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PURPOSE To generate and present survey results on important issues relevant to treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) focusing on developing countries. METHODS A panel of 99 PCa experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 67 questions concern the main areas of interest of this article: treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in developing countries. A larger panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create the recommendations for treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this article. RESULTS The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. Each question was deemed consensus if 75% or more of the full panel had selected a particular answer. These answers are based on panelist opinion and not on a literature review or meta-analysis. For questions that refer to an area of limited resources, the recommendations considered cost-effectiveness as well as the possible therapies with easier and greater access. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two nonanswers. Results were tabulated in real time. CONCLUSION The voting results and recommendations presented in this article can guide physicians managing localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data; however, as guidelines for treatment of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in developing countries have not been defined, this article will serve as a point of reference when confronted with this disease.

PURPOSE A group of international urology and medical oncology experts developed and completed a survey on prostate cancer (PCa) in developing countries. The results are reviewed and summarized, and recommendations on consensus statements for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa focused on developing countries were developed. METHODS A panel of experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 66 questions concern the principal areas of interest of this paper: very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in developing countries. A larger panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create the recommendations for treatment and follow-up for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this manuscript. RESULTS The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. Each question was deemed consensus if 75% or more of the full panel had selected a particular answer. These answers are based on panelist opinion not a literature review or meta-analysis. For questions that refer to an area of limited resources, the recommendations consider cost-effectiveness and the possible therapies with easier and greater access. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two nonanswers. The results were tabulated in real time. CONCLUSION The voting results and recommendations presented in this document can be used by physicians to support management for very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data; however, as guidelines for treatment for very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in developing countries have not been developed, this document will serve as a point of reference when confronted with this disease.

BACKGROUND: Optimal therapy for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) includes intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, about 25-45% of patients do not benefit from BCG immunotherapy, and there is no biomarker to guide therapy. Also, many questions regarding BCG mechanisms of action remain unanswered. OBJECTIVE: To identify genomic biomarkers and characterize the underlying mechanism of benefit from BCG in NMIBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Pre-treatment archival index-tumors of 35 patients with NMIBC treated with BCG were analyzed by whole-exome sequencing (WES). Tumor mutation burden (TMB) and neoantigen load (NAL) were correlated with BCG response rate (RR) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). The presence of deleterious mutations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes was also compared between BCG-responsive (BCG-R, N = 17) and unresponsive (BCG-UR, N = 18) subgroups. RESULTS: TMB and NAL were higher in BCG-R compared to BCG-UR patients (median TMB 4.9 vs. 2.8 mutations/Mb, P = 0.017 and median NAL 100 vs. 65 neoantigens, P = 0.032). Improved RR and RFS were observed in patients with high vs. low TMB (RR 71% vs. 28%, P = 0.011 and mRFS 38.0 vs. 15.0 months, P = 0.009) and with high vs. low NAL (RR 71% vs. 28%, P = 0.011 and mRFS 36.0 vs. 18.5 months, P = 0.016). The presence of deleterious mutations in DDR genes was associated with improved RFS (mRFS 35.5 vs. 11.0 months, P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, improved outcomes after BCG immunotherapy were observed in patients with high TMB, high NAL and deleterious mutations in DDR genes. BCG may induce tumor-specific immune response by enhancing the recognition of neoantigens.

Background The kidney is the most common site of metastatic disease to the urinary tract. However, tumor characteristics are commonly deceptive, and the diagnosis of metastatic disease to the kidney may be challenging. Case presentation A 76- year old male was submitted to a total left nephrectomy with splenectomy due to pyonephrosis. At gross examination, the kidney presented a distorted anatomy, with firm parenchyma and an extensively necrotic lesion occupying the renal pyelo-calix and ureter. The spleen had a white pericapsular lesion measuring 1.2 cm. Histologic sections demonstrated a high grade solid carcinoma with rare areas of tubular differentiation. The tumor was highly infiltrative, with invasion of the renal sinus, perirenal fat and spleen. Considering the tumor location, high grade and infiltrative growth pattern, the diagnostic hypothesis of collecting duct carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma were drawn and investigated. Furthermore, a suspicion of metastatic disease was raised after a thorough investigation of the patient’s chart, which revealed a previous history of colorectal carcinoma 4 years earlier. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated expression of CK20 and CDX-2 and negativity for CK7, CK5, PAX-8, Vimentin, CD117, GATA3 and p63; therefore, the patient was diagnosed with a poorly differentiated metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. Conclusion A high degree of suspicion is necessary for the diagnosis of metastatic disease to the kidney, which should ruled out before the final diagnosis of an unclassified renal cell carcinoma. A careful examination of the patient’s history and adequate communication with the attending physician is recommended for the correct diagnosis of these cases.

Background Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC) has been adopted as a standard of care related to better survival outcomes. However, there is a considerable number of patients who do not respond, experiencing toxicity and delay in the surgical treatment. Our aim is to find biomarkers of response that could be easily adopted in the clinical practice. Methods Between January 2009 and July 2016, 52 patients with MIBC were submitted to radical cystectomy after NAC. A tissue microarray containing 25 cases, who met the inclusion criteria was built for immunohistochemical analysis of Cytokeratins 5/6, 7, and 20, GATA3, Her2, EGFR, p63, p53, Carbonic-anhydrase IX (CAIX), MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. The surgery was performed in a mean time of 58.7 (± 21) days after the end of the NAC. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the relationship between response (≤pT1) and histopathological and immunohistochemical results and Kaplan–Meier curves were designed for survival analysis. Results Ten (40.0%) patients presented response to NAC. Histological variants of the urothelial carcinoma characterized by squamous, sarcomatous/rhabdoid, plasmacytoid, and micropapillary was present in 36.0% and none responded to NAC (P = .002). CAIX was expressed by 53.3% and none responded to NAC (P= .005). Lymph-node metastasis, divergent differentiation, and expression of cytokeratin 5/6 were related to short cancer specific survival. Conclusion Histological variants and CAIX immune-expression are biomarkers of nonresponse to NAC of MIBC, and might be easily used in the clinical practice to select patients to be submitted to surgery upfront.

