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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The introduction of non-native species is an event that can jeopardize the conservation of native species. The introduction of alien species is usually based on a few individuals and is linked to impacts related to the founder effect and the loss of genetic diversity, which is dependent on the initial effective population size, the population growth rate, and the characteristics of the new colonized environment, which may or may not provide adaptation to it. Invasive species can also favor hybridization with native species, when both species meet and manage to mate, which can be detrimental to biodiversity when one or both pure progenitor strains or species become extinct. The creation of contact zones between species that do not naturally co-occur can therefore pose a pressing threat to biological conservation. This is the case of a specific region of Serra da Tiririca State Park, located in the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), where two pairs of the threatened species Leontopithecus chrysomelas (the golden headed lion tamarin, GHLT, endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Bahia) and a pair of Leontopithecus rosalia (the golden lion tamarin, GLT, endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro) were released in the 1990s. Due to the favourable conditions present in this area, these animals were able to adapt and reproduce successfully, generating a new population outside the natural range of L. chrysomelas. Over two decades, this population increased its density exponentially, and it was estimated that there were about 200 individuals, with phenotype of L. chrysomelas in that area in 2009, no individuals with the phenotype of L. rosalia were observed. In view of this event, and the fact that at that time there was only the suspicion of a possible illegal introduction of L. chrysomelas into the Niteroi region, an alternative measure to contain the growth and advance of this population to adjacent areas of natural occurrence of L. rosalia, was to carry out the translocation of individuals with phenotype similar of L. chrysomelas to a fragment of Atlantic Forest, located on the RPPN (Private Natural Heritage Reserve) Veracel Celulose in Belmonte, Bahia. In 2015, however, the illegal introduction of L. chrysomelas and also L. rosalia was confirmed. Although these individuals had the phenotype of L. chrysomelas, it is known that hybrids, besides having phenotypes intermediate to the inter-crossing species, can be more similar to only one of the parental species. Considering that both L. rosalia and L. chrysomelas are species classified by the IUCN as "endangered", investigating the existence of hybrids in this population and characterizing their genetic diversity and structure is relevant for appropriate management measures in regions where currently there are descendants of this population. In this context, the main objective of this study was to carry out genomic and genetic analyses to investigate the occurrence of hybridization and to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of this population. The data showed no signs of hybridization in the Niteroi population, confirming that the individuals are from the species L. chrysomelas. Additionally, genetic diversity values were comparable to those observed for other Leontopithecus populations, showing the absence of negative founder effect consequences and the excellent capacity of the species to re-establish its diversity in the Niteroi region. These findings are relevant to adequately manage individuals from the invasive population and for the conservation programs of both pure species. A introdução de espécies não nativas é um evento que pode pôr em risco a conservação das espécies nativas. A introdução de espécies alóctones geralmente se baseia em poucos indivíduos, e está atrelada aos impactos relacionados ao efeito fundador e à perda da diversidade genética, a qual é dependente do tamanho populacional efetivo inicial, da taxa de crescimento populacional e das características do novo ambiente colonizado, as quais podem propiciar ou não a adaptação ao mesmo. Espécies invasoras podem também favorecer a hibridação com espécies nativas, quando ambas as espécies se encontram e conseguem se acasalar, podendo ser prejudicial para biodiversidade quando uma ou ambas as linhagens ou espécies puras progenitoras é extinta. A criação de zonas de contato entre espécies que naturalmente não co-ocorrem pode, portanto, se constituir em uma ameaça premente à conservação biológica. Esse é o caso de uma região específica no Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, localizada no município de Niterói, no estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), na qual foram liberados na década de 90 dois casais da espécie ameaçada Leontopithecus chrysomelas (o mico leão-de-cara-dourada, MLCD, endêmico da Mata Atântica da Bahia), e um casal de Leontopithecus rosalia (o mico-leão-dourado, MLD, endêmico da Mata Atlântica do Rio de Janeiro). Devido às condições favoráveis presentes nesta área, estes animais conseguiram se adaptar e se reproduzir com sucesso, gerando uma nova população fora da área de ocorrência natural de L. chrysomelas. Ao longo de duas décadas, essa população aumentou sua densidade de forma exponencial, sendo estimada a existência de cerca de 200 indivíduos com fenótipo de L. chrysomelas naquela área em 2009, nenhum indivíduo com fenótipo de L. rosalia foi observado. Em vista deste evento, e do fato de que na época só se tinha a suspeita sobre a possível introdução ilegal de L. chrysomelas na região de Niteroi, uma medida alternativa para conter o crescimento e avanço dessa população para áreas adjacentes de ocorrência natural de L. rosalia foi translocar indivíduos com fenótipo de L. chrysomelas para um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, localizado na RPPN (Reserva Particular do Património Natural) Veracel Celulose, em Belmonte, Bahia. Em 2015, porém, foi confirmada a introdução ilegal de L. chrysomelas e de L. rosalia. Assim, apesar dos indivíduos da população de Niteroi terem fenótipo de L. chrysomelas, sabe-se que híbridos, além de possuírem fenótipos intermediários às espécies inter-cruzantes, podem se assemelhar mais a apenas uma das espécies parentais. Considerando que ambas as espécies são classificadas pela IUCN como "em perigo", investigar a existência de híbridos nesta população e caracterizar sua diversidade e estrutura genética é de fundamental relevância para que medidas adequadas de manejo sejam tomadas nas regiões onde atualmente existem descendentes desta população. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal realizar análises genômicas e genéticas para investigar a ocorrência de hibridização e para caracterizar a diversidade e estrutura genética desta população. Os dados mostraram ausência de sinais de hibridização na população de Niteroi, confirmando que os indivíduos são da espécie L. chrysomelas. Adicionalmente, os valores de diversidade genética mostraram-se comparáveis ao que vem sendo observado para outras populações de Leontopithecus, evidenciando ausência das consequências negativas de efeito fundador e excelente capacidade da espécie para restabelecer sua diversidade na região de Niteroi. Estes achados são relevantes para que os programas de conservação de ambas as espécies possam continuar manejando adequadamente as populações envolvidas nesse estudo. 88887.500899/2020-00

