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Heatwaves (HWs) are extreme atmospheric events that produce significant societal and environmental impacts. Predicting these extreme events remains challenging, as their complex interactions with large-scale atmospheric and climatic variables are difficult to capture with traditional statistical and dynamical models. This work presents a general method for driver identification in extreme climate events. A novel framework (STCO-FS) is proposed to identify key immediate (short-term) HW drivers by combining clustering algorithms with an ensemble evolutionary algorithm. The framework analyzes spatio-temporal data, reduces dimensionality by grouping similar geographical nodes for each variable, and develops driver selection in spatial and temporal domains, identifying the best time lags between predictive variables and HW occurrences. The proposed method has been applied to analyze HWs in the Adda river basin in Italy. The approach effectively identifies significant variables influencing HWs in this region. This research can potentially enhance our understanding of HW drivers and predictability., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables

The narrow bandgap semiconductor elemental tellurium (Te) has a unique electronic structure due to strong spin-orbit splitting and a lack of inversion symmetry of its helical lattice. Using broadband extreme ultraviolet core-level transient absorption, we measure simultaneously the coherently coupled photo-induced carrier and lattice dynamics at the Te N$_{4,5}$ edge initiated by a few-cycle NIR pulse. Ultrafast excitation of carriers leads to a coherently excited A$_{\rm{1g}}$ phonon oscillation and the generation of a hot carrier population distribution that oscillates in temperature, and the phonon excursion and hot carrier temperature are $\pi$ out of phase with respect to each other. The depths of modulation suggest a significant coupling between the electronic and lattice degrees of freedom in Te. A long-lived shift of the absorption edge suggests a metastable excited state of Te in a new equilibrium potential energy surface that lives on the order of the carrier recombination timescale. The observed phonon-induced oscillations of the hot carriers are supportive of a semiconductor-to-metal light-induced phase transition, whereby Te becomes more metallic with increasing phonon-induced displacement. Additionally, near the Fermi level we observe an energy-dependent phase of the displacive excitation of the A$_{\rm{1g}}$ phonon mode. The discovery of coherent coupling between the lattice and hot carriers in Te provides the basis to investigate coherent interactions between spin and orbital degrees of freedom. The results spectrally and temporally resolve the correlation between photo-excited hot carriers and coherent lattice excitations, providing insight on the optical manipulation of the tellurium electronic structure at high carrier densities exceeding $10^{21}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$.

OT 081 is a well-known, luminous blazar that is remarkably variable in many energy bands. We present the first broadband study of the source which includes very-high-energy (VHE, $E>$100\,GeV) $\gamma$-ray data taken by the MAGIC and H.E.S.S. imaging Cherenkov telescopes. The discovery of VHE $\gamma$-ray emission happened during a high state of $\gamma$-ray activity in July 2016, observed by many instruments from radio to VHE $\gamma$-rays. We identify four states of activity of the source, one of which includes VHE $\gamma$-ray emission. Variability in the VHE domain is found on daily timescales. The intrinsic VHE spectrum can be described by a power-law with index $3.27\pm0.44_{\rm stat}\pm0.15_{\rm sys}$ (MAGIC) and $3.39\pm0.58_{\rm stat}\pm0.64_{\rm sys}$ (H.E.S.S.) in the energy range of 55--300\,GeV and 120--500\,GeV, respectively. The broadband emission cannot be sucessfully reproduced by a simple one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model. Instead, an additional external Compton component is required. We test a lepto-hadronic model that reproduces the dataset well and a proton-synchrotron dominated model that requires an extreme proton luminosity. Emission models that are able to successfully represent the data place the emitting region well outside of the Broad Line Region (BLR) to a location at which the radiative environment is dominated by the infrared thermal radiation field of the dusty torus. In the scenario described by this flaring activity, the source appears to be an FSRQ, in contrast with past categorizations. This suggests that the source can be considered to be a transitional blazar, intermediate between BL~Lac and FSRQ objects., Comment: Accepted on MNRAS Corresponding authors: M. Manganaro, J. Becerra Gonz\'alez, M. Seglar-Arroyo, D. A. Sanchez

Quantum chaos is a quantum many-body phenomenon that is associated with a number of intricate properties, such as level repulsion in energy spectra or distinct scalings of out-of-time ordered correlation functions. In this work, we introduce a novel class of "pseudochaotic" quantum Hamiltonians that fundamentally challenges the conventional understanding of quantum chaos and its relationship to computational complexity. Our ensemble is computationally indistinguishable from the Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE) of strongly-interacting Hamiltonians, widely considered to be a quintessential model for quantum chaos. Surprisingly, despite this effective indistinguishability, our Hamiltonians lack all conventional signatures of chaos: it exhibits Poissonian level statistics, low operator complexity, and weak scrambling properties. This stark contrast between efficient computational indistinguishability and traditional chaos indicators calls into question fundamental assumptions about the nature of quantum chaos. We, furthermore, give an efficient quantum algorithm to simulate Hamiltonians from our ensemble, even though simulating Hamiltonians from the true GUE is known to require exponential time. Our work establishes fundamental limitations on Hamiltonian learning and testing protocols and derives stronger bounds on entanglement and magic state distillation. These results reveal a surprising separation between computational and information-theoretic perspectives on quantum chaos, opening new avenues for research at the intersection of quantum chaos, computational complexity, and quantum information. Above all, it challenges conventional notions of what it fundamentally means to actually observe complex quantum systems., Comment: 11+30 pages, 2+1 figures

Multimodal/vision language models (VLMs) are increasingly being deployed in healthcare settings worldwide, necessitating robust benchmarks to ensure their safety, efficacy, and fairness. Multiple-choice question and answer (QA) datasets derived from national medical examinations have long served as valuable evaluation tools, but existing datasets are largely text-only and available in a limited subset of languages and countries. To address these challenges, we present WorldMedQA-V, an updated multilingual, multimodal benchmarking dataset designed to evaluate VLMs in healthcare. WorldMedQA-V includes 568 labeled multiple-choice QAs paired with 568 medical images from four countries (Brazil, Israel, Japan, and Spain), covering original languages and validated English translations by native clinicians, respectively. Baseline performance for common open- and closed-source models are provided in the local language and English translations, and with and without images provided to the model. The WorldMedQA-V benchmark aims to better match AI systems to the diverse healthcare environments in which they are deployed, fostering more equitable, effective, and representative applications., Comment: submitted for review, total of 14 pages