To evaluate prospectively the actual bladder perforation incidence during transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB) performed by residents and to identify possible predisposing factors to such condition.Thirty-four patients with bladder tumor were submitted to TURB in our academic institution in April 2006, and were prospectively studied. Procedures were all done by senior residents under an attending direct supervision. All patients had a cystograms performed after the procedure by the injection of 400 mL of saline-diluted contrast solution with low-pressure infusion through the Foley catheter. The cystograms were evaluated blindly by a single radiologist. All patients were examined by cystoscopy and/or CT every 3 months for the first 2 years postoperatively.The cystogram showed contrast leaking compatible with bladder perforation in 17 (50%) cases. None of the perforations were recognized intraoperatively by the surgeon. All perforations were extraperitoneal and managed conservatively. There was no significant correlation between the incidence of bladder perforation and the patient age (p = 0.508), the tumor stage (p = 0.998), the tumor grade (p = 0.833), the number of lesions (p = 0.394), and the tumor size (p = 0.651). The only factor that had impact on the development of bladder perforation was tumor localization at the bottom of the bladder (p = 0.035; OR, 6750; 95% CI, 1.14, 39.8).Asymptomatic perforations of the bladder wall occur very frequently after a TURB procedure performed by residents in training and, most of the time, are not noticed by the surgeon. Localization of the tumor at bladder dome was the only factor that negatively influenced perforation rates.

Purpose: We studied the methylation status of E-cadherin gene promoter in prostate cancer and its relationship with E-cadherin inactivation in prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Seven human prostate cell lines and 35 microdissected prostate cancer specimens were analyzed for E-cadherin promoter methylation using the bisulfite genome sequencing technique. E-cadherin messenger (m)RNA expression and protein expression were also studied in prostate cell lines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in prostate cancer specimens by immunostaining, respectively.Results: The overall methylation of E-cadherin promoter was evident in 14 of 20 grades III to V (70%) and in 5 of 15 grades I to II (33%) prostate cancer samples. It correlated with absent or reduced E-cadherin immunostaining. Methylation in low grade tumors was present mainly in the exon region, whereas in high grade tumors methylation was also present in the promoter region. Methylation was noted in 2 of 6 prostate cancer cell lines (...

Loss of various loci on chromosome 9 has been reported in various cancers. To determine the frequency of deletions at different loci of chromosome 9 in renal cell carcinoma microdissected samples of normal renal epithelium and carcinoma from the same patients were analyzed.DNA was isolated from microdissected sections of normal and tumor cells of 60 renal specimens, amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed for loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9 using the 16 microsatellite markers D9S178, D9S157, D9S274, D9S168, D9S285, D9S156, D9S1839, D9S162, IFNA, D9S736, D9S171, D9S1749, D9S273D9S270, D9S153 and D9S170. Loss of heterozygosity was analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction based technique developed at our laboratory.This study showed a high incidence of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9 in renal cell carcinoma. Of 60 cases 44 (73%), 24 (40%) and 14 (23%) showed loss of heterozygosity at a minimum of 1, at a minimum of 3 and at 4 or more loci, respectively. The main deletion was found on the 9p21 region at loci DS171 in 38% of cases, D9S1749 in 42% and DS270 in 14%. Overall deletion on chromosome 9p21 was noted in 57% of renal cancer cases. Other deleted regions were on chromosome 9p'0022 to 23 at loci D9S157 in 37% of cases, D9S274 in 20%, D9S168 in 27%, D9S285 in 20%, D9S156 in 12%, D9S1839 in 17% and D9S162 in 24%. Overall deletion at chromosome 9q32 to 33 was noted in 46% of renal cell carcinoma cases. Chromosome 9q32 to 33 also showed deletion at locus D9S170 in 22% of renal cell carcinoma cases. When we compared the incidence of deletion at various loci on chromosome 9 according to renal cell carcinoma grade, we found a higher rate of deletion in advanced grades of renal cell carcinoma. A candidate target tumor suppressor gene, p16 (MTS-1/CDKN2), has been identified within the 9p21 deleted region in various cancers. In our study the expression of p16 protein was absent or low in renal cell cancer samples, suggesting that loss of the p16 gene may be involved in renal cell carcinogenesis.Our study demonstrates a high incidence of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9, mainly 9p21 and 9p22 to 23, in renal cell carcinoma, suggesting several putative tumor suppressor genes on these regions. The identification of other tumor suppressor genes on the 9p21 and 9p22 to 23 regions warrants further studies.