Beside humans, thousands of non-human primates (NHPs) died during the recent outbreak caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil. Vaccination of NHPs against YFV with the YF 17DD attenuated virus has emerged as a public health strategy, as it would reduce sylvatic transmission while also preserving endangered susceptible species. The hypothesis of establishing an uncontrolled transmission of this attenuated virus in nature was raised. We assessed vector competence of four sylvatic mosquito species

The study evaluated the combination of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and meperidine for vasectomy in golden-headed lion tamarins. Lidocaine infiltration was required for intraoperative analgesia and atipamezole was used at the end of the procedure. The protocol promoted satisfactory sedation and analgesia with a short recovery time in tamarins.

In a golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) colony kept indoors in a German zoo, two animals presented a sudden onset of reduced general condition, lethargy, and diarrhea. At animal capture for clinical examination, adult nematode stages were observed after stress-induced defecation. Despite treatment, two golden lion tamarins died in the following 2 days. At necropsy, spirurid stages were found in the lungs and intestine. Additionally, adult Pterygodermatites spp. were identified in histopathological samples of intestine and pancreas, confirming the previous diagnosis. Upon diagnosis, all animals were treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg; SC). Thereafter, the general condition of the golden lion tamarins improved, whereby some of them excreted spirurid nematodes over 3 days. Four weeks after treatment, 20 fecal samples from the colony were examined and proved negative for parasitic stages. Given that common German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) are suitable intermediate hosts of Pterygodermatites nycticebi, 30 specimens were collected from seven different locations around the golden lion tamarins housing. Third-stage larvae of Pterygodermatites spp. were recovered from those cockroaches. Regular anthelmintic treatments, coprological screenings, and controls for intermediate hosts were recommended. More than 2 years later, P. nycticebi infection was diagnosed again histopathologically in an aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) which suddenly died. Coprological analysis confirmed the presence of spirurid eggs. Due to prosimian primates' cockroach-eating habits and given that total cockroach eradication proved impossible, continuous cockroach control strategies and regular treatments of primates are currently performed to prevent further P. nycticebi infections.