Significant work has been done to develop quantum satellites, which generate entangled pairs in space and distribute them to ground stations separated some distance away. The reverse uplink case, where pairs are generated on the ground and swapped on the satellite using an optical Bell-measurement, has not been seriously considered due to a prevailing assumption that it is practically infeasible. In this letter, we illustrate the feasibility of performing Discrete Variable photonic Bell-measurements in space by conducting a detailed numerical analysis to estimate the channel efficiency and attainable pair fidelity for various satellite-station configurations. Our model accounts for a wide range of physical effects such as atmospheric effects, stray photons, and mode mismatch. Our findings show promise toward the feasibility of photonic Bell-measurements in space, which motivates future research towards large-scale Satellite-based uplink entanglement distribution., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

Instruments for gamma-ray astronomy at Very High Energies ($E>100\,{\rm GeV}$) have traditionally derived their scientific results through proprietary data and software. Data standardisation has become a prominent issue in this field both as a requirement for the dissemination of data from the next generation of gamma-ray observatories and as an effective solution to realise public data legacies of current-generation instruments. Specifications for a standardised gamma-ray data format have been proposed as a community effort and have already been successfully adopted by several instruments. We present the first production of standardised data from the Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes. We converted $166\,{\rm h}$ of observations from different sources and validated their analysis with the open-source software Gammapy. We consider six data sets representing different scientific and technical analysis cases and compare the results obtained analysing the standardised data with open-source software against those produced with the MAGIC proprietary data and software. Aiming at a systematic production of MAGIC data in this standardised format, we also present the implementation of a database-driven pipeline automatically performing the MAGIC data reduction from the calibrated down to the standardised data level. In all the cases selected for the validation, we obtain results compatible with the MAGIC proprietary software, both for the manual and for the automatic data productions. Part of the validation data set is also made publicly available, thus representing the first large public release of MAGIC data. This effort and this first data release represent a technical milestone toward the realisation of a public MAGIC data legacy., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of High Energy Astrophysics

Free-fermionic states, also known as fermionic Gaussian states, represent an important class of quantum states ubiquitous in physics. They are uniquely and efficiently described by their correlation matrix. However, in practical experiments, the correlation matrix can only be estimated with finite accuracy. This raises the question: how does the error in estimating the correlation matrix affect the trace-distance error of the state? We show that if the correlation matrix is known with an error $\varepsilon$, the trace-distance error also scales as $\varepsilon$ (and vice versa). Specifically, we provide distance bounds between (both pure and mixed) free-fermionic states in relation to their correlation matrix distance. Our analysis also extends to cases where one state may not be free-fermionic. Importantly, we leverage our preceding results to derive significant advancements in property testing and tomography of free-fermionic states. Property testing involves determining whether an unknown state is close to or far from being a free-fermionic state. We first demonstrate that any algorithm capable of testing arbitrary (possibly mixed) free-fermionic states would inevitably be inefficient. Then, we present an efficient algorithm for testing low-rank free-fermionic states. For free-fermionic state tomography, we provide improved bounds on sample complexity in the pure-state scenario, substantially improving over previous literature, and we generalize the efficient algorithm to mixed states, discussing its noise-robustness., Comment: 7+42 pages, 2 figures

We propose a novel approach for determining the orbital inclination of low-mass X-ray binary systems by modelling the H$\alpha$ and H$\beta$ line profiles emitted by the accretion disc, with a Newtonian version of diskline. We applied the model to two sample sources, Swift J1357.2-0933 and MAXI J1305-704, which are both transient black hole systems, and analyse two observations that were collected during a quiescent state and one observation of an outburst. The line profile is well described by the diskline model, although we had to add a Gaussian line to describe the deep inner core of the double-peaked profile, which the diskline model was unable to reproduce. The H$\beta$ emission lines in the spectrum of Swift J1357.2-0933 and the H$\alpha$ emission lines in that of MAXI J1305-704 during the quiescent state are consistent with a scenario in which these lines originate from a disc ring between $(9.6-57) \times 10^{3}, \rm{R_{g}}$ and $(1.94-20) \times 10^{4}, \rm{R_{g}}$, respectively. We estimate an inclination angle of $81 \pm 5$ degrees for Swift J1357.2-0933 and an angle of $73 \pm 4$ degrees for MAXI J1305-704. This is entirely consistent with the values reported in the literature. In agreement with the recent literature, our analysis of the outburst spectrum of MAXI J1305-704 revealed that the radius of the emission region deviates from expected values. This outcome implies several potential scenarios, including alternative disc configuration or even a circumbinary disc. We caution that these results were derived from a simplistic model that may not fully describe the complicated physics of accretion discs. Despite these limitations, our results for the inclination angles are remarkably consistent with recent complementary studies, and the proposed description of the emitting region remains entirely plausible., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

