer than their width, and length of styli IX about 8.7 times longer than wide. Ratio of the length of styli IX/ length of styli VIII is 1.2–1.5 for females and 1.3–1.5 for males. Inner process of female coxite VIII obliquely rounded. Length of inner process of coxite IX twice its width at its base and 4 times longer than the outer process. Ovipositor short, not surpassing the tip of coxite IX (Fig. 36). Anterior gonapophysis with 29 divisions, bearing 2–3 small setae at the apex. Posterior gonapophysis with 27 divisions. Penis as in Figures 37 and 38. Distribution and habitat. Specimens of Ctenolepisma udumalpetense sp. n. were found in large numbers generally in shady semi-decomposed dry leaf litter in forested regions. It is an active insect on the ground in leaf litter beside Trimurti Dam. The species is abundant in this tropical semi- evergreen forest of the Southern part of India. The protection of this habitat will help to conserve this Zygentoma species. Differential diagnosis. C. udumalpetense sp. n. is probably related to species of the subgenus Ctenolepisma s. str. with trapezoidal tenth urotergite, 3+3 bristle-combs in urotergites II-VI and two pairs of abdominal styli, such as Ctenolepisma (C.) ciliatum (Dufour, 1831) or C. (C). longicaudatum Escherich, 1905. Apart from these two species, some others have been described that share the aforementioned characters: C. (C.) iranicum Molero, Kahrarian & Gaju, 2016, C. (C.) armeniacum Molero-Baltanás, Gaju-Ricart, Bach de Roca & Mendes, 2010 and C. (C.) abyssinicum Mendes, 1982 from Iran, Armenia and Ethiopia, respectively. All of these species also possess on the apical article of the labial palp five strong ovoid sensory papillae arranged in a single row (Figs 22–23). They differ from C. udumalpetense sp. n., in the following characters: 1. The prosternum of C. udumalpetense sp. n. has a more rounded apex and only 1+1 pairs of bristle-combs (Fig. 28). Macrosetae of these combs are, as well as those of meso- and metasternum, arranged in a single row. However, related species have at least 2+2 bristle-combs in the prosternum (frequently, 3+3 or more); moreover, the apex of this sternite in C. ciliatum and C. abyssinicum is more acute and the combs of thoracic sternites of C. armeniacum and C. iranicum are double (consist of at least two rows of macrosetae). 2. Ctenolepisma udumalpetense sp. n. has a maximum body length of 6.1 mm, whereas similar species typically reach 8 mm or more. 3. The ovipositor of C. udumalpetense sp. n. is relatively short, not surpassing the tip of the inner process of coxites IX. In the other related species mentioned babove, the ovipositor not only surpasses the apex of coxite IX but also the tip of the styli IX. The number of divisions is also higher in these previously known species (35- 49 in C. ciliatum, even more in other species), while the new Indian species has 29 divisions. This character and the smaller size could correspond to young silverfish, but no specimens of C. udumalpetense sp. n. have been found with a greater size or a longer ovipositor. 4. The femoral scales of C. ciliatum, C. armeniacum and C. iranicum are rounded, while in C. udumalpetense sp. n. are narrower, more or less elliptical (Figs. 31–32). This character has not been described in the remaining species.

Silverfish are known as one of the major pests which feed on paper and starch-based materials and can cause serious problems in museums, libraries and archives. Ctenolepisma calvum (Ritter, 1910) was first recorded from Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and has also been known from Central American countries including Guyana and Cuba. Recently, its rapid spread to European countries, including Austria, Czech, Germany and Norway, has been reported. In addition, there are unverified records of C. calvum from 17 more countries in the on-line citizen-science platforms iNaturalist. We report C. calvum in Japan for the first time, from Hokkaido, Miyagi, Tokyo, Fukuoka and Nagasaki Prefectures. The specimens in Japan were observed in detail by stereomicroscope, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The occurrence of this species is a serious problem from the viewpoint of protection of cultural properties. We also registered their mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene in EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ.

