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Background/Objectives: Crude extracts from the Brassica genus have recently emerged as promising phytochemicals for preventing bone loss. While the most documented evidence suggests that their general biological activity is due to glucosinolates' (GLSs') hydrolysis products, the direct activity of GLSs is beginning to be uncovered. However, the contribution of GLSs to the bone-sparing activity of crude Brassicaceae extracts has seldom been addressed. Here, we aimed to gain insights into this gap by studying in the same in vitro model of human osteogenesis the effect of two Brassica seed extracts (Eruca sativa and Lepidium sativum) obtained from defatted seed meals, comparing them to the isolated GLSs most represented in their composition, glucoerucin (GER) and glucotropaeolin (GTL), for Eruca sativa and Lepidium sativum, respectively. Methods: Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) was assessed by alizarin red staining assay and real-time PCR, respectively, evaluating mineral apposition and mRNA expression of specific osteogenic genes. Results: Both Brassica extracts and GLSs increased the osteogenic differentiation, indicating that the stimulating effect of Brassica extracts can be at least partially attributed to GLSs. Moreover, these data extend previous evidence of the effect of unhydrolyzed glucoraphanin (GRA) on osteogenesis to other types of GLSs: GER and GTL. Notably, E. sativa extract and GTL induced higher osteogenic stimulation than Lepidium sativum extract and GER, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, this study expands the knowledge on the possible application of Brassica-derived bioactive molecules as natural alternatives for the prevention and treatment of bone-loss pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The red flour beetle is the most destructive pest of stored grain commodities, including flour, food grains, biscuits, pasta, nuts, cereals, and beans. Warehouse owners mostly use fumigants to control its infestation; however, these fumigants are toxic. The Indo–Pakistan region is rich in certain plant species that have repellent or deterrent effects on insects, and these plants are safer for humans. Among these plants are Mexican tea, long leaf Indian pine, rattan pepper, garden cress, neem, Baccharis teindalensis (a Columbian native herb also found in Pakistan), and marjoram. Hence, in the present study, we determined the toxic effect of these essential oil extracts against red flour beetle. The toxicity and repellent activities of these plant oils were determined through four-arm olfactometer bioassays. Mortality was recorded 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days after oil extract exposure. Data were analyzed using statistical software. Means were compared through LSD at the 5% level of significance. Overall, Mexican tea and Indian native palm oil were effective repellents. This study concludes that Mexican tea and Indian native palm oil can be used as alternative repellents against red flour beetle infestation. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is the most destructive pest of stored grain commodities. To control the attack of this insect pest, it is important to develop non-hazardous alternatives to replace fumigants. This study examined the fumigant toxicity and repellent activity of seven essential oils (Chinopodium ambrosiodes, Pinus roxburghii, Zanthoxylum armatum, Lepidium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Baccharis teindalensis, and Origanum majorana) against adult T. castaneum under controlled laboratory conditions. The fumigant toxicity and repellent activities of essential oils were tested using five different doses (62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 µg) in vapour-phase fumigation and four-arm olfactometer bioassays, respectively. In vapor-phase fumigation bioassays, mortality data were recorded after 24, 48, and 72 h. The results showed that C. ambrosiodes and P. roxburghii essential oils are potential fumigants against adult T. castaneum. In repellency bioassays, a one-week-old adult population of T. castaneum was used to test the repellency potential of the essential oils. The results indicated that C. ambrosiodes and P. roxburghii had significant repellency potential against T. castaneum. Overall, we conclude that these essential oils have strong repellent and fumigant properties and can be used as potential repellent compounds to deter the insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The phytochemicals of high nutritional and functional properties in Lepidium sativum L. (garden cress) seeds have nominated their seed powder (regardless of the concentration used) for enrichment of mulberry leaves in order to enhance Bombyx mori L. larval feeding, and consequently to gain ground in sericulture industry. As expected, B. mori larval feeding on L. sativum-enriched mulberry leaves showed not only a remarkable increase in mean values of certain economic parameters of B. mori, such as cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, pupal weight, and egg yield, compared with the control group, but also showed a phenomenal increase in egg counts (on average, ca. 958–1256 eggs laid per female moth) and a significant increase in egg size (measured as egg surface area and egg volume). Male or female moth larval diet has significantly influenced the reproductive performance or fitness of both sexes of B. mori in terms of large-sized moths (measured as forewing, hind femur, and hind tibia lengths) and highly fecund moths (i.e., increased fecundity and spermatophore counts per female moth, and large-sized eggs). On the basis of B. mori female moth reproductive index, the female moths from L. sativum-fed larvae proved to have a lower reproductive index compared to their corresponding value for females of the control group, indicating more efficient utilization of larval resources for B. mori reproduction. Quantification of the three main physiological resources viz., protein, lipid and carbohydrate in the internal reproductive tract of B. mori female moths at death has nominated the female moth abdomens, or simply their bodies, as being a reasonable natural source of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate, to be involved in certain manufactures (e.g., pet feed formulations) instead of discarding them as a source of environmental pollution. Evidently, the L. sativum seed powder is of considerable interest because it remarkably improves the performance of such an economically important insect, B. mori. This is the first study for evaluating the efficacy of L. sativum seed powder in sericulture field to enhance B. mori productivity parameters.