To gain better understanding of the Ap stars with the longest rotation periods, we obtained high resolution spectra of a sample of super-slowly rotating Ap (ssrAp) star candidates identified by a TESS photometric survey, to confirm that they are indeed Ap stars, to check that their v sin i values are compatible with super-slow rotation, and to obtain a first estimate of their magnetic field strengths. We determined whenever possible their mean magnetic field modulus, their mean quadratic magnetic field, and an upper limit of their projected equatorial velocities. Eighteen of the 27 stars studied are typical Ap stars; most of the other nine appear to be misclassified. One of the Ap stars is not a slow rotator; it must be seen nearly pole-on. The properties of the remaining 17 are compatible with moderately to extremely long rotation periods. Eight new stars with resolved magnetically split lines in the visible range were discovered; their mean magnetic field modulus and their mean quadratic magnetic field were measured. The mean quadratic field could also be determined in five more stars. Five new spectroscopic binaries containing an Ap star were identified. Among the misclassified stars, one SB2 system with two similar, sharp-lined Am components was also discovered. The technique that we used to carry out a search for ssrAp star candidates using TESS data is validated, but appears limited by uncertainties in the spectral classification of Ap stars. The new magnetic field measurements obtained as part of this study lend further support to the tentative conclusions of our previous studies: the absence of periods longer than ~150 d in stars with magnetic fields stronger than ~7.5 kG, the lower rate of occurrence of super-slow rotation for field strengths less than ~2 kG than in the range ~3-7.5 kG, and the deficiency of slowly rotating Ap stars with field strengths between ~2 and ~3 kG., Comment: 34 pages, 30 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

HERMES (High Energy Rapid Modular Ensemble of Satellites) Pathfinder is a space-borne mission based on a constellation of six nano-satellites flying in a low-Earth orbit (LEO). The 3U CubeSats, to be launched in early 2025, host miniaturized instruments with a hybrid Silicon Drift Detector/GAGG:Ce scintillator photodetector system, sensitive to X-rays and gamma-rays in a large energy band. HERMES will operate in conjunction with Australian Space Industry Responsive Intelligent Thermal (SpIRIT) 6U CubeSat, launched in December 2023. HERMES will probe the temporal emission of bright high-energy transients such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), ensuring a fast transient localization in a field of view of several steradians exploiting the triangulation technique. HERMES intrinsically modular transient monitoring experiment represents a keystone capability to complement the next generation of gravitational wave experiments. In this paper we outline the scientific case, development and programmatic status of the mission, Comment: 13 pages, 16 figures. Proceedings of SPIE "Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation" 2024. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2210.13866

Governments, industry, and other actors involved in governing AI technologies around the world agree that, while AI offers tremendous promise to benefit the world, appropriate guardrails are required to mitigate risks. Global institutions, including the OECD, the G7, the G20, UNESCO, and the Council of Europe, have already started developing frameworks for ethical and responsible AI governance. While these are important initial steps, they alone fall short of addressing the need for institutionalised international processes to identify and assess potentially harmful AI capabilities. Contributing to the relevant conversation on how to address this gap, this chapter reflects on what functions an international AI safety institute could perform. Based on the analysis of both existing international governance models addressing safety considerations in adjacent policy areas and the newly established national AI safety institutes in the UK and US, the chapter identifies a list of concrete functions that could be performed at the international level. While creating a new international body is not the only way forward, understanding the structure of these bodies from a modular perspective can help us to identify the tools at our disposal. These, we suggest, can be categorised under three functional domains: a) technical research and cooperation, b) safeguards and evaluations, c) policymaking and governance support.

We propose an algorithm to capture emergent patterns in the cross-correlations of financial markets, highlighting regime changes on a global scale. In our approach, financial markets are viewed as complex adaptive systems, and multiscale properties and cross-correlations are considered, particularly during stress conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in 2022, and Brexit. We investigate whether significant disruptions reflect an imbalance in investment horizons among investors, and we propose a measure based on this imbalance to depict the impact on global financial markets. The detrended cross-correlation cost (DCCC), which is derived from detrended cross-correlation analysis, uses cross-correlations at different timescales to capture variations in investment horizons amid financial uncertainties. Our algorithm, which combines DCCC analysis and the minimum-spanning-tree filtering approach, tracks system interconnectedness and investor imbalances. We tested the DCCC indicator using daily price series of G7, Russian, and Chinese markets over the past decade and found that it increases sharply during ``crash'' periods compared to ``business as usual'' periods. Our empirical results confirm that short-term investment horizons dominate during financial instabilities; this validates our hypothesis and indicates that the DCCC can serve as a leading indicator of shifts in financial-market regimes.

Throughout its history, the theory of quantum error correction has heavily benefited from translating classical concepts into the quantum setting. In particular, classical notions of weight enumerators, which relate to the performance of an error-correcting code, and MacWilliams' identity, which helps to compute enumerators, have been generalized to the quantum case. In this work, we establish a distinct relationship between the theoretical machinery of quantum weight enumerators and a seemingly unrelated physics experiment: we prove that Rains' quantum shadow enumerators - a powerful mathematical tool - arise as probabilities of observing fixed numbers of triplets in a Bell sampling experiment. This insight allows us to develop here a rigorous framework for the direct measurement of quantum weight enumerators, thus enabling experimental and theoretical studies of the entanglement structure of any quantum error-correcting code or state under investigation. On top of that, we derive concrete sample complexity bounds and physically-motivated robustness guarantees against unavoidable experimental imperfections. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the possibility of directly measuring weight enumerators on a trapped-ion quantum computer. Our experimental findings are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and illuminate how entanglement theory and quantum error correction can cross-fertilize each other once Bell sampling experiments are combined with the theoretical machinery of quantum weight enumerators., Comment: 21+12 pages, 6+7 figures

We present a comprehensive study of the X-ray spectral properties of the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17498$-$2921 during its 2023 outburst. Similar to other accreting millisecond pulsars, the broad-band spectral emission observed quasi-simultaneously by NICER and NuSTAR is well described by an absorbed Comptonized emission with an electron temperature of $\sim$17 keV plus a disk reflection component. The broadening of the disk reflection spectral features, such as a prominent iron emission line at 6.4-6.7 keV, is consistent with the relativistic motion of matter in a disk truncated at $\sim$$21 \, \mathrm{R_g}$ from the source, near the Keplerian co-rotation radius. From the high-cadence monitoring data obtained with NICER, we observe that the evolution of the photon index and the temperature of seed photons tracks variations in the X-ray flux. This is particularly evident close to a sudden $\sim$-0.25 cycles jump in the pulse phase, which occurs immediately following an X-ray flux flare and a drop in the pulse amplitude below the $3\sigma$ detection threshold. We also report on the non-detection of optical pulsations with TNG/SiFAP2 from the highly absorbed optical counterpart., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to A&A

