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The aim of this research was to evaluate the possible positive effects of feeding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with a diet containing a commercial probiotic AQUA-PHOTO® [Lactobacillus plantarum (1.51 × 106 CFU g−1) and Bacillus subtilis (1.34 × 107 CFU g−1)] on digestive enzymes’ activity and gut microbiome profile. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments [control and probiotic diets (0.08 g.100 g−1 of feed)] and six replicate tanks per group (n = 8 animals per experimental unit, mean weight 8.18 g ± 1.85 g). The 96 fish were distributed into 12 aquaria and fed with the probiotic and control diets for 7 days. After this period, intestine samples (anterior, middle, and posterior portions) were collected from two individuals per tank. The samples were analyzed for assessment of DGGE profile and digestive enzymes’ activity (amylase, alkaline protease, and alkaline phosphatase). The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means compared by t test (P more...

The study aimed to evaluate the oral infected-feed, intragastric-gavage, and intraperitoneal routes of the Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For this purpose, 270 juveniles of Nile tilapia, with an average weight of 2 g, were distributed in 18 experimental units of 90 L, acclimatized, and raised for 55 days, until reaching 50 g (median weight). The experimental design was entirely randomized in six treatments, three of which were composed by bacterial infection routes: intraperitoneal 100 μL fish more...

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-08-15 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is an emerging bacterial pathogen that causes acute or chronic disease in tilapia (Oreochromis sp). Previous studies have established experimental models of Fno infection via intraperitoneal and immersion route. However, there have been no reports of Fno challenge through the gastrointestinal mucosa. In this study, we aimed to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of Fno by intragastric infection, evaluating the clinical signs, mortality, anatomopathological findings, and recovery of pathogenic bacteria from infected organs of infected tilapia. A total of 200 tilapias, weighing approximately 20 g each, were equally distributed in 20 aquariums, containing 50 L of water maintained at 23 °C; five different randomized treatments, were applied to them. Tilapias were either inoculated (via an intragastric injection) with 300 μL of saline solution (CON) or bacterial solution containing 3.99 × 106 CFU (INF 106), 3.99 × 105 CFU (INF 105), 3.99 × 104 CFU (INF 104) and 3.99 × 103 CFU (INF 103) of Fno. Tilapias were monitored for up to 15 days postinfection (dpi) and mortality rates recorded to calculate the LD50. At 15 dpi, necropsies and microbiological analyses were performed in the surviving fish from all groups. In addition, histopathological evaluations (spleen, gill, intestine, liver, kidney, and brain) and Fno confirmation assays were performed in CON and INF 105 (mortality closer to LD50) inoculated tilapias. While no mortality was observed in CON, mortality rates ranged from 42.5 to 80.0% in the Fno inoculated groups. Both microbiological and PCR analyses confirmed the presence of Fno in the internal tissues (kidneys and spleen) of the INF 105 group. Fno challenged groups showed macroscopic lesions in several tissues, which were consistent with the pathological features of francisellosis. Additionally, INF 105 group had microscopic lesions suggestive of the disease. This study determined the LD50 of Fno by the intragastric infection methodology, after 15 dpi, at 6.32 × 104 CFU. We report for the first time that Fno inoculated through the intragastric route, can reach the internal organs of tilapia, causing lesions in spleen, liver, and kidneys. This finding is important to test the efficacy of substances targeting the intestinal mucosa, such as prebiotics, probiotics, and organic acids. Moreover, the intragastric challenge for Fno presented here may be useful to improve the comprehension of the physiopathology of the disease. Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455 PREVET-Sanidade Aquícola, Av. Olga Morello de Stéfani, 260 UNIPAC-Faculdade Antônio Carlos de Uberlândia, Avenida Cipriano Del Fávero, 991 Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) Center of Agricultural Sciences, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174 Aquaculture Center of UNESP São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Aquaculture Center of UNESP São Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n FAPESP: 2016/25347-1 FAPESP: 2017/23269-6 FAPESP: 2017/24653-4 more...

In fish farming, high losses occur during egg incubation and larviculture due to diseases caused by oomycetes. This study aimed to identify the oomycete species that occurs in zebrafish Danio rerio eggs and to evaluate the oomyceticidal effect of copper sulfate, bronopol and methylene blue on the mycelial growth of this organism, as well as to determine the lethal and sublethal toxicity of these compounds in embryos of D. rerio. The isolates were cultivated in yeast-starch medium to determine the concentration necessary to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (IC50) and 100% (minimum oomyceticidal concentration) after a 96 h exposure to these compounds. In addition, tests with D. rerio eggs were conducted to determine the lethal concentrations for 50% of the organisms (96h-LC50), and the concentrations that inhibited 17% of the eggs hatching (96h-IC17) after 96 h. The organism responsible for the mortality of D. rerio eggs was classified by classical and molecular methods as Aphanomyces brasiliensis, representing the first report of this pathogen in zebrafish eggs. IC50 values could be determined for both bronopol and copper sulfate, whereas methylene blue had low effectiveness against the oomycete. Copper showed high toxicity to D. rerio eggs at low concentrations, while methylene blue and bronopol toxicity was low and similar to each other. The use of bronopol at a concentration of 4.8 mg l-1 for the treatment of zebrafish eggs allows controlling the pathology without causing deleterious effects to the treated organisms. more...