The phytochemicals of high nutritional and functional properties in Lepidium sativum L. (garden cress) seeds have nominated their seed powder (regardless of the concentration used) for enrichment of mulberry leaves in order to enhance Bombyx mori L. larval feeding, and consequently to gain ground in sericulture industry. As expected, B. mori larval feeding on L. sativum-enriched mulberry leaves showed not only a remarkable increase in mean values of certain economic parameters of B. mori, such as cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, pupal weight, and egg yield, compared with the control group, but also showed a phenomenal increase in egg counts (on average, ca. 958–1256 eggs laid per female moth) and a significant increase in egg size (measured as egg surface area and egg volume). Male or female moth larval diet has significantly influenced the reproductive performance or fitness of both sexes of B. mori in terms of large-sized moths (measured as forewing, hind femur, and hind tibia lengths) and highly fecund moths (i.e., increased fecundity and spermatophore counts per female moth, and large-sized eggs). On the basis of B. mori female moth reproductive index, the female moths from L. sativum-fed larvae proved to have a lower reproductive index compared to their corresponding value for females of the control group, indicating more efficient utilization of larval resources for B. mori reproduction. Quantification of the three main physiological resources viz., protein, lipid and carbohydrate in the internal reproductive tract of B. mori female moths at death has nominated the female moth abdomens, or simply their bodies, as being a reasonable natural source of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate, to be involved in certain manufactures (e.g., pet feed formulations) instead of discarding them as a source of environmental pollution. Evidently, the L. sativum seed powder is of considerable interest because it remarkably improves the performance of such an economically important insect, B. mori. This is the first study for evaluating the efficacy of L. sativum seed powder in sericulture field to enhance B. mori productivity parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors studied changes in the content of proline, flavonoids, and organic (malic, citric, succinic) acids in watercress plants (Lepidium sativum L.) at the initial stage of development of salt-alkaline stress. The two-factor experiment included variants with NaCl salinity (50, 100, 150, 200 mM), alkalinity (at pH = 7–10) and variants of combined effects of salt and pH. The separate and mutual effects of stress factors on changes in the height and weight of the above-ground parts of plants; water, Na+, proline, flavonoids, content; and total organic acids in the leaves were determined using two-factor analysis of variance with determining the strength of influence according to Snedecor. Changes in the height and weight of watercress were minimal 24 and 48 h after stress exposure, and the strength of the influence of stress factors was no more than 4–7%. The water content of watercress leaves has decreased; these changes are due to the separate and mutual effects of NaCl salinity and high pH values by 35–53%. A noticeable accumulation of Na+ was observed in the leaves of watercress; its content in the first hours of observation depended on the individual influence of stress factors. After 24 h, the amount of Na+ in leaves increased several times relative to the control, the indicators of individual and mutual influence of salt-alkaline stress factors reached 31–33%. The accumulation of proline in leaves depended to a greater extent on salinity and the mutual action of stress factors (influence within 26–33%). The influence of high pH values did not exceed 21%. A slight accumulation of flavonoids was noted only 1 h after stress exposure. It was found that the increase in the total content of citric, malic, and succinic acids depended equally on the individual and mutual influence of factors; the total effect of NaCl salinity and high pH values reached 97–99%. Thus, under conditions of salt-alkaline stress, the accumulation of organic acids and proline is the basis of adaptation processes in watercress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is still much to be discovered regarding the etiopathogenesis and management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: Four groups of female Wister-Albino rats were established, each with a normal estrous cycle: control, D (+) galactose (D-galactose), Lepidium sativum (L. sativum), and prepared secondary antibody (Ab2). Serum samples were collected, and histopathological examination was performed on ovaries and spleen tissues. Immunoreactive anti-ovarian antibody (AOA) quantities were determined using a modified antigen-based ELISA procedure. ELISA assay kits were used to quantify FSH, LH, and estradiol 17 β concentrations. Results: The study found that AOA concentration in undiluted samples was significantly higher in the second and fourth weeks after PCOS induction by D-galactose (p < 0.001). However, antibody index% and titer elevated in the D-galactose group. L. sativum's late efficacy was observed in the fourth week, while the concentration of undiluted samples in the D-galactose + Ab2 group lowered (p < 0.001). Higher basal FSH and LH levels and lower estrogen levels are associated with PCOS development. L. sativum's immunomodulatory properties may contribute to this association. Estradiol-17ß concentrations increased in D-galactose + L. sativum and D-galactose + Ab2 groups, respectively. Conclusion: Careful extrapolation of experimental models is crucial for clinical applications, as technical advancements make Ab2 production easier. Further study is needed to fully understand its potential in immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation coupled with oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenicity of various clinical disorders. Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense system, leading to cellular damages. The study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lepidium sativum seed-coat mucilage. The water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from mucilage and fractionated using gel permeation chromatography. The radical scavenging potential of various fractions was determined using DPPH, H2O2, and lipid peroxidation assays. The most effective EC50 was recorded for F53 (57.41 ± 1.34 μg/mL), followed by F20 (69.19 ± 0.61 μg/mL) and F52 (75.06 ± 0.45 μg/mL). In vitro anti-inflammatory effect was determined through human membrane stabilization assay while the in vivo effect was evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema in mouse model where F53 demonstrated significant (P = 0.05) anti-inflammatory potential (92.60 % compared to diclofenac sodium 91.46 %). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid as main acidic monosaccharides along with varying quantities of rhamnose, arabinose, and maltose as prominent neutral monosaccharides. The study concludes that cress seed mucilage contains potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polysaccharides. Further studies on the mode of action of these polysaccharides could provide deeper insights into their potential use as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

Objective: There is still much to be discovered regarding the etiopathogenesis and management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: Four groups of female Wister-Albino rats were established, each with a normal estrous cycle: control, D ( + ) galactose (D-galactose), Lepidium sativum (L. sativum), and prepared secondary antibody (Ab2). Serum samples were collected, and histopathological examination was performed on ovaries and spleen tissues. Immunoreactive anti-ovarian antibody (AOA) quantities were determined using a modified antigen-based ELISA procedure. ELISA assay kits were used to quantify FSH, LH, and estradiol 17 β concentrations. Results: The study found that AOA concentration in undiluted samples was significantly higher in the second and fourth weeks after PCOS induction by D-galactose (p < 0.001). However, antibody index% and titer elevated in the D-galactose group. L. sativum's late efficacy was observed in the fourth week, while the concentration of undiluted samples in the D-galactose + Ab2 group lowered (p < 0.001). Higher basal FSH and LH levels and lower estrogen levels are associated with PCOS development. L. sativum's immunomodulatory properties may contribute to this associa¬tion. Estradiol-17ß concentrations increased in D-galactose + L. sativum and D-galactose + Ab2 groups, respectively. Conclusion: Careful extrapolation of experimental models is crucial for clinical applications, as technical advancements make Ab2 production easier. Further study is needed to fully understand its potential in immunotherapy. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 418-428]

The eff ects of natural factors (temperatures +34°C and +20°C) and anthropogenic xenobiotics (1,2,4-TriH; 1-(CH3 SO2 )-1H-1,2,4-Tri; 4-(PhSO2 )-4H-1,2,4-Tri; 4-(TolSO2 )-4H-1,2,4-Tri) on watercress Lepidium sativum L. was studied. For this, 4 series of experiments were carried out. In the fi rst two series, the eff ect of concentrations was studied: 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg/ml during germination at diff erent temperatures for three days. It was found that the ability of the triazole compounds to inhibit the germination of watercress seeds increased with increasing concentration of the solutions. The magnitude of lipophilicity was the determining factor in their toxicity. Diff erences between the infl uence of the studied temperatures on the energy of seed germination weren’t revealed. The ability of the synthesized triazoles to inhibit the growth of watercress roots and stems increased with increasing their concentration. At the same time, their toxicity was signifi cantly higher at the higher of the studied temperatures. The next two series examined the ability of Lepidium sativum to adapt to the toxicity of triazoles. To do this, the seeds were germinated during the day at contrasting temperatures in solutions with a concentration of 0.001 mg/ml, then they were germinated in solutions of 0.1 mg/ml for two days. It turned out that triazoles had signifi cantly diff erent eff ects on the development of the adaptive response in plants. Only 4-(PhSO2 )-4H-1,2,4-Tri; 4-(TolSO2 )-4H-1,2,4-Tri caused a signifi cant development of an adaptive response, the magnitude of which also depended on the cultivation temperature. We found that the value of lipophilicity of the studied triazoles was of signifi cant importance during their direct action, and the values of their molecular weight and molecular volume were important for the development of preadaptation.