The helium atom, with one nucleus and two electrons, is a prototypical system to study quantum many-body dynamics. Doubly-excited states, or quantum states in which both electrons are excited by one photon, are showcase scenarios of electronic-correlation mediated effects. In this paper, the natural lifetimes of the doubly-excited $^1$P$^o$ 2s$n$p Rydberg series and the $^1$S$^e$ 2p$^2$ dark state in helium in the 60 eV to 65 eV region are measured directly in the time domain with extreme-ultraviolet/near-infrared noncollinear attosecond four-wave-mixing (FWM) spectroscopy. The measured lifetimes are in agreement with lifetimes deduced from spectral linewidths and theoretical predictions, and the roles of specific decay mechanisms are considered. While complex spectral line shapes in the form of Fano resonances are common in absorption spectroscopy of autoionizing states, the background-free and thus homodyned character of noncollinear FWM results exclusively in Lorentzian spectral features in the absence of strong-field effects. The onset of strong-field effects that would affect the extraction of accurate natural lifetimes in helium by FWM is determined to be approximately 0.3 Rabi cycles. This study provides a systematic understanding of the FWM parameters necessary to enable accurate lifetime extractions, which can be utilized in more complex quantum systems such as molecules in the future., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 1 table. P. R. and N. G. P. contributed equally to this work

In this Thesis we investigate properties of stability, rigidity and unitarity of the string landscape in ten and lower dimensions. The dissertation explores these aspects by intertwining a detailed analysis of string vacua, with and without supersymmetry, with a bottom-up study driven by unitarity. In particular, in Chapter 1 the possibility of formulating a necessary and sufficient condition for the classical stability of non-supersymmetric string vacua is discussed, emphasising the examples in ten and nine dimensions. In Chapter 2, new solutions are presented in six dimensions both for BSB and supersymmetric $T^4/\mathbb{Z}_6$ orientifold vacua, arising from a non-trivial cancellation of the R-R tadpoles. The consitency of these theories is shown by checking the cancellation of local anomalies and verifying the unitarity constraints arising from the introduction of string defects. Finally, Chapter 3 discusses the role played by a new kind of global anomaly, arising from the inconsistency of effective field theories under topology change. A systematic analysis of six-dimensional supergravity theories with $\text{SU}(2)$ gauge group and one tensor multiplet and $\text{U}(1)$ gauge group with no tensor multiplets is discussed. Novel constraints are found and their cancellation in string vacua is verified. In addition, we have investigated the $\text{SO}(16)\times \text{SO}(16)$ heterotic theory compactified on the $T^4/\mathbb{Z}_6$ orbifold and the Gepner orientifold with no tensor multiples, showing how such anomalies are cancelled. Even though expected, this result provides a non-trivial consistency check that is not guaranteed by any theorem known in the literature., Comment: PhD Thesis, 152 pages, 2 figures

Transient grating spectroscopy has become a mainstay among metal and semiconductor characterization techniques. Here we extend the technique towards the shortest achievable timescales by using tabletop high-harmonic generation of attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses that diffract from transient gratings generated with 500-1000 nm sub-5 fs near-infrared (NIR) pulses. We demonstrate the power of attosecond transient grating spectroscopy (ATGS) by investigating the ultrafast photoexcited dynamics in an Sb semimetal thin film. ATGS provides an element-specific, background-free signal, unfettered by spectral congestion, in contrast to transient absorption spectroscopy. With the ATGS measurements in Sb polycrystalline thin films, we observe the generation of coherent phonons and investigate the lattice and carrier dynamics. Among the latter processes, we extract carrier thermalization, hot carrier cooling, and electron-hole recombination, which are on the order of 20 fs, 50 fs, and 2 ps, timescales, respectively. Furthermore, simultaneous collection of transient absorption and transient grating data allows us to extract the total complex dielectric constant in the sample dynamics, including the real-valued refractive index, from which we are also able to investigate carrier-phonon interactions and longer-lived phonon dynamics. The outlined experimental technique expands the capabilities of transient grating spectroscopy and attosecond spectroscopies by providing a wealth of information concerning carrier and lattice dynamics with an element-selective technique, at the shortest achievable timescales.

We construct rigid non-supersymmetric heterotic vacua with reduced rank and no tachyons in six and four dimensions. These configurations are based on asymmetric orbifold compactifications which do not admit deformation moduli and represent, to the best of our knowledge, the first instances of non-tachyonic non-supersymmetric heterotic vacua with reduced rank., Comment: 18 pages, 1 figure. v2: Corrected interpretation of massless spectrum. Section added on possible deformations of the models. Refs added

Social networks are creating a digital world in which the cognitive, emotional, and pragmatic value of the imagery of human faces and bodies is arguably changing. However, researchers in the digital humanities are often ill-equipped to study these phenomena at scale. This work presents FRESCO (Face Representation in E-Societies through Computational Observation), a framework designed to explore the socio-cultural implications of images on social media platforms at scale. FRESCO deconstructs images into numerical and categorical variables using state-of-the-art computer vision techniques, aligning with the principles of visual semiotics. The framework analyzes images across three levels: the plastic level, encompassing fundamental visual features like lines and colors; the figurative level, representing specific entities or concepts; and the enunciation level, which focuses particularly on constructing the point of view of the spectator and observer. These levels are analyzed to discern deeper narrative layers within the imagery. Experimental validation confirms the reliability and utility of FRESCO, and we assess its consistency and precision across two public datasets. Subsequently, we introduce the FRESCO score, a metric derived from the framework's output that serves as a reliable measure of similarity in image content., Comment: Accepted at CVIU journal 2024