O tratamento para o Carcinoma urotelial da Bexiga (CaUB) com invasão da camada muscular própria envolve a Cistectomia Radical (CR) e a linfadenectomia regional. A quimioterapia (QT) neoadjuvante baseada em Cisplatina apresenta melhora na sobrevida em 5 anos de 5 a 10%. Ao se estratificar os pacientes de acordo com o grau de resposta à QT observa-se sobrevida aos 5 anos de 80-90% para os quimiossensíveis, 30-40% para os quimiorresistentes e 50% para aqueles tratados com CR isolada. Neste contexto é importante selecionar os pacientes sensíveis à QT, que obteriam melhora da sobrevida com o tratamento combinado. Sabe-se que o CaUB é bastante heterogêneo em termos de alterações genéticas, expressão de RNA e proteínas. Neste estudo foram avaliados os marcadores imuno-histoquímicos (IHQ) que potencialmente confeririam resposta à QT neoadjuvante em CaUB invasivos submetidos a CR. Entre 2009 e 2016, 384 pacientes foram operados no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), sendo que 52 receberam QT neoadjuvante e 25 tinham os espécimes cirúrgicos disponíveis, tanto da primeira intervenção cirúrgica (Ressecção Transuretral - RTU) quanto da CR para avaliação. Este material foi objeto do estudo da expressão das proteínas, relacionando os achados à presença de resposta patológica à QT e à sobrevida. O intervalo médio entre o fim da QT e a cirurgia foi de 58,7 (+21) dias. Dezesseis (64%) pacientes vieram a óbito ao longo do tratamento com um tempo médio de 49,3 (+52,7) dias. Dez (40%) pacientes apresentaram resposta à QT. Foram identificadas Variantes Histológicas do CaUB em 36% dos casos e nenhum desses pacientes respondeu à QT neoadjuvante (p=0,002). O biomarcador Anidrase Carbônica 9 (CAIX) foi expresso por 53% dos não-respondedores sendo negativo em todos os pacientes que responderam à QT. Nossos resultados mostram que expressão de CAIX (p=0,005) e a presença de variantes histológicas no CaUB são potenciais biomarcadores de não-resposta à QT neoadjuvante e podem ser facilmente usados na prática clínica Treatment for muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC) involves radical cystectomy (RC) and regional lymphadenectomy. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) based on platinum improves 5-year survival from 5 to 10%. A 5-year survival rate of 80-90% for chemosensitive patients, 30-40% for chemoresistant patients, and 50% for those treated with isolated RC were observed when patients were stratified. It is crucial to select patients sensitive to QT who have better survival outcomes using combined treatment. It is known that MIBC is quite heterogeneous in terms of genetic alterations, RNA, and protein expression. In this study, immunohistochemical markers that could potentially confer response to neoadjuvant QT in MIBC treated with RC were evaluated. Between 2009 and 2016, 384 patients underwent surgery at the Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo (ICESP). Of those, 52 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and surgical specimens were available from 25 patients, both from the first surgical intervention (Transurethral Resection) and RC. The protein expression of the surgical specimens was evaluated to relate the presence of pathological response to QT and survival. The average interval between the end of chemotherapy and surgery was 58.7+ 21 days. Sixteen (64%) patients died during treatment (mean 49.3+ 52.7 days). Ten (40%) patients responded to the QT. MIBC histological variants were identified in 36% of the cases, and none of these patients responded to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.002). The biomarker Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) was expressed by 53% of non-responders and was negative in all patients responding to QT. Our results show that CAIX expression (p=0.005) and the presence of histological variants in MIBC are potential biomarkers for non-responders to neoadjuvant QT and can be used in clinical practice

Introdução: As diferenças do desenvolvimento sexual (DDS) afetam 1:1000-4500 nascidos vivos e são definidos como alterações nas quais o desenvolvimento cromossômico, gonadal ou genital são atípicos. Os pacientes portadores de DDS 46,XY apresentam um amplo espectro fenotípico e muitos apresentam genitália atípica ao nascimento. A avaliação diagnóstica de um paciente portador de DDS inclui dosagens hormonais, estudos radiológicos, citogenéticos e moleculares. Porém, uma porcentagem significativa de pacientes permanece sem etiologia e são classificados como DDS de causa indeterminada. Este fato sugere que mecanismos epigenéticos, i.e., não restritos ao DNA e, portanto, não contemplados por análises moleculares usuais, como sequenciamento tipo Sanger e Exoma, possam desempenhar um papel no seu desenvolvimento. Objetivos: Para melhor avaliar estes casos sem diagnóstico estabelecido, investigou-se neste projeto o perfil de expressão plasmático de microRNAs (miRNAs), pequenos RNAs não codificantes de proteína, que se ligam por complementariedade a região 3 ?UTR de mRNA alvos, bloqueando a síntese proteica. Metodologia: Após análise in silico e da literatura os miRNAs, miR-200c, miR-210, e referências miR-23a e miR-451 foram selecionados. O RNA foi extraído do plasma de pacientes e controles, após análise de hemólise por absorbância em 414nm, com o kit MagMAX mirVana Total RNA (Thermofisher), a reação de RT-qPCR foi realizada com os kits TaqMan Advanced miRNA cDNA e Advanced miRNA Assay (Thermofisher). Os dados foram analisados por ?Ct e 2-??Ct. Pacientes e controles foram divididos em dois grupos, pré-púberes (de acordo com volume testicular 5). Para análise de expressão por faixa etária os controles foram agrupados da seguinte maneira: 1-12 anos, 13-20 anos, 21-30 anos, 31-40 anos e 41-55 anos. Resultados: A expressão plasmática de miR-200c foi maior nos grupos de 13-20 a 41-55 anos do que no grupo de 1-12 anos (ANOVA p=0.0067). Adicionalmente, todos os grupos com mais de 13 anos tiveram médias individualmente maiores de miR-200c do que o grupo de 1-12 anos (p5). For age expression analysis controls were grouped as follows: 1- 12 years, 13-20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years and 41-55 years. Results: Plasma expression of miR-200c was higher in the groups aged 13-20 to 41-55 years than in the group aged 1-12 (ANOVA p=0.0067). In addition, all groups over the age of 13 had individually higher averages of miR-200c than the group aged 1-12 (p