The main objective of this research is to assess how gamma radiation influences the chemical composition and activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Lepidium sativum (L. sativum) seeds. Methanolic extracts were obtained through a 24 h maceration process from L. sativum seeds exposed to various doses of gamma irradiation. Phytochemical screening involved precipitation and staining reactions, with the antioxidant potential assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated through a diffusion test on agar medium, while the cytotoxic potential on the lung cancer line "A-549 cells" was examined using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Qualitative analysis of the extracts identified preserved bioactive constituents after irradiation. Additionally, quantitative analysis indicated a significant rise in the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids under radiation, accompanied by an enhanced reducing power compared to the control. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic capabilities also improved, evident in increased growth inhibition zones for certain microbial strains and reduced viability rates of A549 cells. These results show promise and warrant further investigation into the potential of gamma radiation to enhance additional biological effects of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the common cooking practices on the nutritional value and the antioxidant contents of Lepidium sativum zinc biofortified sprouts was assessed in the present investigation. Garden cress sprouts showed an increase of dry matter, ash, proteins, carbohydrates, sodium, iron and zinc contents according to the applied cooking process. Antinutrient and pigment contents (chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyans) were diminished by applying various cooking treatments. A significant drop of total phenolic (25.57 – 60.87%) and total flavonoid contents (58.04 – 71.86%), catechin hydrate (81.90 – 96.15%), sinapic acid (62.44 – 84.79%), myricitin (97.62 – 99.12%) and rutin (52.83 – 83.41%) was detected in cooked plant material. Nevertheless, cooking practices raised the caffeic acid contents by 21.97 to 29.74% and boil and steam cooking increased the chlorogenic acid amounts by 1.89% and 9.28%, respectively. Microwaving favored an improvement of the antioxidant performances. Overall, Microwaving permitted good nutrients retention along with the best antioxidant performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the ability of aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum seeds (LSE) to improve the wound healing process in rat models. The gelatin, extracted from the skin of smooth-hound shark using citric acid, was used as a support material for ointment. Animals were divided into four groups of six rats each: an untreated control group, a control group treated with Moist Exposed Burn Ointment (MEBO), a treated group with gelatin gel, and a treated group with gelatin gel fortified with 20 mg/mL LSE. Phenolics profile analysis showed that the major compounds in LSE were catechin (125 μg/g) and quinic acid (105 μg/g). In vitro antioxidant tests showed that LSE has interesting activities to scavenge ABTS•+ radicals (IC50 = 0.22 mg/mL) and inhibit the oxidation of linoleic acid. A significant decline in the antioxidant enzymes activities and an increase in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and inflammatory markers was observed within the injured tissues of the untreated rats compared to rats treated with MEBO. Interestingly, when the wounded tissue was treated with gelatin gel a remarkable reversal of this trend occurred. Further, by enrichment of gelatin gel with LSE, the levels of CAT, GPx and SOD activities significantly increased by 35, 126, and 212 %, respectively, whereas the TBARS level was reduced by 31 %. These results were consistent with the wound contraction percentage and histological analysis, which suggest the potential effect of LSE-enriched gelatin gels to regenerate damaged tissues.

Kassahun Dires Ayenew,1 Amare Ayalew,2 Yehualashet Teshome Wondmkun,1 Abate Wondesen Tsige,1 Addis Wolde,3 Yihenew Sewale,4 Gebremedhin Desta Belihu,5 Engidashet Fekade,1 Habtemariam Alekaw Habteweld1 1Department of Pharmacy, Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; 2Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; 3Traditional Herbalist, North Shewa Zone, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; 4Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; 5Department of Statistics, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Kassahun Dires Ayenew, Department of Pharmacy, Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, Email kassh2009@gmail.comBackground: Ethiopians use Artemisia abyssinica and Lepidium sativum as immunity enhancers. However, there is no scientific validation conducted so far regarding this claim. The aim of this study was to investigate the in-vivo immunomodulatory activities of essential oils of A. abyssinica and L. sativum in mice.Methods: The extraction was carried out using the earlier techniques. By hydro distilling fresh seeds and aerial portions of A. abyssinica and L. sativum, respectively, essential oils were obtained. Essential oils of both plants were tested at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. The rate of carbon clearance, humoral antibody titer, delayed type hypersensitivity response, spleen and thymus indices were evaluated in mice according to scientific protocols. The carbon clearance assay was determined using carbon ink. Sheep red blood cell was used as an antigen for other tests.Results: Essential oils of A. abyssinica and L. sativum at 400 mg/kg significantly increased the rate of carbon clearance from the body of mice (p< 0.05). The maximum carbon clearance rate was achieved for A. byssinica essential oil at 400 mg/kg. Both essential oils raised the level of HAT to SRBC in comparison to the vehicle and cyclophosphamide administered groups. The largest (84.668± 1.951) mean secondary HAT to SRBC was generated by L. sativum essential oil at 400 mg/kg (p< 0.001). A. abyssinica essential oil at 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased the level of thymus index compared to the model group (p< 0.05 and 0.01 respectively). The levamisole group experienced the highest increase in thymus index (p< 0.001). Essential oil of L. sativum at 400 mg/kg also increased the level of thymus index. The spleen index in mice was improved by the essential oils only at the highest dose levels (400 mg/kg).Conclusion: It can be inferred that the essential oils of L. sativum and A. abyssinica have immunostimulant properties.Keywords: Artemisia abyssinica, Lepidium sativum, immunomodulatory, in-vivo

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is the most destructive pest of stored grain commodities. To control the attack of this insect pest, it is important to develop non-hazardous alternatives to replace fumigants. This study examined the fumigant toxicity and repellent activity of seven essential oils (Chinopodium ambrosiodes, Pinus roxburghii, Zanthoxylum armatum, Lepidium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Baccharis teindalensis, and Origanum majorana) against adult T. castaneum under controlled laboratory conditions. The fumigant toxicity and repellent activities of essential oils were tested using five different doses (62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 µg) in vapour-phase fumigation and four-arm olfactometer bioassays, respectively. In vapor-phase fumigation bioassays, mortality data were recorded after 24, 48, and 72 h. The results showed that C. ambrosiodes and P. roxburghii essential oils are potential fumigants against adult T. castaneum. In repellency bioassays, a one-week-old adult population of T. castaneum was used to test the repellency potential of the essential oils. The results indicated that C. ambrosiodes and P. roxburghii had significant repellency potential against T. castaneum. Overall, we conclude that these essential oils have strong repellent and fumigant properties and can be used as potential repellent compounds to deter the insects.