We present estimates for the number of ions needed to implement fault-tolerant lattice surgery between spatially separated trapped-ion surface codes. Additionally, we determine attainable lattice surgery rates given a number of dedicated ``communication ions" per logical qubit. Because our analysis depends heavily on the rate that syndrome extraction cycles take place, we survey the state-of the art and propose three possible cycle times between $10$ and $1000 \mu s$ that we could reasonably see realised provided certain technological milestones are met. Consequently, our numerical results indicate that hundreds of resource ions will be needed for lattice surgery in the slowest case, while close to a hundred thousand will be needed in the fastest case. The main factor contributing to these prohibitive estimates is the limited rate that ions can be coupled across traps. Our results indicate an urgent need for optical coupling to improve by one or more orders of magnitude for trapped-ion quantum computers to scale., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables

In this paper we consider a family of non local functionals of convolution-type depending on a small parameter $\varepsilon>0$ and $\Gamma$-converging to local functionals defined on Sobolev spaces as $\varepsilon\to 0$. We study the asymptotic behaviour of the functionals when the order parameter is subject to Dirichlet conditions on a periodically perforated domains, given by a periodic array of small balls of radius $r_\delta$ centered on a $\delta$--periodic lattice, being $\delta > 0$ an additional small parameter and $r_\delta=o(\delta)$. We highlight differences and analogies with the local case, according to the interplay between the three scales $\varepsilon$, $\delta$ and $r_\delta$. A fundamental tool in our analysis turns out to be a non local variant of the classical Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequality in Sobolev spaces which may be of independent interest and useful for other applications.

The Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV), a proposed consequence of certain quantum gravity (QG) scenarios, could instigate an energy-dependent group velocity for ultra-relativistic particles. This energy dependence, although suppressed by the massive QG energy scale $E_\mathrm{QG}$, expected to be on the level of the Planck energy $1.22 \times 10^{19}$ GeV, is potentially detectable in astrophysical observations. In this scenario, the cosmological distances traversed by photons act as an amplifier for this effect. By leveraging the observation of a remarkable flare from the blazar Mrk\,421, recorded at energies above 100 GeV by the MAGIC telescopes on the night of April 25 to 26, 2014, we look for time delays scaling linearly and quadratically with the photon energies. Using for the first time in LIV studies a binned-likelihood approach we set constraints on the QG energy scale. For the linear scenario, we set $95\%$ lower limits $E_\mathrm{QG}>2.7\times10^{17}$ GeV for the subluminal case and $E_\mathrm{QG}> 3.6 \times10^{17}$ GeV for the superluminal case. For the quadratic scenario, the $95\%$ lower limits for the subluminal and superluminal cases are $E_\mathrm{QG}>2.6 \times10^{10}$ GeV and $E_\mathrm{QG}>2.5\times10^{10}$ GeV, respectively.

Understanding initial electron thermalization has relevance to both fundamental scientific knowledge and application to the construction of novel devices. In this study, attosecond transient absorption is used to directly measure initial electron thermalization times of 38 $\pm$ 8 fs, 15 $\pm$ 3 fs, 4.2 $\pm$ 1 fs, and 2.0 $\pm$ 0.3 fs for Mg, Pt, Fe, and Co, respectively. Through time dependent density function theory calculations, it is shown that the fast electron thermalization observed in Fe and Co is correlated with a strong local field effect. We find that a simple analytical model can be used to calculate the initial electron thermalization time measured by the transient extreme ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy method performed here. Our results suggest that the most significant contributions to the initial electron thermalization times are the basic metal properties of the density of states volume available for scattering and screened electron interaction. Many-body effects contribute less, but still significantly to the initial electron thermalization time. Ultimately the information gained through this study shows the unique view that attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy contributes to unraveling and monitoring electron dynamics and its connection to many-body effects in metals and beyond., Comment: 32 pages, 13 figures

Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) bridge relativistic astrophysics and multi-messenger astronomy. Space-based gamma/X-ray wide field detectors have proven essential to detect and localize the highly variable GRB prompt emission, which is also a counterpart of gravitational wave events. We study the capabilities to detect long and short GRBs by the High Energy Rapid Modular Ensemble of Satellites (HERMES) Pathfinder (HP) and SpIRIT, namely a swarm of six 3U CubeSats to be launched in early 2025, and a 6U CubeSat launched on December 1st 2023. We also study the capabilities of two advanced configurations of swarms of >8 satellites with improved detector performances (HERMES Constellations). The HERMES detectors, sensitive down to ~2-3 keV, will be able to detect faint/soft GRBs which comprise X-ray flashes and high redshift bursts. By combining state-of-the-art long and short GRB population models with a description of the single module performance, we estimate that HP will detect ~195^{+22}_{-21} long GRBs (3.4^{+0.3}_{-0.8} at redshift z>6) and ~19^{+5}_{-3} short GRBs per year. The larger HERMES Constellations under study can detect between ~1300 and ~3000 long GRBs per year and between ~160 and ~400 short GRBs per year, depending on the chosen configuration, with a rate of long GRBs above z>6 between 30 and 75 per year. Finally, we explore the capabilities of HERMES to detect short GRBs as electromagnetic counterparts of binary neutron star (BNS) mergers detected as gravitational signals by current and future ground-based interferometers. Under the assumption that the GRB jets are structured, we estimate that HP can provide up to 1 (14) yr^{-1} joint detections during the fifth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run (Einstein Telescope single triangle 10 km arm configuration). These numbers become 4 (100) yr^{-1}, respectively, for the HERMES Constellation configuration., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, 4 tabels. Accepted for publication by Astronomy & Astrophysics

An Ahlfors-type regularity result for free-discontinuity energies defined on the space $SBV^{\varphi}$ of special functions of bounded variation with $\varphi$-growth, where $\varphi$ is a generalized Orlicz function, is proved. Our analysis expands on the regularity theory for minimizers of a class of free-discontinuity problems in the non-standard growth case., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2303.01951