Wild fisheries are declining due to over-fishing, climate change, pollution and marine habitat destructions among other factors, and, concomitantly, aquaculture is increasing significantly around the world. Fish infections caused by pathogenic bacteria are quite common in aquaculture, although their seriousness depends on the season. Drug-supplemented feeds are often used to keep farmed fish free from the diseases caused by such bacteria. However, given that bacteria can survive well in aquatic environments independently of their hosts, bacterial diseases have become major impediments to aquaculture development. On the other hand, the indiscriminate uses of antimicrobial agents has led to resistant strains and the need to switch to other antibiotics, although it seems that an integrated approach that considers not only the pathogen but also the host and the environment will be the most effective method in the long-term to improve aquatic animal health. This review covers the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity and details the foundations underlying the interactions occurring between pathogenic bacteria and the fish host in the aquatic environment, as well as the factors that influence virulence. Understanding and linking the different phenomena that occur from adhesion to colonization of the host will offer novel and useful means to help design suitable therapeutic strategies for disease prevention and treatment. more...

This study evaluated the use of the prebiotic Active-MOS® (mannanoligosaccharides—Biorigin®) and two probiotics: PAS-TR® (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi—Imeve®) and Bioplus 2BC® (1.6 × 1010 UFC g−1 de Bacillus subtilis and 1.6 × 1010 UFC g−1 Bacillus licheniformis—Christian Hansen®) tested separately and together, in the diet of Nile tilapia post-larvae during the sex reversal phase. The experiment was conducted in two stages: (i) a total of 2160 3-day-old post-larvae (PL) (10.39 ± 0.85 mm and 12.28 ± 3.15 mg) were used and distributed in 24 tanks of 40 L each (3.0 PL L−1). Growth performance, chemical analysis of carcass, bacterial recovery, and histomorphometry of intestinal villi were evaluated; (ii) 240 tilapia (4.28 ± 0.19 cm and 1.19 ± 0.09 g) from the previous experiment were used and stocked at 10 PL per aquarium. The parameters evaluated were survival and relative protection level after bacterial challenge against Aeromonas hydrophila. Six treatments with four replications in a completely randomized design were used for both experimental stages. Additives in the diet of tilapia post-larvae did not determine significant differences in growth, survival, microbiological, or histomorphometric parameters in this study. Nevertheless, after the experimental infection, advantages on the use of the additives were observed in terms of higher relative protection levels (38.10%) and relative percent survival in fish receiving Active-MOS® + Bioplus 2BC®. Therefore, we recommend the use of synbiotic (Active-MOS® + Bioplus 2BC®) in the farming of Nile tilapia PL with recurrent outbreaks of bacterial diseases during the sex reversal phase. more...

The aquaculture industry is in considerable increases. Optimization of husbandary conditions in intensive aquaculture are in continuous interest. Probiotic was proved as promising factors to enhance fish production by remodeling intestinal microbial balance, boosting immune system and reducing antibiotic uses. The efficient strategy of probiotic uses and their protection of fish still making debate. The intake of tilpia fed with basal diet enriched with probiotic (Enterococcus faecium) and its response following to a challenge with pathogenic strain of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied. Four feeding strategies were tested and compared: continuous feeding with only basal diet (CTR), continuous feeding with probiotic-supplemented diet (CON), pulse-administration feeding of 7 days (P7) and 14 days (P14) alternation with probiotic supplemented diet and basal diet. Differences in growth rate, immune system modulation and biochemical parameters were evaluated. P7 strategy showed efficacy in promote fish growth conditions. Body chemical composition and blood biochemical parameters did not show any significative differences between feeding strategies. Burst respiratory analysis showed significant difference in fish fed with P14 strategy. After challenge test, CON strategy showed better fish protection against Aeromonas hydrophila. Enterococcus faecium enhance fish growth, boost imune system if administrated in 14 days period, and efficiently protect fish if it is continuously administrated. Keywords: Enterococcus faecium, Tilapia, Immune system, Feeding strategies, Challenge, Aeromonas hydrophila more...