Far-red light is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of 700–800 nm. Light of such wavelengths does not fall into the range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) but plays an informational role in plants and indirectly influences the photosynthetic rate. In this study, garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) was grown under illumination with different red to far-red light ratios (RL/FRL) in the overall lighting spectrum. The treatments with RL/FRL ratios of 1.1, 0.8, and 0.5 were applied. Effects of RL/FRL ratio on plant height, the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, and photosynthesis were examined. The decrease in RL/FRL ratio in grow light led to elongation of cress plants and reduced the content of photosynthetic pigments. Lighting with ratios RL/FRL = 0.8 and RL/FRL = 0.5 did not reduce the photosynthetic capacity (on the 14th day of the experiment), which can be regarded as a positive effect. Lighting with a ratio RL/FRL = 1.1 was accompanied by the reduction of photosynthesis, which was probably due to a significant decrease in the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioprospecting of wild functional food plants used in the urban communities in developing countries as sources of food and medicine has been on the rise steadily. Lepidium sativum and Tridax procumbens are wild edible plants in Nigeria with tremendous ethnomedicinal uses. In this research, volatile extracts were obtained from the shoots of the two plants via steam distillation and subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis, antimicrobial analysis and inhibitory activities against α-amylase enzyme and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, respectively. A white color volatile extract was obtained from L. sativum shoot while a translucent volatile extract with sweet scent was obtained from T. procumbensshoot. Both extracts consist of vary constituents of phytochemicals. The extract from L. sativum only showed moderately susceptibility against Streptococcus pneumonea with zone of inhibition of 11.5 mm among the selected microbes while extract from T. procumbens showed a broader susceptibility towards more microbes with higher zone of inhibition values and a better inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibition concentration MIC of 31.23 mg/g. Both extracts have better alpha-amylase inhibitory activity with EC50 values of 134.48 µg/mL (L. sativum) and 106.74 µg/mL (T. procumbens), respectively when compared to the EC50 value of 165.93 µg/mL of the standard drug acarbose. However, the standard drug (ascorbic acid) exhibited better inhibitory activity against DPPH radical with EC50 value of 41.69 µg/mL when compared to their EC50 values of 47.71 and 48.63 µg/mL, respectively. The results show that the volatile extracts contain phytochemicals with antimicrobial, anti-diabetic and antioxidant potentials [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater ingredients present risks to the environment and can cause health problems. The aim of this study was to identify the toxicological effects of influent and effluent wastewater from Konya Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant (KU WWTP) and Konya Organized Industrial Zone Wastewater Treatment Plant (KOI WWTP). Three different trophic level toxicity tests were conducted to determine the possible harmful effects of wastewater on the environment. The base toxic unit values of the Lepidium sativum toxicity test for the inlet and outlet samples of KU WWTP were found to be 1.43 and 1.10, respectively. Both values classified the analyzed wastewater into the "toxic" category. Wastewater entering the KU wastewater treatment facility was classified as "toxic" for the presence of toxic substances according to the Vibrio fischeri toxicity testing. Influent samples from the KOI wastewater treatment plant were classified as "toxic" with the Vibrio fischeri toxicity test. In addition, based on the fish bioassay value (TDF), wastewater from the KOI treatment facility was also classified as "toxic". It was concluded that increased chemical oxygen demand and concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus and of certain heavy metals above the limits played a decisive role in classifying the samples as "toxic". The results of this study suggest that all three tests have the potential to assess wastewater toxicity and that changes in wastewater properties may result in differences in test sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of wet wipes from manufacturers of different countries using the growth test with garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). This study used nine variants of wet wipes produced in Ukraine, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Germination energy (on the third day), germination, and biometric and morphometric characteristics (on the fifth day) were determined. The phytotoxic indexes were calculated. It was established that 78% of the tested wet wipes (60% from Ukrainian production and 100% from foreign production) possessed extreme toxicity. Therefore, the tested wet wipes contain toxic substances (in particular, surfactants), show phytotoxicity and can be a source of environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Diabetes can adversely affect spermatogenesis. Garden cress plant, known as Lepidium sativum, contains antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate and compare in vivo antidiabetic activities of hydroalcoholic garden cress seed extract and insulin on diabetic rats. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, diabetes was induced in the animals using streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg). Fifty rats were divided into five equal groups as follows: Groups 1, nondiabetic rats; group 2, diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin; Group 3, diabetic animals that received streptozotocin plus insulin; and groups 4 and 5 were diabetic rats that received 200 and 400 mg/kg garden cress seed extract respectively by gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, the sperm parameters obtained from the tail of the left epididymis and biochemical parameters were analyzed and compared among the groups. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: The sperm parameters of the diabetic groups receiving 200 and 400 mg/kg of garden cress extract demonstrated a significant increase in all parameters compared to those of the diabetic control group. Administration of garden cress extract as a powerful antioxidant led to compensation for the streptozotocin toxicity and improved sperm quality. Conclusion: Administration of the Lepidium sativum seed extract compensated for the Streptozotocin-induced harmful effects. Our findings suggested that use of the garden cress seed extract and insulin therapy may have a potential protective effect on diabetes mellitus.

The biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was achieved through the utilization of an extract derived from the plant Lepidium Sativum, commonly referred to as Garden cress. The current study was undertaken to examine the impacts of different concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) (0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3) on the properties of silver nanoparticles. A range of analytical techniques were utilized to examine the characteristics of the nanoparticles, encompassing energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings demonstrated and suggested that Lepidium Sativum represents a viable choice for the environmentally friendly production of silver nanoparticles. The UV-Vis spectra of the studied silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) exhibited a significant level of absorption within the wavelength range of 430-460 nm. The most intense absorption peak, observed at 453 nm, was associated with a concentration of 0.25 mol. The examination of the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images has revealed that the concentration of the solution has a substantial impact on the size, morphology, shape, and orientation of the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The Ag NPs exhibit a mostly spherical and semi-spherical form, with an average particle size ranging from 65 to 80 nm. Additionally, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized exhibit a high level of purity, consisting solely of silver atoms arranged in a face-centered cubic crystalline lattice structure. The particle size, as determined from the (111) peak, falls within the range of 25.31-67.28 nm. The EDX spectrum analysis indicated that the primary chemical constituent present in the samples was silver (Ag). The silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) produced at different concentrations exhibited a distinct peak in the UV-Vis spectrum, demonstrating significant absorbance above 400 nm in the visible region and minimal absorption in the UV range. The measured energy band gap (Eg) ranged from 2.05 to 2.3 eV. In addition, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) at different concentrations did not exhibit any discernible peak throughout the monitored range. This observation implies that the silver nanoparticles that were produced using cress plant extract had a high level of purity.