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de próstata (CaP) é a segunda neoplasia maligna mais diagnosticada na população masculina. Embora a dosagem do antígeno prostático específico (PSA) seja universalmente aceita nos protocolos de rastreamento do CaP e como fator prognóstico, este marcador apresenta algumas limitações, sendo responsável por um número grande de biópsias prostáticas desnecessárias. Novos marcadores biológicos com a intenção de aumentar a acurácia no diagnóstico da doença clinicamente significante vêm sendo buscados. A metaloproteinase de matriz tipo 9 (MMP-9) tem sido implicada no processo de desenvolvimento e de progressão de alguns tipos de cânceres. Alguns inibidores endógenos da MMP-9, dentre eles o inibidor tecidual de metaloproteinase tipo 1 (TIMP-1), a proteína indutora de reversão rica em cisteína com domínio Kazal (RECK) e o microRNA 338-3p (miR-338-3p), por outro lado, têm sido estudados como possíveis fatores protetores. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o papel da MMP-9 e de seus reguladores (TIMP-1, RECK e miR- 338-3p) para o diagnóstico e prognóstico do CaP. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 134 pacientes submetidos a biópsia transretal da próstata guiada por ultrassonografia para análise de expressão tecidual pelo método de qRT-PCR (61 casos x 73 controles); destes pacientes, foram selecionados 90 (45 casos e 45 controles) para análise de expressão proteica em amostras de urina pelo método de ELISA. RESULTADOS: Quanto à expressão tecidual dos genes e miRNA, aproximadamente 58% dos pacientes foram superexpressos para MMP-9, enquanto 73%, 65% e 69% foram subexpressos para TIMP-1, RECK e miR-338-3p, respectivamente. O miR-338- 3p apresentou menor expressão nos pacientes com nível de PSA > 20ng/mL (p=0,045) e toque retal anormal (p = 0,006), enquanto o RECK teve uma maior expressão nos pacientes com toque retal anormal (p = 0,01) e TIMP-1 foi mais expresso nos pacientes do grupo 5 da International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) (p = 0,01). Não foi identificada diferença estatística nos níveis das proteínas MMP-9, TIMP- 1 e RECK em amostras urinárias entre casos e controles, com nível de expressão para MMP-9 de 1,78 ± 1,00 versus 1,45 ± 0,98; p=0,130 (casos versus controles). CONCLUSÃO: Encontramos um perfil de superexpressão para MMP-9 e de subexpressão para TIMP-1, RECK e miR-338-3p em amostras de tecido prostático de pacientes com CaP. Observamos uma maior expressão urinária da proteína MMP-9 nos pacientes portadores de CaP. Não pudemos definir de forma consistente esses perfis de expressão como fatores prognósticos. INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent malignancy found in men worldwide. Although the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) is universally accepted for PCa screening and prognostic definition, it has some limitations and has found to be responsible for a large number of unnecessary prostate biopsies. New biomarkers aiming to increase the accuracy for the diagnosis of clinically significant disease are being continually researched. The matrix metalloproteinase type 9 (MMP-9) protein has been implicated in the process of development and progression of some types of cancers. On the other hand, some endogenous inhibitors for MMP-9, including the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 1 (TIMP-1), the reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), and the microRNA- 338-3p (miR-338-3p), have been studied as possible protective factors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of MMP-9 and its regulators (TIMP-1, RECK, and miR- 338-3p) for the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa. METHODS: One hundred thirty-four patients submitted to a transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy were selected for analysis of tissue expression using the real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method (61 cases, 73 controls); of these patients, 90 (45 cases and 45 controls) were selected for analysis of protein expression in the urine using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS: As for tissue expression of genes and miRNA, approximately 58% of patients with PCa presented overexpressed MMP-9, while 73%, 65%, and 69% had underexpressed TIMP-1, RECK, and miR-338-3p, respectively. MiR-338-3p was expressed to a lesser degree in patients with PSA level > 20 ng/mL (p = 0.045) and abnormal digital rectal examination (p = 0.006), while RECK was expressed to a higher level in patients with abnormal digital rectal examination (p = 0.01), and TIMP-1 was expressed to a higher level in patients in the grade group 5 of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) (p = 0.01). No statistical differences were identified in the levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and RECK proteins in urine between cases and controls with an MMP-9 expression level of 1.78 ± 1.00 versus 1.45 ± 0.98; p = 0.130 (cases versus controls). CONCLUSION: We found an overexpression profile for MMP-9 and an underexpression profile for TIMP-1, RECK, and miR-338-3p in prostatic tissue from patients with PCa. We observed a higher urinary expression of the MMP-9 protein in patients with PCa. We were unable to consistently define these expression profiles as prognostic factors.