This work examines the economic advantages of probiotic use in the diet of Nile tilapia broodstock during the reproductive period. For this purpose, Bacillus subtilis was applied as a feed additive. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatment groups: the T0 control (without probiotic), the T1 continuous probiotic intake, and the T2 alternate probiotic intake at a dose of 0.50 g kg-1 of feed (1010 CFU g-1) with four replicates. For the reproduction assay, 118 females and 48 males of Nile tilapia (proportion 4 males:9 females. hapa-1) (weight 527.65 g ± 185.98 g and length 30.16 cm ± 3.57 cm) were distributed into 12 hapas (3.5 × 2.0 × 1.5 m). Reproductive variables (spawning female percentage, egg production, and fry production) were used to calculate the economic feasibility indexes (total cost of nutrition [TcN], gross revenue [GR], and total operational profit [ToP]). The results show increasing values for spawning female number, collected eggs, and surviving fry in the probiotic groups. We recommend continuous intake of probiotic (feed with addition of probiotic) at a dose of 0.5 g kg-1 of feed (1010 CFU g-1) during the breeding season of Nile tilapia, due to the suitable reproductive indexes and profitability. more...

In this letter, we describe the development of an immunodiagnostic assay capable of detecting specific IgM in the blood circulation of experimental Nile tilapia that received the vaccine against S. agalactiae . more...

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da administracao do probiotico composto de Bacillus subtilis e Lactobacillus plantarum em pos-larvas de tilapia-do-nilo, durante a fase de reversao sexual, em condicoes de estresse pela alta densidade de estocagem. O experimento foi realizado no Instituto de Pesca de Sao Paulo, e foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repeticoes. Sendo: 1) probiotico na racao; 2) probiotico na agua; 3) probiotico na racao e agua; 4) controle. As variaveis analisadas foram: peso final, comprimento total, taxa de crescimento especifico, sobrevivencia, microbiologia do trato intestinal e expressao dos genes TNF-α e HSP-70. Os resultados de desempenho zootecnico de crescimento e expressao genica nao apresentaram diferencas significativas entre os tratamentos nos parâmetros avaliados (P>0,05). No trato intestinal dos alevinos do tratamento com adicao de probiotico na agua, foi observado log10 (7,72±0,51) UFC, superior a contagem de Bacillus spp. em comparacao aos demais tratamentos, e estes nao apresentaram diferencas estatisticas entre si. Conclui-se que a adicao dos probioticos Bacillus subtilis e Lactobacillus plantarum, na dieta ou na agua de criacao das pos-larvas de tilapia-do-nilo, durante fase de reversao sexual nao causaram melhora no desempenho zootecnico de crescimento e expressao genica, mas modificou a composicao bacteriana intestinal. more...

Stress is know as responsible for the decrease in immunity and reduced survival, growth, and reproductive capacity of animals. Besides, organisms respond to certain biological rhythms, such as circadian, to which animals naturally adjust. This study aimed to monitor the plasma (lactate and total protein), serum (cortisol and cholesterol) and whole blood (glucose) variables in tilapia in a 24 h cycle. A set of 49 aquariums with 5 individuals each were used. All of them, at the beginning of the experiment, were subjected to the same stress of capture and handling. The animals from the first aquaria were sampled after 15 min of stress. Blood samples from animals of the remaining aquarium were sequentially drawn at 30-min intervals. Radar charts were used to visualize the hourly change in the measured variables. Significant differences of each analysis between the measured variables by aquarium and the phases of the circadian cycle (light-dark) and morning-afternoon-night-dawn intervals, were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively. A positive relationship between cortisol and glucose levels was found. Most analysis, except cholesterol and lactate did not show any significant difference between light and dark periods, and the intensity and frequency of peaks observed were not deleterious to individuals. more...

Perkinsus spp. have been detected in various bivalve species from north-east Brazil. Santa Catarina is a South Brasil state with the highest national oyster production. Considering the pathogenicity of some Perkinsus spp., a study was carried out to survey perkinsosis in two oyster species cultured in this State, the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar and the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Sampling involved eight sites along the state coast, and oyster sampling was collected during the period between January 2013 and December 2014. For the detection of Perkinsus, Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) and histology were used, and for the identification of the species, PCR and DNA sequencing were used. Perkinsus spp. was found by RFTM in C. gigas and C. gasar from Sao Francisco do Sul. This pathology was also detected in C. gasar from Balneario Barra do Sul both, by RFTM and histology. Perkinsus marinus was identified in C. gigas and C. gasar from Sao Francisco do Sul and Perkinsus beihaiensis in C. gasar from Balneario Barra do Sul. This is the first report of P. marinus in C. gigas from South America. Results of this preliminary study suggest that both oyster species tolerate the species of Perkinsus identified, without suffering heavy lesions. more...