This paper is a supplementary study of a research article (under publication) entitled: “Great Expectations of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) Seed Powder in Sericulture Industry”- I. With a Brief View on the Positive Effects of Mulberry Leaf Enrichment with the Various Phytochemicals in L. sativum Seed Powder on Bombyx mori L. Economic Parameters. Analysis of correlation relationships between Bombyx mori different economic parameters revealed that of the studied 39 analyses, eight, six, and twenty-five correlation relationships proved to have a significant correlation, a marginally non-significant correlation, and a non-significant correlation, respectively. The cocoon shell weight or the cocoon shell ratio (%) showed to be a function of the pupal weight or the cocoon weight, respectively. Hence, B. mori pupal weight or cocoon weight is the best reliable predictor of cocoon shell weight or cocoon shell ratio (%), respectively (r=0.936- 0.982 or r=0.545-0.901, in respect). The obtained negative correlation relationships could give evidence for possible trade-offs between B. mori female fecundity and each of the following: pupal weight, female longevity, female body size, spermatophore counts per female moth, or egg size. Also, the ANOVA and the significant negative correlation relationships in the controls indicate that Lepidium sativum seed powder is an influential factor in improving the B. mori economic parameters. Application of correlation-regression analyses in B. mori rearing might be advisable either to predict B. mori economically important parameters or to encourage for trade-off studies between life-history parameters which are important in B. mori rearing and selection or breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential impact of concrete mixtures containing steel slag (SS) as a partial replacement of natural aggregates (NA) on the terrestrial ecosystem was assessed using a battery of plant‐based bioassays. Leaching tests were conducted on four concrete mixtures and one mixture containing only NA (reference concrete). Leachates were tested for phytotoxicity using seeds of Lepidium sativum, Cucumis sativus, and Allium cepa. Emerging seedlings of L. sativum and A. cepa were used to assess DNA damage (comet test). The genotoxicity of the leachates was also analyzed with bulbs of A. cepa using the comet and chromosome aberration tests. None of the samples caused phytotoxic effects. On the contrary, almost all the samples supported the seedlings; and two leachates, one from the SS‐containing concrete and the other from the reference concrete, promoted the growth of C. sativus and A. cepa. The DNA damage of L. sativum and A. cepa seedlings was significantly increased only by the reference concrete sample. In contrast, the DNA damage in A. cepa bulbs was significantly enhanced by the reference concrete but also by that of a concrete sample with SS. Furthermore, all leachates caused an increase in chromosomal aberrations in A. cepa bulbs. Despite some genotoxic effects of the concrete on plant cells, the partial replacement of SS does not seem to make the concrete more hazardous than the reference concrete, suggesting the potential use of SS as a reliable recycled material. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2193–2200. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was achieved through the utilization of an extract derived from the plant Lepidium Sativum, commonly referred to as Garden cress. The current study was undertaken to examine the impacts of different concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) (0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3) on the properties of silver nanoparticles. A range of analytical techniques were utilized to examine the characteristics of the nanoparticles, encompassing energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings demonstrated and suggested that Lepidium Sativum represents a viable choice for the environmentally friendly production of silver nanoparticles. The UV-Vis spectra of the studied silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) exhibited a significant level of absorption within the wavelength range of 430-460 nm. The most intense absorption peak, observed at 453 nm, was associated with a concentration of 0.25 mol. The examination of the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images has revealed that the concentration of the solution has a substantial impact on the size, morphology, shape, and orientation of the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The Ag NPs exhibit a mostly spherical and semi-spherical form, with an average particle size ranging from 65 to 80 nm. Additionally, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized exhibit a high level of purity, consisting solely of silver atoms arranged in a face-centered cubic crystalline lattice structure. The particle size, as determined from the (111) peak, falls within the range of 25.31-67.28 nm. The EDX spectrum analysis indicated that the primary chemical constituent present in the samples was silver (Ag). The silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) produced at different concentrations exhibited a distinct peak in the UV-Vis spectrum, demonstrating significant absorbance above 400 nm in the visible region and minimal absorption in the UV range. The measured energy band gap (Eg) ranged from 2.05 to 2.3 eV. In addition, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) at different concentrations did not exhibit any discernible peak throughout the monitored range. This observation implies that the silver nanoparticles that were produced using cress plant extract had a high level of purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tractor 10E is an Alpha-cypermethrin based insecticide. It is one of the commonly used insecticides. The toxic effect of this product was assessed using the Lens culinaris (edible lentil) and Lepidium sativum (watercress) test. The seeds of Lens culinaris and Lepidium sativum were subjected to 6 increasing concentrations of Tractor 10E (25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800mg/l) and the control (distilled water). After 7 days, weight, root and stem development were measured. The results of the statistical study revealed the notable effect of this toxic product on growth, especially at high concentrations for the two species which are the subject of plant toxicity tests. Stem length growth is the most sensitive parameter. IC50 is equal to 136.99mg/l for lentil and 136.42mg/l for watercress. The results of this study reveal that this alpha-cypermethrin insecticide has the ability to alter the growth of plants as non-target organisms, which imposes the effective use and management of these toxicants and even replacing them with biopesticides to preserve human health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was carried out with the aim of improving the use of compost products as compost tea and humic substances fertilizers, to study the evolution and the degree of compost maturity, and to use the chlorophyll as an indicator of compost quality. Method: The compost tea and humic substances were prepared from different stages of a windrow compost (1/2 dewatered lagooning sludge + 1/2 green waste), the mineral content was investigated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis. The growth test was carried out in a greenhouse for two months on two plants: Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) and Lepidium sativum (Cress). Plant observations including stem elongation, biomass, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence and total chlorophyll content in the leaf were investigated at the end of the experiment. Results: The findings revealed that compost tea and humic substances resulting from the initial stage and intermediate stage of composting present a lower stimulating effect on plants growth (biomass: 0.83-1.42 g/plant; total chlorophyll: 0.48-0.71 mg/plant). While those from the final stage showed significant effects on biometric and physiological properties (biomass: 1.399-2.396 g/plant; total chlorophyll: 0.74-0.83 mg/g). Furthermore, the chlorophyll performance, as a good indicator to determine plant stress and soil pollution, confirmed the maturity and the good quality of the final compost. Conclusion: Compost tea and humic substances treatments approved their bioactive properties and beneficial effects on plant growth and their physiological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current design was conducted to investigate the impact of dietary Habarachad (HR) seeds as a dietary supplement on reproductive and economic performance of local rabbits in Egypt (Black Balady Rabbits). Rabbits were divided into four equal groups, each containing three female replicates and one male. The control group received commercial basal diet only, while the other groups received the basal diet supplemented with 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g/kg diet, respectively. The rabbits fed diets supplemented with both 5 and 7.5 g HR/kg diet recorded significantly the lowest feed intake than the control group. Litter size at birth significantly improved due to feeding on diet supplemented with 5 g HR/ kg diet followed by the diet contained 2.5 g HR/kg diet compared to the control diet. The kids from rabbits fed on diets supplemented with 5 g HR/kg diet had significantly the highest weight at birth and number at 21 day followed by the low level of HR as compared to the HR-untreated group. Litter size at weaning (35 day) was significantly increased by feeding on diet supplemented with 5 g HR/kg diet and the diet contained 2.5 g HR/kg diet came second followed compared to the control group. There was a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio due to feeding on diet supplemented with 2.5 and 5 g HR/kg diet compared to the control group. All different levels of HR had significantly higher value of serum globulin than the control group. Also, no significant alternations were detected in serum low density lipoprotein compared to HR-untreated group. On the other hand, it should be noted that both superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity were significantly increased by feeding diets supplemented with 2.5, 5 and 7.5 g HR/kg diet especially level of 5 g/kg diet compared to the control group. Conclusively, according to the results, it is concluded that dietary HR supplementation up to 5 g/ kg diet for Black Balady rabbit’s does could be used to improve and maximize reproductive performance and economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Finding natural products with anticancer activity is an effective strategy to fight this disease. In this respect, Lepidium sativum or garden cress (family Brassicaceae) has been widely used worldwide for its wide therapeutic application, including anticancer and chemoprotective agents. Plant tissue culture techniques hold great promise for natural product enhancement without any climatic boundaries. In this study, glucosinolates and petroleum ether fractions were isolated from in vitro cell cultures and used against different carcinoma cell lines to investigate their anticancer potential. Methods In this study, callus cultures from leaf and root explants were initiated, cell suspension cultures were established, and cell growth and viability profiles were characterized. Different amino acids were added as precursors to the cell suspension cultures to enhance glucosinolates accumulation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis (GC–MS) of glucosinolates and petroleum ether fractions was performed, and all fractions were tested against different carcinoma cell lines. Results The findings clarified that the maximum callus initiation percentage was obtained in the medium containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) + 1.0 mg/l kinetin (Kin) (C1). The viable cell number of cell suspension cultures from leaves and roots increased until it reached the maximum values on day 15. Adding tyrosine and methionine to the cell suspension cultures was the most influential and recorded high glucosinolate percentages. 1H-Cyclopenta (b) pyridine-3-carbonitrile-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-methylthio-4-spirocyclohexane was the main glucosinolate compound found in tyrosine-treated leaf suspension (GLT). Fifteen compounds were detected in the petroleum ether fraction in both cell suspensions initiated from the leaf and root (OL and OR). The major compounds were benzene-1,3,5-trimethyl (12.99%) in root cell suspension (OR), and benzene-2-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl (10.66%) in leaf cell suspension (OL). All glucosinolate extracts demonstrated significant anticancer activity against the prostate (PC3), lung (A-549), colorectal (caco2), and liver (HepG2) cell lines. Glucosinolates extracted from leaf cell suspension (GL) were the most active on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) among all remaining glucosinolate extracts. Treated hepatocellular carcinoma with an IC50 of GL extract (47.5 ug/ml) upregulates pro-apoptotic BAX and downregulates anti-apoptotic BCL2, which disrupts the BAX/BCL2 ratio, leading to activation of caspase 3 inside treated HepG2 cells. Conclusions The anticancer action of the GL extract was validated by the cell cycle study of its glucosinolates, which successfully promoted apoptosis and reduced hepatocellular growth by causing S-phase arrest.