INTRODUÇÃO: A HD está presente em aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes com OIV devido HPB e 30% dos casos não apresentarão melhora após o tratamento cirúrgico. Até o momento, nenhuma característica clínica pode predizer acuradamente quais pacientes serão beneficiados. Há espaço para o aprimoramento de novos métodos diagnósticos não invasivos capazes de discriminar quais os melhores candidatos à cirurgia. Neste estudo nós analisamos o papel de cinco biomarcadores urinários moleculares associados à HD e à OIV em pacientes com HPB que serão submetidos à RTUP. MÉTODOS: Um estudo prospectivo e controlado analisou 71 pacientes candidatos à RTUP devido HPB, submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico entre 2011 a 2016. O grupo controle foi composto por pacientes assintomáticos apresentando IPSS menor que 6, volume prostático menor que 30 gramas, ausência de resíduo pósmiccional e fluxometria máxima >= 15ml/s. Todos os pacientes do grupo de estudo realizaram estudo urodinâmico no pré-operatório e 63 pacientes no período pósoperatório. Nós analisamos a presença, o período de início (primeira vs segunda metade do enchimento vesical) e a amplitude ( 40 cmH2O) das CVIs, assim como o grau de obstrução infravesical. A coleta da urina foi realizada no pré-operatório para os pacientes do grupo de estudo. A urina foi analisada para 5 quimiocinas, citocinas e fatores de crescimento usando teste de ELISA. Os valores de concentração das proteínas foram analisados de forma absoluta e normalizados para os níveis de creatinina (/Cr). RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi 67 anos (50 a 88). A HD estava presente em 39 (54,9%) pacientes. De acordo com aferições pré-operatórias, a média da concentração urinária de IL-6/Cr (p=0,007), MCP-1(p=0,000), MCP-1/Cr (p=0,000), EFG/Cr (p=0,044) e MMP-1/Cr (p=0,043) estavam respectivamente cerca de 4,5x, 7,1x, 23x, 1,7x e 2,2x vezes significativamente aumentadas em relação aos controles assintomáticos. O nível de EGF foi 1,3 vezes maior nos pacientes que iniciaram CVI tardiamente quando comparados àqueles que iniciaram as contrações na fase inicial de enchimento vesical (p=0,044). A amplitude das CVIs, o fluxo urinário, a complacência, o índice de contratilidade, e o schafer não apresentaram correlações estatísticas com as proteínas estudadas. Em relação a presença de HD, os níveis urinários de IL-6 (p=0,003), MCP-1(p=0,002), e MCP-1/Cr (p=0,002) foram respectivamente 1,8x, 2x, e 2,7 vezes aumentados em relação aos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia sem HD ao estudo urodinâmico. O MCP-1/Cr foi o marcador com melhores propriedades diagnósticas para HD, apresentando área sob a curva (AUC) de 0,71 (95% CI 0,59 a 0,84). A dosagem do MCP-1 não ajustada pela creatinina apresentou uma AUC de 0,71 (95% CI 0,59 a 0,83). A IL-6, por sua vez, teve uma AUC de 0,70 (95% CI 0,58 a 0,82). Todos os outros biomarcadores apresentaram propriedades inadequadas neste cenário para avaliação da HD e OIV. Em relação à resolução ou persistência da HD após 12 meses de tratamento cirúrgico, os níveis dos biomarcadores NGF/Cr (p=0.005) e MMP-1/Cr (p=0.021) foram superiores entre os pacientes que não obtiveram interrupção das CVIs no pós-operatório. Demonstraram serem úteis para predizer a persistência da HD no pós-operatório, o NGF/Cr com AUC de 0,77 (95% CI 0,62 à 0,92) (p=0,006) e o MMP-1/Cr com AUC de 0,72 (95% CI 0,56 à 0,88) (p=0,022). CONCLUSÕES: Vias neuronais parecem estar relacionadas com o período de início das CVIs durante a fase de enchimento vesical. A presença de níveis elevados na urina de biomarcadores inflamatórios e de reparo tecidual sugere um papel da inflamação na gênese da HD, e pode ajudar no diagnóstico não invasivo deste achado no pré-operatório. MCP-1, MCP-1 /Cr e IL-6 foram associados a presença de de HD ao estudo urodinâmico em pacientes com HPB candidatos a RTUP. O nível de EGF/Cr foi associado a contrações vesicais tardias. O MMP-1/Cr foi relacionado a maior pressão detrusora. O biomarcador MCP-1/Cr demonstrou-se ser útil no diagnóstico de HD nos pacientes com HPB. NGF/Cr e MMP-1/Cr demonstraram-se ser úteis para predizer a persistência da HD no pós-operátorio INTRODUCTION: Detrusor hyperactivity (DH) is present in approximately 50% of patients with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 30% of the cases will not show improvement after surgical treatment. To date, no clinical feature can accurately predict which patients will benefit from surgical treatment. This rate can be improved because new noninvasive diagnostic methods are capable of determining the best candidates for surgery. In this study, we analyzed the role of five molecular biomarkers in urine associated with DH and BOO in patients with BPH undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). METHODS: This prospective and controlled study analyzed 71 patients who were candidates for TURP due to BPH and underwent surgery between 2011 and 2016. The control group consisted of asymptomatic patients with International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSSs) less than 6, prostate volume less than 30 grams, absence of estimated postvoid residual volume and a maximum flow rate >= 15 ml/s. All patients in the study group underwent a preoperative urodynamic study, with 63 patients undergoing a repeat urodynamic study during the postoperative period. We analyzed the presence, onset period (first vs second half of bladder filling) and amplitude ( 40 cmH2O) of the involuntary detrusor contractions (IDCs), as well as the degree of BOO. Urine was collected preoperatively from patients in the study group. The urine was analyzed for five chemokines, cytokines and growth factors using ELISAs. The protein concentrations were analyzed as absolute and creatinine (/Cr)-adjusted values. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 67 years (50 to 88). DH was present in 39 (54.9%) patients. According to preoperative measurements, the mean urine concentrations of IL-6/Cr (p = 0.007), MCP-1 (p = 0.000), MCP-1/Cr (p = 0.000), EGF/Cr (p = 0.044) and MMP-1/Cr (p = 0.043) were approximately 4.5, 7.1, 23, 1.7 and 2.2 times, respectively, those of asymptomatic controls (all significantly increased). The EGF level was 1.3 times higher in patients with late IDCs than in those whose contractions started in the early stage of bladder filling (p = 0.044). The IDC amplitude, urinary flow, compliance, bladder contractility index, and Schafer\'s grade were not significantly correlated with the proteins studied. In patients with DH, urinary levels of IL-6 (p = 0.003), MCP-1 (p = 0.002), and MCP- 1/Cr (p = 0.002) were 1.8, 2, and 2.7 times higher, respectively, than in patients without DH who underwent surgery, according to the urodynamic study. MCP- 1/Cr had the best diagnostic properties for DH, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.59 to 0.84). The non-Cr adjusted MCP-1 concentration had an AUC of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.59 to 0.83). Additionally, IL-6 had an AUC of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.58 to 0.82). All other biomarkers were inadequate for DH and BOO evaluation. Regarding the resolution or persistence of DH 12 months after surgery, the NGF/Cr (0.13 vs 0.08, p = 0.005) and MMP-1/Cr (0.11 vs 0.04, p = 0.021) levels were higher in patients for whom the IDCs continued during the postoperative period. The following factors were shown to be useful for predicting the persistence of DH during the postoperative period: NGF/Cr, with an AUC of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62 to 0.92) (p = 0.006), and MMP-1/Cr, with an AUC of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.56 to 0.88) (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Neural pathways appear to be related to the onset period of IDCs during bladder filling. The presence of high urinary levels of inflammatory and tissue repair biomarkers suggests a role of inflammation in the genesis of DH and may aid in the noninvasive diagnosis of this condition during the preoperative period. MCP-1, MCP-1/Cr and IL-6 were associated with the presence of DH in the urodynamic studies of patients with BPH who were candidates for TURP. The EGF/Cr level was associated with late detrusor contractions. MMP-1/Cr was associated with increased detrusor pressure. The MCP-1/Cr biomarker was shown to be useful for the diagnosis of DH in patients with BPH. NGF/Cr and MMP-1/Cr were shown to be useful in predicting the persistence of DH during the postoperative period

Introdução: O uso de telas de polipropileno para reforço em cirurgias para correção de prolapso vaginal apresenta taxas de complicação de até 25%. Trata-se de doença de alta prevalência, acometendo até 30% das mulheres, cujas opções atuais de tratamento foram reduzidas após a descontinuação da fabricação dos reforços tradicionais por diversos fabricantes. Uma alternativa é a utilização de matrizes sintéticas de outros materiais e com outras configurações, possibilitando inclusive cultura de células em seu leito. A eletrofiação possibilita a produção e reprodução em larga escala dessas matrizes a partir de polímeros solúveis expostos a um campo elétrico. Objetivos: Estabelecer parâmetros de produção de matrizes com fibras híbridas e randômicas através de eletrofiação, demonstrar sua reprodutibilidade e implantar tal tecnologia em solo brasileiro. Testar as seguintes características teóricas das matrizes híbridas produzidas com acido polilático (PLLA): maior força tênsil nos testes biomecânicos e biocompatibilidade mantida para cultura celular. Estudar a influência da cultura de células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas de adipócitos (CTDA) sobre as propriedades mecânicas das matrizes estudadas. Avaliar a influência da hidrólise na perda de força tênsil das matrizes em experimentos de até 90 dias. Métodos: Foram produzidas matrizes de PLLA dissolvidos em diclorometano (DCM) nas configurações de fibras randômicas, alinhadas e um novo método foi desenvolvido para produção de matrizes híbridas. Foram realizados microscopia eletrônica, testes biomecânicos, testes de atividade metabólica e biocompatibilidade com cultivo de células-tronco derivadas de adipócitos, além de testes de degradação em meio de cultura por 90 dias para comparar as matrizes. Análise de variância (ANOVA) com teste de Tukey foram utilizados para comparação dos resultados obtidos nos experimentos quando aplicáveis. Resultados: A produção de matrizes híbridas foi possível ajustando-se os parâmetros de eletrofiação. Imagens de microscopia comprovaram o alinhamento e hibridização das fibras. Testes uniaxiais mostraram que as matrizes híbridas foram 3 a 4 vezes mais resistentes a tração do que as matrizes randômicas (p < 0,0001) preservando sua biocompatibilidade e afinidade celular. A incorporação de células às matrizes híbridas e o experimento de degradação mostraram quedas nas propriedades mecânicas de força tênsil máxima das matrizes híbridas a partir de 14 dias em meio de cultura, mas sempre se mantendo acima das propriedades dos tecidos nativos pelo período estudado de até 90 dias. Conclusões: Foi possível o desenvolvimento de nova técnica de eletrofiação para produção de matrizes híbridas de fibras alinhadas e randômicas com maior força tênsil, ainda sim mantendo sua afinidade celular. Tais matrizes enfraqueceram no período de 90 dias estudado, sem contudo apresentar valores abaixo dos fisiológicos, mostrando-se como opção promissora para substituição de telas de polipropileno em clínica. Estudos com animais são necessários para confirmar essa hipótese Introduction: Traditional reinforcement techniques for pelvic organ prolapse use mainly polypropylene meshes with complication rates up to 25%. It is a common disease with prevalence up to 30%, with reduced options of treatment after withdrawing of major companies from this market. An alternative is the use of synthetic matrices from other materials with other configurations, possibly with cell culture added. Electrospinning is a