Cross-platform verification is the task of comparing the output states produced by different physical platforms using solely local quantum operations and classical communication. While protocols have previously been suggested for this task, their exponential sample complexity renders them unpractical even for intermediate-scale quantum systems. In this work, we propose a novel protocol for this task based on Pauli sampling, a subroutine which generates Paulis distributed according to their weight in the expansion of a quantum state in the Pauli basis. We show that our protocols for both Pauli sampling and cross-platform verification are efficient for quantum states with low magic and entanglement (i.e., of the order $O(\log n)$). Conversely, we show super-polynomial lower bounds on the complexity of both tasks for states with $\omega(\log n)$ magic and entanglement. Interestingly, when considering states with real amplitudes the requirements of our protocol for cross-platform verification can be significantly weakened., Comment: Improved Lemma 1, added references and corrected typos

In 1989, Eberhard proposed a v-causal model where quantum correlations between entangled particles are established by communications moving at a superluminal speed v_t > c in a preferred frame. In successive years, several experiments established lower bounds for the possible tachyons velocities. In a recent paper, Luigi Santamaria Amato et al. performed an interesting east-west aligned tabletop experiment under the assumption that the preferred frame is the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). In that paper, they criticize long-distance experiments but here we show that most of their criticisms are not applicable to long-distance tunnel experiments where the highest lower bound was obtained., Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure

X-ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy near the carbon K-edge (1s, $\sim$ 285 eV) and chlorine L$_{2,3}$ edges (2p, $\sim$ 200 eV) is used to study the nuclear dynamics of CCl$_4$ vibrationally activated by impulsive stimulated Raman scattering with a few-cycle 800 nm pump pulse. The totally symmetric stretching mode leads to a strong response in the inner-shell spectra, with the concerted elongation (contraction) in bond lengths leading to a red (blue) shift in the X-ray absorption energies associated with core-to-antibonding excitations. The relative slopes of the potential energy surfaces associated with the relevant core-excited states along the symmetric stretching mode are experimentally measured and compared to results from restricted open-shell Kohn-Sham calculations. A combination of experiment and theory indicates that the slope of the core-excited potential energy surface vs totally symmetric bond elongation is $-11.1 \pm 0.8$ eV/{\AA} for the Cl 2p$\to7a_1^*$ excitation, $-9.0\pm0.6$ eV/{\AA} for the Cl 2p$\to8t_2^*$ excitation and $-5.2\pm 0.4$ eV/{\AA} for the C 1s$\to8t_2^*$ excitation, to 95% confidence. The much larger slopes for the Cl 2p excitations compared to the C 1s state are attributed to greater contributions from Cl to the $7a_1^*$ or $8t_2^*$ antibonding orbitals to which the inner-shell electrons are being excited. No net displacement of the center of the vibrational wavefunction along the other vibrational modes is induced by the pump pulse, leading to absence of transient signal. The results highlight the ability of X-ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy to reveal nuclear dynamics involving tiny ($<0.01$ {\AA}) atomic displacements and also provide direct measurement of forces on core-excited potential energy surfaces., Comment: ADR and DH contributed equally to this work

We study infinite-distance limits in the moduli space of perturbative string vacua. The remarkable interplay of string dualities seems to determine a highly non-trivial dichotomy, summarized by the emergent string conjecture, by which in some duality frame either internal dimensions decompactify or a unique critical string becomes tensionless. Assuming the existence of light states, we investigate whether this pattern persists in potentially non-geometric settings, showing that (a proxy for) the cutoff of the gravitational effective field theory in perturbative type II vacua scales with the spectral gap of the internal conformal field theory in the same manner as in decompactification or emergent string limits, regardless of supersymmetry or whether the internal sector is geometric. As a byproduct, we elucidate the role of the species scale in (de)compactifications and show compatibility between effective field theory and worldsheet approaches in the presence of curvature deformations in geometric settings., Comment: 35 pages

Quantum state tomography, aimed at deriving a classical description of an unknown state from measurement data, is a fundamental task in quantum physics. In this work, we analyse the ultimate achievable performance of tomography of continuous-variable systems, such as bosonic and quantum optical systems. We prove that tomography of these systems is extremely inefficient in terms of time resources, much more so than tomography of finite-dimensional systems: not only does the minimum number of state copies needed for tomography scale exponentially with the number of modes, but it also exhibits a dramatic scaling with the trace-distance error, even for low-energy states, in stark contrast with the finite-dimensional case. On a more positive note, we prove that tomography of Gaussian states is efficient. To accomplish this, we answer a fundamental question for the field of continuous-variable quantum information: if we know with a certain error the first and second moments of an unknown Gaussian state, what is the resulting trace-distance error that we make on the state? Lastly, we demonstrate that tomography of non-Gaussian states prepared through Gaussian unitaries and a few local non-Gaussian evolutions is efficient and experimentally feasible., Comment: In the fourth version of the paper, we corrected a typo in Lemma S55

Analysis of microservices' performance is a considerably challenging task due to the multifaceted nature of these systems. Each request to a microservices system might raise several Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) to services deployed on different servers and/or containers. Existing distributed tracing tools leverage swimlane visualizations as the primary means to support performance analysis of microservices. These visualizations are particularly effective when it is needed to investigate individual end-to-end requests' performance behaviors. Still, they are substantially limited when more complex analyses are required, as when understanding the system-wide performance trends is needed. To overcome this limitation, we introduce vamp, an innovative visual analytics tool that enables, at once, the performance analysis of multiple end-to-end requests of a microservices system. Vamp was built around the idea that having a wide set of interactive visualizations facilitates the analyses of the recurrent characteristics of requests and their relation w.r.t. the end-to-end performance behavior. Through an evaluation of 33 datasets from an established open-source microservices system, we demonstrate how vamp aids in identifying RPC execution time deviations with significant impact on end-to-end performance. Additionally, we show that vamp can support in pinpointing meaningful structural patterns in end-to-end requests and their relationship with microservice performance behaviors., Comment: Accepted for publication in The 39th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC '24)

Magic-state resource theory is a powerful tool with applications in quantum error correction, many-body physics, and classical simulation of quantum dynamics. Despite its broad scope, finding tractable resource monotones has been challenging. Stabilizer entropies have recently emerged as promising candidates (being easily computable and experimentally measurable detectors of nonstabilizerness) though their status as true resource monotones has been an open question ever since. In this Letter, we establish the monotonicity of stabilizer entropies for $\alpha \geq 2$ within the context of magic-state resource theory restricted to pure states. Additionally, we show that linear stabilizer entropies serve as strong monotones. Furthermore, we extend stabilizer entropies to mixed states as monotones via convex roof constructions, whose computational evaluation significantly outperforms optimization over stabilizer decompositions for low-rank density matrices. As a direct corollary, we provide improved conversion bounds between resource states, revealing a preferred direction of conversion between magic states. These results conclusively validate the use of stabilizer entropies within magic-state resource theory and establish them as the only known family of monotones that are experimentally measurable and computationally tractable.