Ctenolepisma calvum was first described in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) in 1910, and this island is probably the origin of this species. Later, it was also found in the Caribbean (Cuba and Trinidad and Tobago). Up until the present, it has only been identified within buildings (a synanthropic species), and its natural habitat is unknown. In 2007, it was discovered in Germany and was considered a neobiotic species of Lepismatidae in Europe. It has rapidly spread throughout Europe and beyond in recent years. This led us to analyze the available data of the first occurrences in Germany, Austria, and other European countries. Furthermore, we compared the spread inside of museums in Vienna (Austria) and Berlin (Germany). These museums have been monitored for a long period with sticky traps, representing the best source of information on the dispersion dynamics of Ctenolepisma calvum. We found a scattered occurrence of this species in 18 countries in Europe (including Russia and Ukraine). The first record for Poland has not previously been published; however, this species has been present there since 2014. Surprisingly, it was found in Hungary in 2003, but a record was only published online in 2021. Additionally, in Germany and Austria, where most data are available, the spread of the species does not follow any clear pattern. In museums in Berlin, the species has only been found in one location. In contrast, the species rapidly spread in museums in Vienna between 2014 and 2021, from four to 30 locations, and it is now a well-established species with occasional high abundance. We examined the spread of the species at three spatial scales: (i) Europe, (ii) national, and (iii) regional. Our observations indicate that it is possibly distributed with materials (packaging material, hygiene articles, paper, cardboard, and collection items). Little is yet known about the biology of this introduced pest. We describe its preferred habitat within buildings, its climate requirements, and its potential to act as a new museum pest in Central Europe. This species seems to thrive at room temperature in buildings. Further impact on the species due to climate change in the future is also discussed. We offer a simple morphological key and a detailed identification table to help correct species identification.

Zygentoma occupies a key evolutionary position for understanding the evolution of insect metamorphosis but has received little attention in terms of genetic analysis. To develop functional genomic studies in this insect, we evaluated five candidate internal reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) studies from Thermobia domestica, a representative species of Zygentoma, including Actin 5C (Actin5C), Elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1A), Ribosome protein S26 (RPS26), Ribosome protein L32 (RPL32), and Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), at different developmental stages, in various body parts, and under dsRNA microinjection and starvation stresses, using four algorithms (delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) and a comparative algorithm (RefFinder). Specific suitable reference genes were recommended across specific experimental conditions, and the combination of RPS26 and RPL32 was appropriate for all tested samples. Employing our selected reference gene combination, we investigated the gene expression pattern of Myoglianin (Myo), a crucial gene-regulating insect metamorphosis, in ametabolous T. domestica, and demonstrated the efficiency of RNA interference (RNAi) in firebrat nymphs. This study provides a basis for reliable quantitative studies of genes and greatly benefits evolutionary and functional genomics studies in Zygentoma.

Molecular studies using COI and 28S sequence data strongly identify a clade within the Heterolepismatinae distinct from the majority of species so far sequenced. The independence of the clade is supported by several morphological characters including a glabrous anterior margin to the frons, large trapezoidal thoracic sternites, tarsal trichobothria, long, conical parameres which in some species consist of two segments, and the presence of triangular or rounded subrectangular scales on the femora, tibia and clypeus. This clade is described as a new genus Visma n. gen. containing ten new species V. advenum n. sp., V. bingara n. sp., V. brayi n. sp., V. bundjalung n. sp., V. brigalowsum n. sp., V. capricornia n. sp., V. pallidum n. sp., V. powellheueri n. sp., V. tenebrosum n. sp. and V. xanthorrhoea n. sp.. Heterolepisma stilivarians Silvestri, 1908 is redescribed from the holotype and transferred to the new genus. The remaining H. stilivarians type series is found to be different to the holotype and removed from the type series. It is considered possible that H. annectens Silvestri, 1924 may also belong to this genus. Scanning electron microscopy of scale shape and rib-spacing is shown to be a useful tool to separate at least some species of the genus and considered to have greater potential if well preserved material is available.

The silverfish Neoasterolepisma foreli belongs to the family Lepismatidae within Zygentoma and is well known for the peculiar habit of living in strict association with ant nests (myrmecophily). In...

Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719

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Two bristletail species of the order Zygentoma, Allacrotelsa dubia (Lucas, 1842) (Lepismatidae) and Lepidotrix pilifera (Menge, 1854) (Lepidotrichidae), are recorded in Late Eocene Rovno amber for the first time. One new species of the order Microcoryphia, Lepismachilis eocaenica sp. nov., most similar to L. (B.) targionii (Grassi, 1887), is described.