The emergence of new bacterial species in different infections, such as Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium needs materials to get rid of, especially if these materials are of 100% natural origin, however, repeated experiments must be conducted from different materials for the same bacterial species until reaching the target material. The research has investigated about if two nosocomial infective bacteria Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium could influence with some plants (Lepidium sativum, Sinapis arvensis, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus) belong to the Brassicaceae family which are mainly known containing compounds that are effective in combating pathogenic bacteria, using the disk diffusion method. The result was no inhibition zone around the disks saturated with water and alcoholic extracts separately by all plants against these two bacterial species tested. The authors concluded that these bacteria might have adaptation from previous exposure to their environment. From our result, it is clear that there is a need to test extracts from other plants to resist these two bacterial species, which may pose a health risk, especially since they are previously registered to be resistant to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel slags, the main waste product from the steel industry, may have several reuse possibilities. Among others, building applications represent a crucial field. However, the potential impact of harmful substances on the environment should be assessed. The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxicity of steel slags (SS) and concrete mixtures cast with a partial replacement of SS (CSS). Leaching tests were carried out on four SS and four CSS according to EN 12457-2 and UNI EN 15863, respectively. Each leachate was assayed using root elongation tests on 30 seeds of Allium cepa, Cucumis sativus, and Lepidium sativum, respectively, and on 12 bulbs of A. cepa. The latter also allowed the analysis of other macroscopic parameters of toxicity (turgidity, consistency, colour change and root tip shape) and the evaluation of the mitotic index on 20,000 root tip cells per sample. None of the samples induced phytotoxic effects on the organisms tested: all samples supported seedlings emergence, verified by root elongation comparable to, or even greater than, that of the negative controls, and did not affect cell division, as evidenced by mitotic index values. The absence of phytotoxicity demonstrated by the leachates allows SS and SS-derived concrete to be considered as reliable materials suitable for use in civil constructions or in other engineering applications, with economic and environmental advantages, such as the reduction of the final disposal in landfills as well as the consumption of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belgorod Region is one of the main agro-industrial regions of Russia. The volume of production in the livestock sector in 2022 amounted to 203 billion rubles. Most often, livestock farms are located near agricultural land with plant crops, which increases the risk of contamination of the latter with various toxicants. The purpose of this work was to study and assess the contamination with heavy metal ions and toxic chemicals of the soils of agricultural lands and nearby reservoirs in the Prokhorovsky district of the Belgorod region. Watercress (Lepidium sativum) and crustaceans (Daphnia magna Straus) are bioindicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Osteoporosis is characterized by deterioration of bone microarchitecture and reduced bone mass and can increase the risk of fracture. To reduce this risk, the aim of this study was to compare the combination effects of olive oil and Lepidium sativum compared to the conventional drug therapy alendronate. Methods Osteoporosed-induced rat model was established by administration of dexamethasone in female adult albino rats. The serum level of Ca2+, P3+, and osteocalcin was assessed. In addition, histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression of osteopontin within bone specimens were performed. Results Our results showed that a combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum had a beneficial therapeutic effect in the treatment of osteoporosis as compared to alendronate therapy. This was demonstrated by increase of serum Ca2+, P3+, and osteocalcin levels in treated compared to control groups. Intriguingly, the highest effect was noticed in rats that received a combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum compared to the individual treatment. This was reflected by an increase in the cortical bone thickness and a decrease in immunohistochemical expression of osteopontin compared to individual treated groups. Conclusion We concluded that the administration of a combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum improves bone mineral health and intensity and reduces the risk of osteoporosis in a rat model.