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T16:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The utilization of probiotic bacteria have been widely tested and applied in intestinal microflora modulation, through competitive exclusion of the pathogenic bacteria. Aeromonas hydrophila is a gram-negative bacterium, responsible for fish outbreaks in farms around the world, and is one of the major loss causes for neotropical fish farmers. 660 pacus (67 +/- 7 g) were distributed in 20 tanks (n =33), constituting five groups (four tanks for each treatment): four groups were fed with different levels (2, 4, 8 and 16 g kg(-1)) of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis (1:1, 10(8) CFU g(-1)), and the fifth group was fed with a control diet (without probiotic). Pacus fed with probiotic showed increment in the ROS production associated to elevated neutrophil and monocyte counts and increased phagocytic activity without affecting the growth parameters. Probiotic fed fish presented higher survival rates, subjected to an i.p. challenge with 10(8) CFU mL(-1) of A. hydrophila. The results demonstrated a dose response effect and the ideal level of the probiotic (Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, 1:1, 108 CFU g(-1)) in P. mesopotamicus diets was around 8 g kg(-1), as the highest survival rates and immunological responses were found in groups of fish fed with this diet. In addition, too much probiotic should be avoided, as pacus fed diet with 16 g kg(-1) showed partial suppression of these responses. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Aquaculture Ctr Sao Paulo State Univ CAUNESP, Rodovia Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Rodovia Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Fishery Inst APTA SAA, Av Francisco Matarazzo 455, BR-05001970 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Camilo Castelo Branco, Coll Vet Med, Av Hildrio Silva Passos 950, BR-13690000 Descalvado, SP, Brazil Aquaculture Ctr Sao Paulo State Univ CAUNESP, Rodovia Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Rodovia Paulo Donato Castellane S-N, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2010/14330-4 more...

– The objective of this work was to evaluate the addition of Bacillus subtilis probiotic to the feed of common snook ( Centropomus undecimalis ) fingerlings, in alternate and continuous regimens. Six hundred and sixty fish, with average length of 5.90±0.88 cm and weight of 1.92±0.28 g, were stocked in 12 cages of 1.0 m 3 , with 55 fish each. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of diet with the addition of probiotic, provided in alternate regimen for 7 days and in continuous regimen; besides a control without probiotic in the feed. Zootechnical performance, body composition, immune response, and blood parameters were evaluated. No significant differences were observed in zootechnical performance indexes and in body composition of fish treated with probiotic, when compared to the control. Fish from the alternate regimen showed an increment in respiratory burst and a lower total erythrocyte count than fish from the continuous regimen and the control. Fish from the continuous regimen did not differ from those of the control. The addition of Bacillus subtilis does not increase growth rates of common snook fingerlings; however, it has an immunostimulant action when supplied in alternate regimen. more...

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:15:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-11-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the probiotic Bacillus subtillis and beta-glucan from the fungus Agaricus blazei on survival, growth and immunological capacity in bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) cultured in low and high stocking densities. Animals weighing 24.3 ± 2.38 g were randomly distributed into four treatments with four simultaneous replicates: D100: 100 frogs/m2 (control); D236: 236 frogs/m2; D236 + Prob.: 236 frogs/m2 supplemented with probiotic; and D236 + BG: 236 frogs/m2 supplemented with beta-glucan. The parameters evaluated were weight gain, survival, plasma corticosterone (CORT), phagocytic capacity (PC) and phagocytic index (PI), at 24 h and 15 and 30 days. There is significant interaction between treatments and time for CORT levels. At 30 days, these values were very close for the D100 (control) and D236 + BG groups. Meanwhile, no statistical differences were observed between treatments for PC and PI. These results indicate that beta-glucan reduced the effects of stress caused by high density in bullfrogs, but the probiotic did not reduce these effects. Both compounds are not efficient at increasing survival rates, weight gain and neither immune response of animals. Thus, the use of commercial food additives may not have the favorable impact desired by the farmer. Their use in aquaculture should be further studied in experiments involving a longer trial period and taking into account the cost of their use. Fisheries Institute APTA-SAA, Av. Francisco Matarazzo Avenue, 455 Department of Animal Reproduction at University of São Paulo's School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ-USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 Biological Institute APTA-SAA, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252 Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Campus do Litoral Paulista Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática (NEPEA), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Campus do Litoral Paulista Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática (NEPEA), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n FAPESP: 2009/16444-0 more...