Funding; The research was supported in part by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation (40128) and the European Research Council (232823), to KN Laland, and is in compliance with ASAB and ICMBio guidelines. Callitrichidae is a unique primate family not only in terms of the large number of food transfers to infants but also for the prevalence of transfers that are initiated by the adults. It has been hypothesized that, as well as provisioning infants, callitrichid food transfers might function to teach the receiver what food types to eat. If food provisioning has a teaching function, we would expect successful food transfers to be more likely with food types that are novel to the juveniles. We would also expect juveniles to learn about foods from those transfers. We introduced different types of food (some familiar, some novel) to wild groups of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). While novel foods were not more successfully transferred than familiar food in the experiment, transfers were more successful (i.e., the receiver obtained food) when the donor had previous experience with that food. Moreover, we found evidence suggesting that food transfers influenced the future foraging choices of juveniles. Our findings are consistent with the first and third criteria of the functional definition of teaching, which requires that tutors (the adults) modify their behavior in the presence of a naïve individual (a juvenile), and that the naïve individual learns from the modified behavior of the demonstrator. Our findings are also consistent with the provisioning function of food transfer. Social learning seems to play an important role in the development of young tamarins’ foraging preferences. Publisher PDF

Breeding strategies based on molecular markers have been adopted by ex-situ conservation programs to assess alternative parameters for the genetic diversity estimates. In this work we evaluated molecular and studbook data for captive populations of black-lion-tamarin (BLT), an endangered primate endemic to Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Pedigree analyses were performed using BLT studbook information collected from 1973 to 2018. We analyzed the whole captive population since its foundation; the current captive population (CCP); and all extant BLTs in the Brazilian captive population (BCP), separately. Microsatellite analyses were implemented on the BCP individuals from the eighth generation (BCP-F8) only to avoid generation overlap. The expected heterozygosity for BCP-F8, using molecular, data was 0.45, and the initial expected heterozygosity was 0.69. Kinship parameters showed high genetic relationships in both pedigree and molecular analyses. The genealogy-based endogamy evidenced a high inbreeding coefficient, while the molecular analyses suggested a non-inbreeding signature. The Mate Suitability Index showed detrimental values for the majority of potential pairs in the CCP. Nevertheless, some individuals evidenced high individual heterozygosity and allele representation, demonstrating good potential to be used as breeders. Thus, we propose the use of molecular data as a complementary parameter to evaluate mating-pairs and to aid management decision-making.

The black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus) is an endangered primate species, restricted to the Atlantic Forest fragments of São Paulo state, Brazil, with an estimated wild population of ~1600 individuals. Integrative studies between zoo (ex situ) and wild (in situ) animals are crucial to modern conservation programs. They can demonstrate a substantial impact with the One Health concept, an interdisciplinary research frontier regarding the relations between human, animal, and environmental health. Studies of wild populations of Leontopithecus spp. are scarce and should be encouraged to provide baseline information to develop preventive and curative medicine in zoos and other conservation programs. Studying these animals in the wild can offer important reference parameters for the species. Comparing bacterial communities between in situ and ex situ populations can help us understand both conditions and the dynamics of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. To increase our understanding of resident microorganisms among these groups, we collected oral and rectal samples from captive (zoo) and wild black lion tamarins. We employed a culture method for the identification of aerobic bacteria. Thirty-three specimens were sampled (24 zoo and 8 wild animals) and 18 bacterial genera were identified. We found primarily Gram-positive bacteria in wild animals, whereas in zoo animals, Gram-negative bacteria were dominant. Some of the bacterial species we identified are potentially pathogenic, whereas several others are being reported here for the first time in this host species. Our results reinforce the importance of integrative studies for the future management and conservation of this endangered primate species.