Background: The plants Aloe weloensis, Lepidium sativum, and Lobelia gibberoa have been used in Ethiopian folklore medicine to treat various diseases including malaria. Method: The in vitro anti-plasmodial activity of the three crude extracts was evaluated using parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay against the chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive D10 and the chloroquine (CQ)-resistant W2 strains. Result: The methanolic extract of L. gibberoa roots showed the highest in vitro anti-plasmodial effect against both D10 and W2 Plasmodium falciparum strains with IC50 value of 103.83 ± 26.17 µg/mL and 47.11 ± 12.46 µg/mL, respectively. However, the methanolic extract of L. sativum seeds and the leaf latex of A. weloensis were not active with an IC50 value > 200 µg/mL against both D10 and W2 strains. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of L. gibberoa roots showed a promising in vitro anti-plasmodial activity against the CQ-sensitive (D10) and CQ-resistant (W2) strains of P. falciparum. Thus, the anti-plasmodial activity of this plant partly justifies and may also support the traditional use against malaria. However, the methanolic extract of L. sativum seeds and the leaf latex of A. weloensis did not exert suppressive activity on the growth of P. falciparum strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Finding natural products with anticancer activity is an effective strategy to fight this disease. In this respect, Lepidium sativum or garden cress (family Brassicaceae) has been widely used worldwide for its wide therapeutic application, including anticancer and chemoprotective agents. Plant tissue culture techniques hold great promise for natural product enhancement without any climatic boundaries. In this study, glucosinolates and petroleum ether fractions were isolated from in vitro cell cultures and used against different carcinoma cell lines to investigate their anticancer potential. Methods: In this study, callus cultures from leaf and root explants were initiated, cell suspension cultures were established, and cell growth and viability profiles were characterized. Different amino acids were added as precursors to the cell suspension cultures to enhance glucosinolates accumulation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis (GC–MS) of glucosinolates and petroleum ether fractions was performed, and all fractions were tested against different carcinoma cell lines. Results: The findings clarified that the maximum callus initiation percentage was obtained in the medium containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) + 1.0 mg/l kinetin (Kin) (C1). The viable cell number of cell suspension cultures from leaves and roots increased until it reached the maximum values on day 15. Adding tyrosine and methionine to the cell suspension cultures was the most influential and recorded high glucosinolate percentages. 1H-Cyclopenta (b) pyridine-3-carbonitrile-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-methylthio-4-spirocyclohexane was the main glucosinolate compound found in tyrosine-treated leaf suspension (GLT). Fifteen compounds were detected in the petroleum ether fraction in both cell suspensions initiated from the leaf and root (OL and OR). The major compounds were benzene-1,3,5-trimethyl (12.99%) in root cell suspension (OR), and benzene-2-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl (10.66%) in leaf cell suspension (OL). All glucosinolate extracts demonstrated significant anticancer activity against the prostate (PC3), lung (A-549), colorectal (caco2), and liver (HepG2) cell lines. Glucosinolates extracted from leaf cell suspension (GL) were the most active on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) among all remaining glucosinolate extracts. Treated hepatocellular carcinoma with an IC50 of GL extract (47.5 ug/ml) upregulates pro-apoptotic BAX and downregulates anti-apoptotic BCL2, which disrupts the BAX/BCL2 ratio, leading to activation of caspase 3 inside treated HepG2 cells. Conclusions: The anticancer action of the GL extract was validated by the cell cycle study of its glucosinolates, which successfully promoted apoptosis and reduced hepatocellular growth by causing S-phase arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bioaccumulation of aluminum in the brain is associated with adverse neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative changes, such as those seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of the administration of Lepidium sativum (LS) extract on behavioral, biochemical, and cerebral histopathological changes in rats with AlCl3-induced AD and explore the mechanism behind this effect. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 40 male albino rats divided into four groups (n=10): LS (control, 20 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks), AD (AlCl3, 10 mg/kg body weight), and an LS-treated AD group. Behavioral assessment included radial armed maze and active avoidance training tests. Proinflammatory cytokines, oxidant/antioxidant markers, Aβ, AchE, tau protein, TGFβ1, homocysteine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 were biochemically assessed in the serum. The cerebral cortex was histopathologically examined. Results: AlCl3 administration significantly impaired rats' memory, indicating AD-like behavioral changes, significantly increased (P< 0.001) oxidative stress markers, enhanced proinflammatory cytokines, and significantly increased AChE (P< 0.001) adding to cytotoxic effects and neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex. LS administration significantly improved the antioxidant parameters, reduced proinflammatory cytokines, and alleviated AD-associated histopathological changes. Conclusion: LS ameliorated AlCl3-induced changes through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects, suggesting that it has a neuroprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Antioxidants are organic compounds that help to prevent lipid oxidation and improve the shelf-life of edible oils and fats. Currently, synthetic antioxidants were used as oil stabilizing agent. However, synthetic antioxidants have been causing various health risks. As a result, natural antioxidants such as most parts of olive plant, green tea, sesame, medicinal plants were plays an important role to retard lipid oxidation. The palm oil was continuously frying at 180 °C for 6 days using Lepidium sativum (0.2%w/v) and Aframomum corrorima (0.3%w/v) seeds extracts as antioxidant. The physicochemical properties of oil in the herbal extract additive group significantly maintained the oil quality during frying compared to the normal control and the food sample containing group. The L. sativum extract had a greater oil stability compared to A. corrorima extract. However, the frying oil without herbal extract significantly increase the physicochemical properties of oil such as iodine value, acid value, free fatty acid, total polar compounds, density, moisture content, pH etc. during repetitive frying. The antioxidant activity of the plant extract was outstanding, with an IC50 value in the range of 75–149.9 μg/mL when compared to the standard butyl hydroxy anisole, which had an IC50 value in the range of 74.9 ± 0.06–96.7 ± 0.75 μg/mL. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract for L. sativum was 128.6 ± 0.00 mg GAE/g, 127.0 ± 0.00 mg QE/g, and 130.16 ± 0.001 mg GAE/g, 105.76 ± 0.02 mg QE/g, respectively. The significant effect of the plant extract on the degradation of oil and the formation of free fatty acids was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The result of these study revealed that the ethanolic crude extract of L. sativum and A. corrorima had a potential natural antioxidant to prevent the degradation of palm oil.

Abstract Background Plant growth and development are severely affected by soil salinity. This study was carried out to evaluate the interaction of foliar application of antioxidants (β-carotene and gallic acid) and salt stress on Lepidium sativum seedlings. Results Our findings revealed that total dry and fresh weight were adversely affected by 25 mM NaCl salinity stress. Moreover, K+ content decreased while Na+ content increased significantly. The foliar application of β-carotene and gallic acid significantly mitigated the effects of salt stress by regulating ion uptake, reducing H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as increasing enzymatic antioxidant activity, phenolic, glutathione, and chlorophyll content. Conclusions β-carotene- and gallic acid-treated plants had higher salt tolerance.