Summary The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of probiotics prepared from Bacillus subtilis (strain C-3102-Calsporin®; Calpis, Tokyo, Japan) as a dietary supplement on several reproductive aspects of female ‘matrinxa’(Brycon amazonicus), including hematological parameters, immunological characteristics and total lipid concentrations in muscle and liver tissue. The broodstock were kept in two ponds of 600 m2, at a density of 50 fish per pond, from March to November 2008. The fish were divided into two treatment groups: untreated control fish (T1), and fish fed with 10 g of probiotics per kg of ration (T2). Fish were fed a diet containing 32% crude protein (CP), 7% crude fat (CF), and 6.5% ether extract (EE) twice daily at a rate of 1% of the total biomass per day during the coldest months (May through August) and 3% during the warm season (March, April and September through November). During the reproductive period, 20 individuals from each treatment group were selected for the experiments; two doses of crude carp pituitary extract were given to females in 10-h intervals, and one dose was given to the males at the same time the females were given the second dose. A total of 20 fish were used for the hematological analyses. After anesthetization, blood samples were withdrawn by caudal puncture to determine the total number of cells, differential and total leukocyte counts, thrombocyte count, hematocrit, hemoglobin rate and plasma cortisol and glucose levels. The hematimetric index mean corpuscular volume (VCM) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MHCM) were calculated. Ten other ‘matrinxas’ from the same groups were used to assess macrophage phagocytic activity and lipid levels. The results showed that females fed a probiotics-supplemented diet exhibited an increase in numbers of oocytes and, consequently, had higher rates of fertilization and hatching of larvae. Probiotic-treated fish also exhibited a significant increase in the phagocytic activity of macrophages, indicating an improvement in the immune system of breeders. Hematologic parameters were different in comparison to the time-zero group, and plasma cortisol and glucose levels were higher in the females. The total lipids levels in muscle and liver tissue were lower in B. amazonicus that received feed supplemented with probiotics. more...

Resumen pt: Foi instalado experimento na Fazenda Experimental de Pesquisa do Polo Regional do Vale do Ribeira com o objetivo de avaliar a producao de mudas de tomate...

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) provide estimates of nutrient availability in feedstuffs and can be used as a tool for selecting ingredients to compound cost-effective diets for fish. Extrusion process is one factor that could influence ADC values. Thus, a digestibility trial was undertaken to evaluate ADC of protein, energy, and dry matter, and apparent amino acid availability (AAAA) in five cereal grain products/by-products (corn, wheat middlings, broken rice, rice bran, and sorghum) in compounded diets for Nile tilapia. Chromic oxide was used as an external inert marker. The digestibility values of energy and dry matter in ingredients, in decreasing order, were highest for broken rice (95.34 and 96.45%), sorghum (82.37 and 87.29%), corn (67.34 and 82.21%), rice bran (57.58 and 55.59%), and wheat middlings (48.94 and 45.88%). Protein digestibility value was higher for corn (72.86%) and the lowest value was observed for sorghum (56.77%), while broken rice, wheat middlings, and rice bran presented values ranging from 63.01 to 66.88%. AAAA values were higher for corn (70.05%) and the lowest methionine and cystine availability values were recorded for wheat middlings and broken rice, respectively. Broken rice appears as one of the most indicated ingredient for using in Nile tilapia diets because of its highest values of nutrient digestibility when compared to the other energetic sources. The use of this information should aid more precise and economic diet formulation for Nile tilapia. more...

O experimento utilizou 4 linhagens de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) chamadas de CESP, Pernambuco, Santa Catarina e Tailandesa. O objetivo do projeto foi comparar o desempenho e a sobrevivência dessas diferentes linhagens de tilápia do Nilo na fase de reversão sexual. As pós-larvas foram estocadas em aquários de 4,5L em sistema de recirculação e com temperatura constante. Os peixes foram alimentados com ração contendo 60mg/kg de 17 alfa-metiltestosterona, fornecida 6 vezes ao dia, por período de 30 dias. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos (linhagens) e 7 repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: comprimento total, ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de sobrevivência e eficiência de reversão sexual. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A análise de reversão foi submetida ao teste de qui-quadrado. O resultado demonstra que houve maior eficiência na taxa de reversão sexual nas linhagens Santa Catarina e Pernambuco quando comparados com a CESP e a Tailandesa. As linhagens Tailandesa e Santa Catarina obtiveram maior taxa de sobrevivência e desempenho satisfatório durante a fase de reversão sexual, portanto, apresentam-se como as mais propícias para a criação em sistema de recirculação na fase de reversão sexual.This experiment aimed at comparing growth performance and survival of four Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) strains called CESP, Pernambuco, Santa Catarina and Thailand in sex reversal phase. Thirty Nile tilapia fries were stocked in 4.5L aquaria (6.66 fries/L) with recirculation system and water temperature control. The fishes were fed with ration containing 60mg/kg of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone, six times a day during 30 days. The experimental design was randomized with four treatments (strains) and seven replications. Total length, weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate and sexual reversion efficiency were submitted to Anova, means compared by Tukey test and sex reversion by qui-square means. Santa Catarina and Pernambuco strains demonstrated better sex reversion efficiency when compared with CESP and Thailand. Thailand and Santa Catarina strains showed better values of survival, growth performance and specific growth rate than CESP and Pernambuco strains. Thus, Thailand and Santa Catarina strains are more indicated to rear in recirculation system during sex reversal phase. more...