We performed coproparasitological testing of free-living golden-headed lion tamarins, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, using the Hoffmann-Pons-Janner method. In total, we collected 118 samples from ten groups: four living in Federal Protected Area and six living in Non-Protected Areas of cocoa farms. Eggs from parasites of the Acanthocephala phylum and Spiruridae, Ancylostomatidae, Ascarididae and Oxyuridae families were identified, as well as the genus Strongyloides (Nematode: Strongyloididae) and phylum Apicomplexa. This is the first description of infection with coccidian, Trichuridae family and Strongyloides spp. in L. chrysomelas. A total of 48% (n= 57) of the animals were infected and the highest prevalence (37.2±SD 8.72, n = 44) was for Acanthocephalidae, followed by Spiruridae (8.5±SD 5.03, n = 10). There was no difference in parasite prevalence by age classes or sex. However, we found higher diversity and prevalence of parasites in animals living in the Federal Protected Area. These results suggest that intestinal parasites may be influenced by environmental factors, such as the management of the areas where the animals live, in addition to the feeding behavior of L. chrysomelas and distinct transmission strategies of parasites. The combination of ecological and demographic data combined with parasitological studies may contribute to conservation programs for this species. Resumo Foram realizados testes coproparasitológicos de micos-leões-dourados de vida livre, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, usando-se o método de Hoffmann-Pons-Janner. No total, foram coletadas 118 amostras de dez grupos: quatro grupos residentes em Área de Conservação Federal e seis grupos em Área não protegida de fazendas de cacau. Ovos de parasitas do filo Acantocephala e das famílias Spiruridae, Ancylostomatidae, Ascarididae, Oxyuridae foram identificados, bem como o gênero Strongyloides (Nematoda: Strongyloididae) e o filo Apicomplexa. Esta é a primeira descrição de infecção de coccídeos, família Trichuridae e Strongyloides spp. em L. chrysomelas. Um total de 48% (n = 57) dos animais estavam parasitados e a maior prevalência (37,2 ±DP 8,72, n = 44) foi para Acanthocephalan, seguido por Spiruridae (8,5±DP 5,03, n = 10). Não houve diferença na prevalência do táxon de parasita por idade ou sexo. No entanto, foi encontrada maior diversidade e prevalência de parasitas em animais que vivem na Unidade de Conservação Federal. Esses resultados sugerem que os parasitas intestinais podem ser influenciados por fatores ambientais, como o manejo das áreas, além do comportamento alimentar de L. chrysomelas e distintas estratégias de transmissão dos parasitas. A combinação de dados ecológicos e demográficos com estudos parasitológicos podem contribuir para programas de conservação dessa espécie.

Background The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) is an endangered Platyrrhine primate endemic to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil. Despite ongoing conservation efforts, genetic data on this species remains scarce. Complicating factors include limitations on sample collection and a lack of high-quality reference sequences. Here, we used nanopore adaptive sampling to resequence the L. rosalia mitogenome from feces, a sample which can be collected non-invasively. Results Adaptive sampling doubled the fraction of both host-derived and mitochondrial sequences compared to sequencing without enrichment. 258x coverage of the L. rosalia mitogenome was achieved in a single flow cell by targeting the unfinished genome of the distantly related emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) and the mitogenome of the closely related black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus). The L. rosalia mitogenome has a length of 16,597 bp, sharing 99.68% sequence identity with the L. chrysopygus mitogenome. A total of 38 SNPs between them were identified, with the majority being found in the non-coding D-loop region. DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation were directly detected using a neural network model applied to the raw signal from the MinION sequencer. In contrast to prior reports, DNA methylation was negligible in mitochondria in both CpG and non-CpG contexts. Surprisingly, a quarter of the 642 CpG sites exhibited DNA hydroxymethylation greater than 1% and 44 sites were above 5%, with concentration in the 3′ side of several coding regions. Conclusions Overall, we report a robust new mitogenome assembly for L. rosalia and direct detection of cytosine base modifications in all contexts.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Background: Acanthocephalosis is an important cause of death in captive New World primates (NWP). Once established in a colony, it is extremely difficult to treat and control, quickly spreading among NWP with a high mortality rate. This study aimed to characterize the disease associated with infection with acanthocephalans according to its epidemiological, clinical, and anatomopathological aspects in a captive NWP population. Methods: From 2010 to 2020, a Brazilian zoo had recurrent deaths of NWP associated to acanthocephalan parasitism. Clinical and pathological profiles of these animals were analyzed considering the host species, sex, age, weight, clinical signs, therapeutic protocols, and pathological findings. Results: A total of 27 deaths associated with acanthocephalosis were recorded, all lethal cases affected tamarins and lion tamarins, corresponding to 67.5% of total deaths during the course of this study. Ten animals died with no previously detected clinical signs, whereas cases with noticeable clinical signs often had apathy and progressive weight loss, resulting in cachexia. Symptomatic NWP were treated with anthelmintic protocols, antibiotics, and support therapy. However, all hospitalized animals died and had grossly detectable adult acanthocephalans in the intestinal lumen that were identified as Prosthenorchis sp., which were associated with transmural and ulcerative enteritis. Conclusions: This report revealed the impact of acanthocephalosis in a naturally infected captive colony of NWP, particularly affecting tamarins (Saguinus spp.) and lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp.), with failed treatment and control strategies. Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária Escola de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) Zoológico Municipal de Bauru Departamento de Patologia Reprodução e Saúde Única Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP Departamento de Patologia Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Departamento de Patologia Reprodução e Saúde Única Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP

Simple Summary Telomeric and rDNA sequence distribution on tamarins (New world monkeys, Primates) was analysed through molecular cytogenetics by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The mapping of Telomeric and rDNA probes on chromosomes was performed in order to clarify their localization and role in genome evolution. We found rDNA loci on the same homologs 19–22 on the analysed species with a different position in one of them named Leontopithecus rosalia, presumably as result of inversions. Other rDNA signals could be present on chromosome 16 and 17. On the last species, we found the classic telomeric sequence with exceptions while on the other species analysed, we found very amplified telomeric signals at the edge of chromosomes and some centromeric signals as exceptions, especially on chromosome pairs 16 and 17 as result of inversions of telomeric sequences or the presence of new acquired rDNA loci above them. The results obtained enable us to underline that the different chromosomal morphology between the species analysed could be due to inversions which dislocate the rDNA loci, the presence of new rDNA loci or the amplification of telomeric sequences. A comparative perspective with other data results obtained could be useful in order to better understand genome evolution. Abstract Tamarins are a distinct group of small sized New World monkeys with complex phylogenetic relationships and poorly studied cytogenetic traits. In this study, we applied molecular cytogenetic analyses by fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes specific for telomeric sequences and ribosomal DNA loci after DAPI/CMA3 staining on metaphases from five tamarin species, namely Leontocebus fuscicollis, Leontopithecus rosalia, Saguinus geoffroyi, Saguinus mystax and Saguinus oedipus, with the aim to investigate the distribution of repetitive sequences and their possible role in genome evolution. Our analyses revealed that all five examined species show similar karyotypes, 2n = 46, which differ mainly in the morphology of chromosome pairs 16–17 and 19–22, due to the diverse distribution of rDNA loci, the amplification of telomeric-like sequences, the presence of heterochromatic blocks and/or putative chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions. The differences in cytogenetic traits between species of tamarins are discussed in a comparative phylogenetic framework, and in addition to data from previous studies, we underline synapomorphies and apomorphisms that appeared during the diversification of this group of New World monkeys.

Tamarins are a distinct group of small sized New World monkeys with complex phylogenetic relationships and poorly studied cytogenetic traits. In this study, we applied molecular cytogenetic analyses by fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes specific for telomeric sequences and ribosomal DNA loci after DAPI/CMA3 staining on metaphases from five tamarin species, namely Leontocebus fuscicollis, Leontopithecus rosalia, Saguinus geoffroyi, Saguinus mystax and Saguinus oedipus, with the aim to investigate the distribution of repetitive sequences and their possible role in genome evolution. Our analyses revealed that all five examined species show similar karyotypes, 2n = 46, which differ mainly in the morphology of chromosome pairs 16–17 and 19–22, due to the diverse distribution of rDNA loci, the amplification of telomeric-like sequences, the presence of heterochromatic blocks and/or putative chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions. The differences in cytogenetic traits between species of tamarins are discussed in a comparative phylogenetic framework, and in addition to data from previous studies, we underline synapomorphies and apomorphisms that appeared during the diversification of this group of New World monkeys.