XTE J1710-281 is a transient eclipsing binary system with a period close to 3.28 hours, hosting a neutron star. The average eclipse duration is 420 seconds, and eclipse arrival times reported in the literature span from 1999 to 2017. A previous analysis of the eclipse arrival times using the eclipse timing technique revealed a complex pattern of delays, indicating the presence of three orbital glitches. These glitches correspond to sudden variations in the orbital period, allowing for the identification of four distinct epochs. We have re-analyzed the 78 eclipse arrival times spanning 18 years utilizing the eclipse timing technique to derive the corresponding delays as a function of time. We find that the observed delays align well with a fitting model employing an eccentric sine function characterized by an amplitude of $6.1 \pm 0.5$ s, eccentricity of $0.38 \pm 0.17$, and a period of $17.1 \pm 1.5$ years. Additionally, we identified the orbital period as 3.28106345(13) hours, with a reference epoch of $T_0=54112.83200(2)$ Modified Julian Date (MJD). We obtained an upper limit of the orbital period derivative of $3.6 \times 10^{-13}$ s~s$^{-1}$. From the average value of the eclipse duration, we estimate that the companion star has a mass of 0.22~\Msun for a neutron star mass of 1.4~\Msun, and the inclination of the source is $78.1^{+1.5}_{-1.2}$ degrees. The companion star is in thermal equilibrium. The orbital period derivative is consistent with a conservative mass transfer scenario, where the angular momentum loss due to magnetic braking dominates over gravitational radiation angular momentum loss if the former is present. The eccentric modulation can be explained by a third body with a mass of 2.7 Jovian masses, orbiting with a revolution period close to 17 years and an eccentricity of 0.38. (abridged abstract), Comment: 7 pages, 10 figures, accepted for the publication by A&A on 12/04/2024

Free-fermionic states, also known as matchgates or Gaussian states, are a fundamental class of quantum states due to their efficient classical simulability and their crucial role across various domains of Physics. With the advent of quantum devices, experiments now yield data from quantum states, including estimates of expectation values. We establish that deciding whether a given dataset, formed by a few Majorana correlation functions estimates, can be consistent with a free-fermionic state is an NP-complete problem. Our result also extends to datasets formed by estimates of Pauli expectation values. This is in stark contrast to the case of stabilizer states, where the analogous problem can be efficiently solved. Moreover, our results directly imply that free-fermionic states are computationally hard to properly PAC-learn, where PAC-learning of quantum states is a learning framework introduced by Aaronson. Remarkably, this is the first class of classically simulable quantum states shown to have this property., Comment: 19 pages, 1 figure

Entanglement serves as a foundational pillar in quantum information theory, delineating the boundary between what is classical and what is quantum. The common assumption is that higher entanglement corresponds to a greater degree of `quantumness'. However, this folk belief is challenged by the fact that classically simulable operations, such as Clifford circuits, can create highly entangled states. The simulability of these states raises a question: what are the differences between `low-magic' entanglement, and `high-magic' entanglement? We answer this question in this work with a rigorous investigation into the role of magic in entanglement theory. We take an operational approach to understanding this relationship by studying tasks such as entanglement estimation, distillation and dilution. This approach reveals that magic has notable implications for entanglement. Specifically, we find an operational separation that divides Hilbert space into two distinct regimes: the entanglement-dominated (ED) phase and magic-dominated (MD) phase. Roughly speaking, ED states have entanglement that significantly surpasses their magic, while MD states have magic that dominates their entanglement. The competition between the two resources in these two phases induces a computational phase separation between them: there are {sample- and time-efficient} quantum algorithms for almost any entanglement task on ED states, while these tasks are {provably computationally intractable} in the MD phase. Our results find applications in diverse areas such as quantum error correction, many-body physics, and the study of quantum chaos, providing a unifying framework for understanding the behavior of quantum systems. We also offer theoretical explanations for previous numerical observations, highlighting the broad implications of the ED-MD distinction across various subfields of physics.

This work uncovers a fundamental connection between doped stabilizer states, a concept from quantum information theory, and the structure of eigenstates in perturbed many-body quantum systems. We prove that for Hamiltonians consisting of a sum of commuting Pauli operators (i.e., stabilizer Hamiltonians) and a perturbation composed of a limited number of arbitrary Pauli terms, the eigenstates can be represented as doped stabilizer states with small stabilizer nullity. This result enables the application of stabilizer techniques to a broad class of many-body systems, even in highly entangled regimes. Building on this, we develop efficient classical algorithms for tasks such as finding low-energy eigenstates, simulating quench dynamics, preparing Gibbs states, and computing entanglement entropies in these systems. Our work opens up new possibilities for understanding the robustness of topological order and the dynamics of many-body systems under perturbations, paving the way for novel insights into the interplay of quantum information, entanglement, and many-body systems., Comment: Updated proof of theorem 3; 5 pages, 2 figures