A tilápia é um peixe magro de carne branca e com alto teor deproteína. É uma matéria-prima com potencial para o desenvolvimentode produtos de pescado prontos para consumo, tanto para omercado doméstico como para o mercado internacional. Esseartigo de revisão aborda os principais aspectos do processamentode pescado em conserva, desde a recepção da matéria-primaaté o armazenamento do produto fi nal. Destaque foi dado para aevolução da produção nacional de tilápia-do-nilo e sua qualidadepara o processamento em conserva, considerando os métodosde insensibilização, problemas com off -fl avor e o processamentotérmico. Analisando-se os conhecimentos tecnológicos existentesconclui-se que há elementos para o desenvolvimento de pesquisascom resultados promissores. more...

An 84-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of the dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, body composition, intestinal probiotic recovery, hematology, and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised at two stocking densities. Five hundred twenty male Nile tilapias (32.63 ± 1.25 g) were distributed in 16,800-L tanks. The experimental design was completely randomized using four replications and a 2 × 2 factorial scheme with two stocking densities (18.75 fish m(-3) 62.50 fish m(-3)) and two diets (control and with probiotic). The probiotic-supplemented diet included 5 × 10(6) CFU g feed(-1). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the growth performance, body composition, and levels of cortisol and glucose between the animals fed with the control diet and the animals fed with the probiotic-supplemented diet. Differences in the growth performance were observed between the fish reared at different stocking densities; in particular, the fish raised at the high stocking density exhibited reduced weight gain, feed intake, and specific growth rate compared with those raised at the low stocking density. The B. subtilis remained viable after its inclusion in the feed, storage, and passage through the stomach, which demonstrations the feasibility of using this bacteria as a probiotic. Higher values (P < 0.05) in the plasma lysozyme levels and phagocytic activity were observed in the fish that received the probiotic-supplemented diet and reared at the high stocking density, but this difference was not observed in the fish raised at the low stocking density and fed the different diets. The administration of the probiotic caused decreases in the number of erythrocytes and the hematocrit level in the fish reared at the high stocking density, but these erythrocytes showed higher values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The stocking density was shown to be a stressor agent that causes a lower fish growth rate. The fish fed the control diet and raised at the high stocking density had lower lysozyme levels than the fish subjected to the other treatments. The inclusion of the probiotic bacteria B. subtilis at a concentration of 5 × 10(6) CFU g feed(-1) benefited the innate immune system of Nile tilapia by decreasing the stress associated with exposure to a high stocking density, increasing the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and improving the innate immune system (lysozyme and phagocytic activities of macrophages). more...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-01T13:08:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-01Bitstream added on 2014-10-01T14:03:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1807-86722011000400006.pdf: 564269 bytes, checksum: 3d53fcf58c5e32472d5fa7acfb82a6cc (MD5) O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico de larvas de matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus, alimentadas com probiótico composto de Bacillus subtilis bioencapsulado em Artemia salina, em diferentes doses. Foram utilizados seis tratamentos, sendo: T0 = controle (sem adição de probiótico), T2,5 = 2,5 g de probiótico, T5,0 = 5,0 g de probiótico, T7,5 = 7,5 g de probiótico, T10,0 = 10,0 g de probiótico e T12,5 = 12,5 g de probiótico por litro de água quando alimentados com A. salina (4h antes da alimentação das larvas) e por quilo de ração (comercial pó 40% proteína bruta) na fase seguinte. Os resultados mostraram heterogeneidade em relação ao crescimento, indicando que na fase larval o probiótico não influenciou no canibalismo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of Brycon amazonicus larvae fed with probiotic consisting of Bacillus subtilis, bioencapsulated in Artemia salina at different doses. Six treatments were used: T0 = control (without probiotic), T2.5 = 2.5 g, T5.0 = 5.0 g, T7.5 = 7.5 g, T10.0 = 10.0 g and T12;5 = 12.5 g per liter of probiotic when fed with A. saline (4h before feeding the larvae); and per kilogram of feed (commercial powder with 40% crude protein) in the next phase. The results showed heterogeneity with regard to growth, indicating that larvae fed with probiotic had no influence on cannibalism. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Centro de Aquicultura Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Vale do Ribeira Instituto de Pesca Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Centro de Aquicultura more...