reproducible technique that uses solved polymers exposed to intense electric field to produce sheets like that. Objectives: Establish parameters to electrospin hybrid and random fibres and setup this technology in Brazil. Prove following theoretical characteristics of hybrid poly- L-lactide (PLLA) matrices: higher tensile strength in biomechanical tests with comparable biocompatibility. Study adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) culture impact over biomechanical properties of these matrices. Check hydrolysis influences on tensile strength up to 90 days. Methods: PLLA solved in dichloromethane (DCM) was electrospun in random fibres, align fibres and a novel method was developed to produce hybrid fibres. Electron microscopy (SEM), biomechanical tests, metabolic activity and biocompatibility with adipose-derived stem cells and additionally, degradation test up to 90 days in culture medium were performed to compare matrices. ANOVA with Tukey test of differences was used to compare experiment results. Results: The production of hybrid matrices was possible adjusting electrospinning parameters, SEM confirmed fibre\'s alignment and hybridization, uniaxial tests showed that hybrid matrices were 3 to 4 times stronger than random ones (p < 0,0001) maintaining its biocompatibility and cell affinity. Both cell incorporation to hybrid matrices and degradation experiment showed mechanical properties drop (ultimate tensile strength) after 14 days in culture medium but always keeping it above physiologic range up to 90 days studied. Conclusions: Development of new technique of electrospinning of hybrid matrices of align and random fibres was possible, with higher tensile strength and keeping the same cell affinity. These matrices showed drop in mechanical strength along 90 days of study but always above the natural tissues range being a promising option to polypropylene meshes in clinic. Further studies with animals are needed to confirm this hypothesis

Introdução: A HD está presente em aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes com OIV devido HPB e 30% dos casos não apresentarão melhora após o tratamento cirúrgico. Até o momento, nenhuma característica clínica pode predizer acuradamente quais pacientes serão beneficiados. Neste estudo nós analisamos o papel de seis marcadores moleculares na resolução da HD após a RTUP. Método: Um estudo prospectivo e controlado analisou 43 pacientes com OIV devido HPB, submetidos a RTUP de 2011 a 2012. O grupo controle foi composto por espécimes de músculo vesical de 10 pacientes com menos de 60 anos, submetidos a prostatectomia radical devido câncer de próstata, apresentando IPSS menor que 8 e volume prostático menor que 30 gramas. Todos os pacientes realizaram estudo urodinâmico no pré-operatório e com 6 meses de pós-operatório. Nós analisamos a presença, o período de início (primeira vs segunda metade do enchimento vesical) e a amplitude ( 40 cmH2O) das CVIs, assim como sua resolução após 6 meses de tratamento cirúrgico. Uma biópsia de músculo vesical foi efetuada no final da RTUP para análise do perfil de expressão gênica do NGF, NGFr, VEGF, CD-105, CHRM2 e CHRM3. Para este propósito foi utilizado a técnica de qRT-PCR. Além disso, correlacionamos variáveis clínicas pré-operatórias com a evolução da HD no pós-operatório. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi 63 anos (50 a 75). A HD estava presente em 21 (48,8%) pacientes. De acordo com aferições pré-operatórias, a média de expressão gênica do NGF foi 3,3 vezes maior nos pacientes que iniciaram CVI precocemente quando comparados àqueles que iniciaram as contrações na fase final de enchimento vesical (p=0,047). A presença e a amplitude das CVIs não apresentaram correlações estatísticas com os genes estudados. Em relação a resolução da HD, a média de expressão de CHRM2 foi 2 vezes maior entre os pacientes que evoluíram com melhora da HD (p=0,072). Após 6 meses da RTUP, 77,8% dos pacientes que possuíam expressão aumentada (maior que a mediana) de CHRM2 CHRM3 evoluíram com resolução da HD (p=0,030). Além disso, pacientes com menos de 60 anos obtiveram uma probabilidade 5 vezes maior de evoluírem com melhora da HD (p=0,056) após 6 meses do tratamento cirúrgico. Conclusão: Vias neuronais parecem estar relacionadas com o período de início das CVIs durante a fase de enchimento vesical. A idade dos pacientes e a expressão de receptores muscarínicos pode ter um papel prognóstico na resolução da hiperatividade após o tratamento cirúrgico. A análise de um número maior de pacientes é necessário para confirmar estes resultados Objective: Non-inhibited contractions (NIC) are present in about 50% of patients with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 30% of cases persist after surgery. To date, no clinical characteristic can predict accurately which patients are going to improve. We analyzed the role of six detrusor molecular markers in the resolution of NIC after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Methods: We performed a prospective and controlled analysis of 43 patients with BOO due to BPH who underwent TURP from 2011 to 2012. The control group comprised 10 bladder specimens from patients younger than 60 years who underwent radical prostatectomy with an IPSS < 8 and prostate volume < 30 grams. All patients underwent urodynamic analysis pre and post operatively after 6 months. We analyzed the presence, time to occurrence (first vs second half of the filling phase) and grade (40 cmH2O) of NIC as well as its resolution after 6 months of surgery. A biopsy of the bladder muscle was performed at the end of TURP for analysis of nerve growth factor receptor (NGFr), nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endoglin (CD105), muscarinic cholinergic receptor 2 (CHRM2) and muscarinic cholinergic receptor 3 (CHRM3) genes expression. For this purpose, we used the quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction method (qRT-PCR). Results: Mean patient age was 63 years (50 to 75). NIC were present in 21 (48.8%) patients. According to pre-operative measures, NGF gene expression was 3.3 times greater in patients who presented early NIC as compared to those who presented late contractions (p=0.047). The presence or grade of NIC failed to present statistical correlations with the genes. With regard to the outcome, CHRM2 expression was 2.0 times greater among patients who presented resolution of NIC (p=0.072). After 6 months of TURP, 77,8% of patients with DO resolution had increased expression of CHRM2 and CHRM3 genes compared with others cases (p=0,030). Additionally, patients younger than 60 years obtained a 5.0 times more likely to evolve with improved NIC (p=0,056). Conclusion: Neural pathways seem to be more important in the time to NIC occurrence during the filling phase. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors seem to have a prognostic value in the resolution of NIC after surgery. Analysis of greater number of patients is necessary to confirm these results

Objetivo: As moléculas de adesão celular (MAC) são essenciais para a manutenção do fenótipo epitelial. Alguns estudos têm relatado associação entre as alterações de sua expressão e a carcinogênese, mas o seu papel no câncer de próstata não é claro. Nosso objetivo foi estudar o perfil de expressão de E-caderina, cateninas e integrinas em espécimes cirúrgicos de câncer de próstata e associar as suas expressões com a evolução do tumor. Avaliamos também o perfil de expressão em metástases ósseas e linfonodais, a fim de compreender a influência destes marcadores na progressão do câncer de próstata. Materiais e Métodos: Foram selecionados 111 pacientes com câncer de próstata localizado tratados com prostatectomia radical pelo mesmo cirurgião. Sessenta pacientes não apresentaram recidiva tumoral após acompanhamento médio de 123 meses. A expressão das MAC foi avaliada por imuno-histoquímica (IH) em microarranjo tecidual (TMA), contendo duas amostras de cada tumor. Empregamos análise semiquantitativa para avaliação da expressão e determinamos a associação entre a expressão de cada MAC com a recorrência do tumor após a cirurgia. Avaliamos também a expressão das MAC por IH em TMA contendo espécimes de 28 metástases ósseas e em outro TMA contendo 19 metástases linfonodais com seus 19 tumores primários correspondentes. Resultados: Nos tumores primários a análise multivariada mostrou que a expressão das integrinas 3 e 3 1 relaciona-se com recidiva da doença. Quando a expressão de 3 foi forte e a expressão de 3 1 foi positiva, as chances de recorrência foram de 3,0 e 2,5 vezes maior. Apenas 19% e 28% dos pacientes estavam livres de recidiva após seguimento médio de 123 meses, quando os tumores apresentavam forte imunoexpressão de 3 ou positiva para 3 1 respectivamente. Outras integrinas apresentaram expressão reduzida, exceto 6 que foi expressa pela maioria dos tumores primário e metástases. A E-Caderina e as cateninas não mostraram associação com o prognóstico no tumor de próstata localizado. No sítio metastático, houve perda global de expressão das MAC. Encontramos ganho de expressão com a progressão do câncer de próstata somente para a integrina 3 que mostrou forte expressão em metade das metástases ósseas e linfonodais. Encontramos forte expressão de e -catenina foi em 94% dos linfonodos e 45% Conclusões: Nossos experimentos demonstram que a expressão das integrinas 3 e 3 1 está independentemente associada à recidiva de câncer de próstata após prostatectomia radical, e que a perda das moléculas de adesão celular pode ser considerada uma característica da progressão desta neoplasia Purpose: Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are essential for the maintenance of epithelial phenotype. Some studies have reported correlations between abnormalities in their expression and carcinogenesis, but their role in prostate cancer is unclear. Our aim was to study the expression profile of E-cadherin, catenins and integrins in surgical specimens of prostate cancer and associate their expression with outcome. We also assessed these expressions in bone and lymph node metastases in order to understand their influence in the progression of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: We selected 111 patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy performed by the same surgeon. Sixty patients had no tumor recurrence after a median follow-up of 123 months. The CAM expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray (TMA) containing two samples of each tumor. A semiquantitative analysis was employed and we measured the association between the expression of CAM and tumor recurrence. We also evaluated CAM expression by immunohistochemistry in a TMA containing 28 bone metastases and in other TMA containing 19 lymph node metastases with their corresponding 19 primary tumors. Results: In primary tumors, multivariate analysis showed that expression of 3 and 31 integrins was related to worse outcome. When 3 expression was strong and 31 expression was positive,the odds of recurrence were 3.0 and 2.5 fold higher. Only 19% and 28% of patients were recurrence-free in a mean follow up period of 123 months, when tumors showed strong 3 or positive 31 immuno-expression respectively. Other integrins have shown reduced expression, except 6 , which was expressed in most primary and metastatic cases. E-cadherin and catenins expressions were not associated with primary tumor outcome. At the metastatic setting, there was a global loss of CAM expression. We observed reliable gain of expression with prostate cancer progression only for integrin 3 that showed strong expression in half of bone and lymph node metastases. Interestingly, strong expression of and -catenin was observed in 94% of lymph node and 45% of bone metastases. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that the expression of integrins 3 and 31 was independently associated with recurrence after radical prostatectomy. In addition, we have shown that the loss of cell adhesion molecules can be considered a characteristic of prostate cancer progression