Background A smooth and rapid recovery from anesthesia allowing safe release is desirable, especially for wild species. This study describes the clinical effects of the combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine and the partial reversal with atipamezole in golden-headed lion tamarins. Methods Dexmedetomidine 10 μg kg-1 and ketamine 15 mg kg-1 were administered to 45 golden-headed lion tamarins undergoing vasectomy. Following surgery, animals were assigned to three groups: control (SAL; 0.9% NaCl), atipamezole 20 μg kg-1 (ATI20), and atipamezole 40 μg kg-1 (ATI40). Results and conclusions All animals presented great scores of sedation and muscle relaxation during the procedure. Recovery in the control group was smooth and uneventful. Salivation, muscle tremors, and head movements were observed in ATI 20 and ATI40. The administration of atipamezole did not change total recovery times (ATI20 69 ± 23 minutes; ATI40 72 ± 45 minutes; SAL 57 ± 23 minutes).

Burity C.H.F., Pissinatti A. & Lacerda C.A.M. de. Are lion tamarins (Leontopithecus: Primates) sexualy dimorphic in regard to body measurements? [Os micos leões (Leontopithecus: Primates) são sexualmente dimorficos a pesar das medidas corporais?] Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 32(4):205-210, 2010. Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Grande Rio, Rua Professor José de Souza Herdy, 1160, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25071-200, Brasil. E-mail: cburity@unigranrio.com.br The Leontopithecus genus comprises the following four recognized species: L. rosalia, L. chrysomelas, L. chrysopygus, and L. caissara, which are considered the largest genus in the Callitrichidae family. They occupy areas of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, the former three species being critically endangered. Primates are sexually dimorphic in a range of morphological characteristics, such as body weight, fur, organs, and cranial, axial, and appendicular skeletons. This study assessed sexual dimorphism in body morphological characteristics of Leontopithecus kept in captivity. Body morphological variations were studied in a significant sample of the genus Leontopithecus. The analyses were performed aiming at testing possible sexual dimorphism. Welch’s approximate t test was used for assessing 13 body measurements, some of which were sexually dimorphic, such as chest perimeter, and arm, thigh, and foot lengths. No sexual dimorphism was evidenced for body weight in L. rosalia and L. chrysopygus. Body weight in L. chrysomelas, however, was dimorphic. As a whole, our study confirmed the lack of sexual dimorphism for body weight in Leontopithecus. On the other hand, it emphasized the findings regarding body weight in L. chrysomelas, as well as the significant differences found in the appendicular skeleton and chest perimeter in the sample studied., O gênero Leontopithecus compreende as seguintes quatro espécies reconhecidas: L. rosalia,chrysomelas, L. chrysopygus e L. caissara, que são considerados os maioresgênero da família Callitrichidae. Eles ocupam áreas da Mata Atlântica no Brasil, oTrês espécies criticamente ameaçadas. Primatas são sexualmente dimórficos em um gama de características morfológicas, como peso corporal, pele, órgãos e cranianos, axiais,e esqueletos apendiculares. Este estudo avaliou o dimorfismo sexual no corpo morfológico. Características de Leontopithecus mantidas em cativeiro. As variações morfológicas do corpo foram estudou em uma amostra significativa do gênero Leontopithecus. As análises foram realizadas visando testar o possível dimorfismo sexual. O teste t de aproximação de Welch foi utilizado para avaliando 13 medidas corporais, algumas das quais eram sexualmente dimórficas, como peito perímetro e braço, coxa e comprimento do pé. Nenhum dimorfismo sexual foi evidenciado para o corpo peso em L. rosalia e L. chrysopygus. O peso corporal em L. chrysomelas, no entanto, foi dimórfico. Como um todo, nosso estudo confirmou a falta de dimorfismo sexual para o peso corporal em Leontopithecus. Por outro lado, enfatizou as descobertas quanto ao peso corporal em L. chrysomelas, bem como as diferenças significativas encontradas no esqueleto apendicular e perímetro do tórax na amostra estudada.