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0044-59672011000300013.pdf: 1197048 bytes, checksum: 02c28957123fdb831e1c2f8411068121 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0044-59672011000300013.pdf: 1197048 bytes, checksum: 02c28957123fdb831e1c2f8411068121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0044-59672011000300013.pdf: 1197048 bytes, checksum: 02c28957123fdb831e1c2f8411068121 (MD5) S0044-59672011000300013.pdf.txt: 22345 bytes, checksum: 831277b252cf9f426b01da3b4c8be88f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:12:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0044-59672011000300013.pdf: 1197048 bytes, checksum: 02c28957123fdb831e1c2f8411068121 (MD5) S0044-59672011000300013.pdf.txt: 22345 bytes, checksum: 831277b252cf9f426b01da3b4c8be88f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0044-59672011000300013.pdf: 1197048 bytes, checksum: 02c28957123fdb831e1c2f8411068121 (MD5) S0044-59672011000300013.pdf.txt: 22345 bytes, checksum: 831277b252cf9f426b01da3b4c8be88f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-01 Na aquicultura são utilizados análises da ativação e incremento da migração de macrófagos, com intuito de verificar a capacidade imunológica inespecífica dos peixes frente a um desafio. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o tempo de migração de monócitos/macrófagos para a cavidade peritoneal em matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus, por meio da técnica de inoculação de leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae, e verificar as possíveis alterações dos parâmetros hematológicos após o estímulo. Foram utilizados 30 matrinxãs com peso médio de 101,55 ± 24,50 g e comprimento médio de 19,75 ± 1,72 cm. Os tempos de inoculação utilizados foram 2, 4, 8 e 12 horas, sendo utilizados 6 animais por tempo. Após os períodos de incubação (2, 4, 8 e 12 horas), os exemplares foram anestesiados e alíquotas de sangue foram coletadas por punção do vaso caudal, para a análise: número total de células, contagem diferencial e total dos leucócitos e contagem total de trombócitos, hematócrito, taxa de hemoglobina e índices hematimétricos (VCM, HCM e CHCM). Os resultados mostram que a capacidade fagocítica do macrófago não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os tempos experimentais. Com relação ao índice fagocítico, o tempo de 2 horas representa o tempo em que os macrófagos fagocitaram maior número de leveduras com diferenças significativas em relação aos outros tempos experimentais, indicando que este tempo (2 horas) de incubação foi suficiente para a migração e ativação máxima dos macrófagos da cavidade peritoneal, da espécie estudada. Os valores do número de eritrócitos apresentaram diferenças entre os tempos de incubação. Entretanto, os valores dos outros parâmetros hematológicos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. In aquaculture, analysis of activation and increased macrophages migration are used in order to verify the ability of the nonspecific immune fish exposed to a challenge. This study aimed to determine the time of macrophages migration in matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus, through the technique of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculation, verifying possible changes in hematological parameters. Thirty animals with average weight of 101.55 ± 24.50 g and average length of 19.75 ± 1.72 cm were employed. The experimental inoculation periods were 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours. Thereafter, animals were anesthetized and blood was withdrawn through a caudal puncture for the determination of total erythrocytes number, differential and total leukocyte counts and total thrombocytes count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and calculation of the erythrocytes index. The results for the phagocytic capacity were not significantly different between experimental periods. In the phagocytic index, the period of 2 hours presented the highest rate of phagocytized cells, indicating that 2 hours of incubation was sufficient for the macrophages migration in B. amazonicus. The number of erythrocyte was the only parameter that presented significant difference among periods. UNESP Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Pesca Universidade Adventista UNESP Centro de Aquicultura more...