Context. Investigating the diagnostic power of H$\alpha$/H$\beta$ Charge-Exchange (CE) emission as Low-Energy Galactic Cosmic Rays(LECRs) tracer in diffuse regions. Aims. In this work, we define and test a spectroscopic indicator of CE reactions between LECRs protons and neutral hydrogen atoms of the diffuse medium. This indicator can be used for mapping LECRs density in diffuse clouds and can lead to the identification of new LECRs sources as we expect density variations caused by the distance between an observed cloud and the nearest site of particle acceleration. We also lay the foundations for the definition of a photometric indicator to be used in the next full-sky photometric surveys such as the Vera Rubin 10-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). Methods. Based on literature cross-sections, we calculate H$\alpha$/H$\beta$ line profile ratio in the case of CE and compare it with the recombination ratio. We then test our results on the Balmer-dominated filaments of the SNR RCW 86 and we explore how the spectroscopic constraints can turn into a photometric indicator based on colour indices. Results. We find that, in shocked environments, CE between LECRS and neutral hydrogen become the dominant process for Balmer lines emission. The hydrogen spectroscopic emission is expected to be modified, with respect to the recombination Balmer decrement,to result in double the H$\alpha$/H$\beta$ with respect to a similar but quiescent region. The test on the known Balmer-dominated filaments of the SNR RCW 86 confirm the efficiency of our spectroscopic indicator. Therefore we explore possible conversions of the spectroscopic indicator into colour indices combinations. This is the first step toward the definition and test of a photometric indicator for tracing LECRs to be applied in the LSST pipelines to photometrically identify new LECRs accelerators in the whole Galaxy., Comment: it was rejected

Time series classification is of significant importance in monitoring structural systems. In this work, we investigate the use of supervised machine learning classification algorithms on simulated data based on a physical system with two states: Intact and Broken. We provide a comprehensive discussion of the preprocessing of temporal data, using measures of statistical dispersion and dimension reduction techniques. We present an intuitive baseline method and discuss its efficiency. We conclude with a comparison of the various methods based on different performance metrics, showing the advantage of using machine learning techniques as a tool in decision making.

We study the interplay between magic and entanglement in quantum many-body systems. We show that non-local magic, which is supported by the quantum correlations is lower bounded by the non-flatness of entanglement spectrum and upper bounded by the amount of entanglement in the system. We then argue that a smoothed version of non-local magic bounds the hardness of classical simulations for incompressible states. In conformal field theories, we conjecture that the non-local magic should scale linearly with entanglement entropy but sublinearly when an approximation of the state is allowed. We support the conjectures using both analytical arguments based on unitary distillation and numerical data from an Ising CFT. If the CFT has a holographic dual, then we prove that the non-local magic vanishes if and only if there is no gravitational back-reaction. Furthermore, we show that non-local magic is approximately equal to the rate of change of the minimal surface area in response to the change of cosmic brane tension in the bulk., Comment: 62 pages, 20 figures; title changed, Theorem 1 and 2 refined, references added

Monochromatic gamma-ray signals constitute a potential smoking gun signature for annihilating or decaying dark matter particles that could relatively easily be distinguished from astrophysical or instrumental backgrounds. We provide an updated assessment of the sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to such signals, based on observations of the Galactic centre region as well as of selected dwarf spheroidal galaxies. We find that current limits and detection prospects for dark matter masses above 300 GeV will be significantly improved, by up to an order of magnitude in the multi-TeV range. This demonstrates that CTA will set a new standard for gamma-ray astronomy also in this respect, as the world's largest and most sensitive high-energy gamma-ray observatory, in particular due to its exquisite energy resolution at TeV energies and the adopted observational strategy focussing on regions with large dark matter densities. Throughout our analysis, we use up-to-date instrument response functions, and we thoroughly model the effect of instrumental systematic uncertainties in our statistical treatment. We further present results for other potential signatures with sharp spectral features, e.g.~box-shaped spectra, that would likewise very clearly point to a particle dark matter origin., Comment: 44 pages JCAP style (excluding author list and references), 19 figures; minor changes to match published version

We construct new string vacua featuring Brane Supersymmetry Breaking, based on $T^4/\mathbb{Z}_N$ orientifolds with $\text{O}5_+$ planes and $\overline{\text{D}5}$ branes. Differently from the original construction, in these vacua the cancellation of twisted R-R charges of D-branes and orientifold planes is achieved in a non-trivial way, and results in rigid configurations with few open-string moduli, which highly restrict the possible deformations of the model. The breaking of supersymmetry and, consequently, the non-vanishing untwisted and twisted NS-NS tadpoles, generates a rich potential both for the dilaton and the blown-up moduli. We also uncover the stringy origin of the $J$ form entering the gauge kinetic functions in the low-energy effective action, and display its relation to the NS-NS tadpoles for the scalars in the tensor multiplets. As a result, the $J$ form can be consistently identified also when supersymmetry is broken, thus solving an embarrassing puzzle related to its very existence. We also discuss the unitarity constraints for one-dimensional defects in these vacua, where the Ka$\check{\text{c}}$-Moody algebra for D9 and $\overline{\text{D}5}$ can be realised both in the left-moving and right-moving sectors., Comment: 1+52 pages

PG 1553+113 is one of the few blazars with a convincing quasi-periodic emission in the gamma-ray band. The source is also a very high-energy (VHE; >100 GeV) gamma-ray emitter. To better understand its properties and identify the underlying physical processes driving its variability, the MAGIC Collaboration initiated a multiyear, multiwavelength monitoring campaign in 2015 involving the OVRO 40-m and Medicina radio telescopes, REM, KVA, and the MAGIC telescopes, Swift and Fermi satellites, and the WEBT network. The analysis presented in this paper uses data until 2017 and focuses on the characterization of the variability. The gamma-ray data show a (hint of a) periodic signal compatible with literature, but the X-ray and VHE gamma-ray data do not show statistical evidence for a periodic signal. In other bands, the data are compatible with the gamma-ray period, but with a relatively high p-value. The complex connection between the low and high-energy emission and the non-monochromatic modulation and changes in flux suggests that a simple one-zone model is unable to explain all the variability. Instead, a model including a periodic component along with multiple emission zones is required., Comment: Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 19 pages, 9 figures. Corresponding authors: Elisa Prandini, Antonio Stamerra, Talvikki Hovatta