Objectives To characterize the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of alfaxalone at three dose rates in comparison with a ketamine–dexmedetomidine–midazolam–tramadol combination (KDMT) for immobilization of golden-headed lion tamarins (GHLTs) (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) undergoing vasectomy. Study design Prospective clinical trial. Animals A total of 19 healthy, male, wild-caught GHLTs. Methods Tamarins were administered alfaxalone intramuscularly (IM) at 6, 12 or 15 mg kg–1, or KDMT, ketamine (15 mg kg–1), dexmedetomidine (0.015 mg kg–1), midazolam (0.5 mg kg–1) and tramadol (4 mg kg–1) IM. Immediately after immobilization, lidocaine (8 mg kg–1) was infiltrated subcutaneously (SC) at the incision site in all animals. Physiologic variables, anesthetic depth and quality of immobilization were assessed. At the end of the procedure, atipamezole (0.15 mg kg–1) was administered IM to group KDMT and tramadol (4 mg kg–1) SC to the other groups; all animals were injected with ketoprofen (2 mg kg–1) SC. Results A dose-dependent increase in sedation, muscle relaxation and immobilization time was noted in the alfaxalone groups. Despite the administration of atipamezole, the recovery time was longer for KDMT than all other groups. Muscle tremors were noted in some animals during induction and recovery with alfaxalone. No significant differences were observed for cardiovascular variables among the alfaxalone groups, whereas an initial decrease in heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure was recorded in KDMT, which increased after atipamezole administration. Conclusions and clinical relevance Alfaxalone dose rates of 12 or 15 mg kg–1 IM with local anesthesia provided good sedation and subjectively adequate pain control for vasectomies in GHLTs. KDMT induced a deeper plane of anesthesia and should be considered for more invasive or painful procedures. All study groups experienced mild to moderate hypothermia and hypoxemia; therefore, the use of more efficient heating devices and oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended when using these protocols.

The re-release of golden lion tamarins (

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:12:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Species distributions are influenced by both climate conditions and landscape structure. Here we propose an integrated analysis of climatic and landscape niche-based models for a forest-dependent primate, the endangered black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus). We applied both climate and landscape variables to predict the distribution of this tamarin and used this information to prioritize strategic areas more accurately. We anticipated that this approach would be beneficial for the selection of pertinent conservation strategies for this flagship species. First, we built climate and landscape niche-based models separately, combining seven algorithms, to infer processes acting on the species distribution at different scales. Subsequently, we combined climate and landscape models using the EcoLand Analysis. Our results suggest that historic and current landscape fragmentation and modification had profoundly adverse effects on the distribution of the black lion tamarins. The models indicated just 2096 km2 (out of an original distribution of 92,239 km2) of suitable areas for both climate and landscape. Of this suitable area, the species is currently present in less than 40%, which represents less than 1% of its original distribution. Based on the combined map, we determined the western and southeast regions of the species range to be priority areas for its conservation. We identified areas with high climatic and high landscape suitability, which overlap with the remaining forest fragments in both regions, for habitat conservation and population management. We suggest that areas with high climatic but low landscape suitability should be prioritized for habitat management and restoration. Areas with high landscape suitability and low climatic suitability, such as the Paranapiacaba mountain range should be considered in light of projected climate change scenarios. Our case study illustrates that a combined approach of climatic and landscape niche-based modeling can be useful for establishing focused conservation measures that may increase the likelihood of success. Graduate Program in Ecology Evolution and Biodiversity Department of Biodiversity Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) IPÊ – Institute for Ecological Research Department of Botany and Ecology Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) Department of Biodiversity Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Graduate Program in Ecology Evolution and Biodiversity Department of Biodiversity Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Biodiversity Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) FAPESP: FAPESP process 2017/11962-9 FAPESP: Young Researcher project 2014/14739-0