The obtained garden cress 6-day sprouts phenolic-rich extract (GCSP) contained efficient health-promoting antioxidant-phenolic compounds. To improve the stability, bioavailability, and functional properties of these valuable phenolic compounds, GCSP was encapsulated by freeze-drying technique using different ratios of garden cress gum (GG) and maltodextrin (M) in the absence and presence of sonication (S). The prepared S/GG-microcapsule retained the highest phenolic content (95%), antioxidant activity (141.6%), and encapsulation efficiency (98.2%). It displayed the highest bio-accessibility of GCSP-phenolic compounds in simulated intestine fluid (87%) and demonstrated the greatest storage-stability at 40 °C for 60 days. S/GG-microcapsule possessed better physical properties including moisture, solubility, swelling, and morphological structures using SEM. The main spectral features, crosslinking, and improved thermal stability were demonstrated for S/GG-microcapsule using FTIR and thermogravimetric analyses. S/GG-microcapsule demonstrated much greater antibacterial activity than GCSP against pathogenic bacteria. S/GG-microcapsule can be added to different food products to improve their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepidium sativum L. is a common herb distributed worldwide, used as a food ingredient and therapeutic agent in traditional medicine for treating health-related disorders. L. sativum and its extracts have been described to possess numerous biological activities including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, anticancer, and numerous health-promoting effects in in vivo and in vitro studies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the findings describing important biological functions and therapeutic effects of L. sativum in various cell lines and animal models. In this review, the English-language articles were gathered from electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar with no time limit applied to any database. The search terms used in this review include, “Lepidium sativum L.” and/or “chemical composition”, “health benefits”, “antimicrobial”, “antioxidant”, “anticancer”, “diuretic”, “nephro-protection”, “antidiarrheal”, “antidiabetic”, “anti-asthmatic”, “neuroprotection”, “metabolic”, “bone fracture”, and “reproductive performance”. Additional and eligible studies were collected from reference lists of appropriate articles. The information presented will be helpful to attract more interest toward medicinal plants by defining and developing novel clinical applications and new drug formulations in the future. Pre-clinical studies showed that L. sativum possesses potent health-promoting effects involving various molecular mechanisms. Taken all together, data suggested that identified herbal plants such as L. sativum, can be exploited as nutritional and therapeutic agents to combat various ailments. Despite much research in this field, further comprehensive in vitro/in vivo studies and clinical trials are needed to identify the mechanisms underlying the biological and therapeutic activities of L. sativum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of wet wipes from manufacturers of different countries using the growth test with garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). This study used nine variants of wet wipes produced in Ukraine, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Germination energy (on the third day), germination, and biometric and morphometric characteristics (on the fifth day) were determined. The phytotoxic indexes were calculated. It was established that 78% of the tested wet wipes (60% from Ukrainian production and 100% from foreign production) possessed extreme toxicity. Therefore, the tested wet wipes contain toxic substances (in particular, surfactants), show phytotoxicity and can be a source of environmental pollution.

Ebsa Tofik Ahmed,1 Belay Zawdie,2 Suresh Kumar P Nair,2 Mengistu Welde,2 Tigist Mateos Husen2 1Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia; 2Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ebsa Tofik Ahmed, Tel +251921168204, Email mosisatofik814@gmail.comIntroduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent disease due to a dramatic change in dietary habits, especially an increase in consumption of fat and carbohydrates in deep-fried foods.Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effect of hydromethanolic seed extract of Lepidium sativum on deep-fried palm oil diet induced NAFLDon male mice.Methods: An experimental study design was conducted. Twenty-four male mice aged 8 to 10 weeks, weighing 32– 42 g were divided into four groups. The four groups were divided into two controls and two treatments. Mice in normal control (C0) were administered only with the basal diet whereas negative control (C1) provided only with the deep-fried palm oil diet. The treatment groups T1, and T2 were administered with deep-fried palm oil diet and HMSELS at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, respectively for 28 days. Then on day 29, the mice were fasted overnight, anaesthetized and sacrificed by cervical dislocation after blood was taken by cardiac puncture for liver function tests while liver tissues were taken for histopathology investigation.Results: The serum ALT and total bilirubin showed significant decrement whereas the serum albumin levels showed significant increment in T2 group. However, serum AST and ALP levels were decreased significantly in both T1 and T2 groups. Besides, the T2 group liver sections of mice were showed better effect of HMSELS on restoring the damaged liver histopathology almost toward normal.Conclusion: The HMSELS at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day (T2) was more effective on the liver function tests and liver histopathology that altered by feeding deep-fried palm oil diet. The good protective effect of HMSELS against deep-fried palm oil diet-induced NAFLD might be due to its antioxidant content.Graphical Abstract: Keywords: Lepidium sativum, deep-fried, palm oil, NAFLD, mice

Long-term used of sewage sludge and fertilizer causes accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, which may lead to excessive absorption of these elements by plants and consequently entering these toxic metals into the human and animal food chain. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of bio-organic and chemical fertilizers application on the absorption of macronutrients and heavy metals in Lepidium sativum. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, the experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications in the environment and greenhouse conditions. Fertilizer treatments included chemical fertilizer treatment (diammonium phosphate), anaerobically digested sludge compost, sludge compost without digestion and raw sludge at the weight of 28, 57 and 115 g and control treatment. Finally, the concentrations of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Hg and As and macronutrients including phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon in the leaf of L. sativum were measured using ICP-OES. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. Results: The results showed that the maximum mean concentrations of As and nitrogen in L. sativum vegetables were 0.592 and 10.2 mg/kg in 115 g raw sludge treatment, the maximum mean concentration of Cd, Hg, Pb, carbon and phosphorus elements in L. sativum were 0.956, 0.701, 1.25, 98.5 and 10.3 mg/kg, respectively in 115 g treatment raw diammonium phosphate fertilizer. The results of variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between fertilizer, sludge and control treatment and there was a significant difference between amounts 28, 57 and 115 g from fertilizer treatment in L. sativum in terms of concentration of heavy metals and macronutrients (p < 0.050). Conclusion: In conclusion, it was concluded that increasing the amount of fertilizer and sludge in the soil leads to an increase in the concentration of heavy metals and macro nutrients in L. sativum. Therefore, in the use of fertilizers and sludge for agricultural lands, it is necessary to pay attention to this issue. It was also found that the highest uptake of heavy metals and macronutrients in L. sativum was related to raw sludge treatment and diammonium phosphate fertilizer, which is indicating better quality of compost with respect to chemical fertilizer and raw sludge.

Introduction: Osteoporosis is characterized by deterioration of bone microarchitecture and reduced bone mass and can increase the risk of fracture. To reduce this risk, the aim of this study was to compare the combination effects of olive oil and Lepidium sativum compared to the conventional drug therapy alendronate. Methods: Osteoporosed-induced rat model was established by administration of dexamethasone in female adult albino rats. The serum level of Ca2+, P3+, and osteocalcin was assessed. In addition, histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression of osteopontin within bone specimens were performed. Results: Our results showed that a combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum had a beneficial therapeutic effect in the treatment of osteoporosis as compared to alendronate therapy. This was demonstrated by increase of serum Ca2+, P3+, and osteocalcin levels in treated compared to control groups. Intriguingly, the highest effect was noticed in rats that received a combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum compared to the individual treatment. This was reflected by an increase in the cortical bone thickness and a decrease in immunohistochemical expression of osteopontin compared to individual treated groups. Conclusion: We concluded that the administration of a combination of olive oil and Lepidium sativum improves bone mineral health and intensity and reduces the risk of osteoporosis in a rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With their wide application in chemical industry, human health and environmental toxic effects of hydrazines arise extensive concerns. Although hydrazine exposure is known to lead to inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth in plants, there are few reports about the mechanism of oxidation or transformation ways of hydrazines in plant tissue. In this research, garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) were used as model plant objects to study 1,1-dimethylhydrazine exposure in vitro using the GC–MS system. The seed germination and plant growth experiments were carried out in Petri dishes using an aqueous media. Among the detected 1,1-dimethylhydrazine transformation products in plant tissues, 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole had the highest intensity and reproducibility. In our research, 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole formed at all contaminant concentrations in an extremely short period. This preliminary study determined 1,1-dimethylhydrazine environment contamination by detecting 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in combination with other transformation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]