The research was supported in part by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation (40128) and the European Research Council (232823) to K. N. Laland. The transfer of food between adults is uncommon in primates. Although golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) are unique among primates in the extent to which they transfer food, reports of food transfers between adults have so far been restricted to captive or reintroduced individuals. Here, I report the first recorded events of adult–adult food transfers in golden lion tamarins between individuals belonging to different groups in the wild. Given that individuals emigrate from their natal group to find reproductive opportunities, I suggest that intergroup food transfers could be a way for individuals to estimate the quality or availability of potential mates or social partners. I propose an additional function of food transfers in wild golden lion tamarins: that they create and strengthen social bonds with individuals outside of the family group. Publisher PDF

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Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-04-20 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Disney Conservation Fund Sustainable Lush Fund We report on the predation of a veined treefrog (Trachycephalus venulosus) and an ocellated treefrog (Itapotihyla langsdorffii), both species with noxious skin secretions, by black lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysopygus). The two predation events took place in Morro do Diabo State Park, an Atlantic Forest reserve in southeastern Brazil. The veined treefrog was removed from a tree hollow by an adult male, whereas the ocellated treefrog was caught on the ground after it jumped from the tree attempting to escape capture. The frogs were completely ingested and no food sharing occurred in either of the events. We did not observe any signs of irritation during the event or when the group was followed in the next day in either of the cases. These are the first reports of lion tamarins ingesting anurans with noxious secretions on the skin. Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Programa Posgrad Zool, Dept Zool, Inst Ciencias Biol, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Ecol & Biodiversidade, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Inst Pesquisas Ecol, Black Lion Tamarin Conservat Program, Nazare Paulista, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Primatol, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, Programa Posgrad Zool, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Ecol & Biodiversidade, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Primatol, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, Programa Posgrad Zool, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil CAPES: 001 FAPESP: 2017/06608-1 FAPESP: 2019/11102-5 FAPESP: 2017/11962-9 FAPESP: 2014/14739-0

Here we present, for the first time, the complete chromosome painting map of Saguinus midas, the red-handed tamarin. Chromosome banding and painting with human chromosome-specific probes were used to compare the karyotype of this species with those of four other Neotropical primates of the subfamily Callitrichinae: Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix geoffroyi, C. penicillata, and Mico argentatus. The chromosome painting map of S. midas was identical to that of L. rosalia and other previously studied tamarin species (genera Saguinus and Leontopithecus). The three marmoset species studied (genera Callithrix and Mico) differed in the painting pattern of four human probes (chromosomes 1, 2, 10, and 16). These paints identified the presence or absence of chromosome associations HSA 1/10 and 2/16 in these taxa. By integrating our data with those from the literature, we were able to propose an ancestral Callitrichinae karyotype. The genera Saguinus and Leontopithecus (tamarins) conserve the ancestral Callitrichinae karyotype, while Mico and Callithrix (marmosets) show more derived karyotypes due to chromosome translocations and fissions that occurred during the evolution of these taxa.

We describe the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Black Lion Tamarin, an endangered primate species endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil. We assembled the Leontopithecus chrysopygus mitogenome, through analysis of 523M base pairs (bp) of short reads produced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina Platform, and investigated the presence of nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes and heteroplasmic sites. Additionally, we conducted phylogenetic analyses using all complete mitogenomes available for primates until June 2017. The single circular mitogenome of BLT showed organization and arrangement that are typical for other vertebrate species, with a total of 16618 bp, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 1 non-coding region (D-loop region). Our full phylogenetic tree is based on the most comprehensive mitogenomic dataset for Callitrichidae species to date, adding new data for the Leontopithecus genus, and discussing previous studies performed on primates. Moreover, the mitochondrial genome reported here consists of a robust mitogenome with 3000X coverage, which certainly will be useful for further phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of Callitrichidae and higher taxa.