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:56:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352010000200026.pdf: 178747 bytes, checksum: c31150083f36ce3c02ffe0de3dd4baa7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352010000200026.pdf: 178747 bytes, checksum: c31150083f36ce3c02ffe0de3dd4baa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:50:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352010000200026.pdf: 178747 bytes, checksum: c31150083f36ce3c02ffe0de3dd4baa7 (MD5) S0102-09352010000200026.pdf.txt: 31138 bytes, checksum: e28efd10eadeb0a4f39a9057887808b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:13:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352010000200026.pdf: 178747 bytes, checksum: c31150083f36ce3c02ffe0de3dd4baa7 (MD5) S0102-09352010000200026.pdf.txt: 31138 bytes, checksum: e28efd10eadeb0a4f39a9057887808b4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:13:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352010000200026.pdf: 178747 bytes, checksum: c31150083f36ce3c02ffe0de3dd4baa7 (MD5) S0102-09352010000200026.pdf.txt: 31138 bytes, checksum: e28efd10eadeb0a4f39a9057887808b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-01 Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes níveis do composto enzimático Natugrain Blend L®, que contém endo-xilanase e endo-beta-glucanase, sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a energia do triticale pela tilápia-do-nilo. O método para a determinação da digestibilidade foi o indireto, utilizando-se o óxido de crômio III (0,10%). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. O nível de substituição da dieta-referência foi 50,0% pelo triticale. Os tratamentos foram 0,0; 150,0; 300,0; 450,0 e 600,0mg kg-1 de Natugrain Blend L, que contém 800 unidades g-1 de endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (BGU) e 36.600 unidades g-1 de endo-1,4-β-xylanase (EXU). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente foram: da matéria seca, 76,42; 74,01; 83,39; 82,97 e 78,34%; da proteína bruta 88,19; 88,39; 90,52; 92,05 e 88,34%, da energia bruta 75,93; 71,31; 81,78; 80,27 e 78,62%, respectivamente, para os níveis de inclusão na dieta 0,0; 150,0; 300,0; 450,0 e 600,0mg kg-1 de Natugrain Blend L.Os resultados demonstram que 300mg kg-1 do complexo de enzimas foi suficiente para aumentar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca. O composto de enzimas pode ser utilizado para aumentar a eficiência de aproveitamento dos nutrientes do triticale. The effects of different levels of Natugrain Blend L® enzymatic compound on triticale nutrients and energy digestibility by Nile tilapia were evaluated. The digestibility was indirectly determined with chromic oxide III (0.10%) as an external marker. The level of substitution by triticale in the reference diet was 50%. The treatments were 0, 150, 300, 450, and 600g kg of Natugrain Blend L, which contains 800 units g-1 of endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (BGU) and 36.600 units g-1 of endo-1,4-β-xylanase (EXU). The apparent digestibility coefficients were: dry matter 76.42, 74.01, 83.39, 82.97, and 78.34%; crude protein 88.19, 88.39, 90.52, 92.05, and 88.34%; crude energy 75.93, 71.31, 81.78, 80.27, and 78.62%, respectively to inclusion levels of 0.0, 150.0, 300.0, 450.0, and 600.0mg kg-1 of Natugrain Blend L in diet. Results demonstrated that 300mg kg-1 of enzymes were enough to increase the dry matter apparent digestibility coefficient and energy. The enzyme compound can be used to increase the efficiency of triticale feed utilization. APTA Universidade Nacional de Colômbia UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia APTA Instituto de Pesca UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia more...

Este estudo objetivou verificar qual frequência alimentar é adequada para juvenis de robalo-peva criados em água doce. O delineamento utilizado foi o em blocos casualizados, com três frequências alimentares (uma, duas e quatro vezes ao dia) e quatro repetições, divididas em dois blocos (classes de tamanho de peixes com 0,64 ± 0,21g e 6,12 ± 1,87 g). As unidades experimentais foram tanques-rede de 1 m³, estocados com 30 robalos cada, por 60 dias. Ao fim do período experimental os peixes atingiram em média 1,77 ± 0,14 g ou 16,0 ± 2,08 g, dependendo da classe de peso inicial. Os parâmetros zootécnicos de fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, conversão alimentar aparente, coeficiente de variação do comprimento e do peso, e sobrevivência foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e ao teste de Tukey com 5% de probabilidade. Foram detectadas diferenças apenas para o fator de condição. Ao fim do estudo os robalos alimentados duas vezes ao dia apresentaram maiores valores para o fator de condição, quando comparados aos peixes alimentados uma única vez. As médias para os tratamentos de uma, duas ou quatro alimentações ao dia foram respectivamente 0,870 ± 0,083; 0,946 ± 0,094 e 0,909 ± 0,087. Para a taxa de crescimento específico e conversão alimentar, houve tendência de melhores resultados com o aumento das frequências de alimentação. Concluiu-se, nas condições deste experimento, que o fornecimento de ração pelo menos duas vezes ao dia para o robalo-peva, criado em água doce, proporciona um bom desempenho zootécnico e melhor fator de condição. more...

As tilápias representam uma das principais espécies cultivadas no mundo e o melhoramento genético constitui uma excelente ferramenta para produção mais eficiente e rentável. A avaliação das diferentes linhagens de tilápia torna-se importante para a realização dos trabalhos de melhoramento genético. A digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes pode ser um dos parâmetros para se avaliar o desempenho de diferentes linhagens. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína e energia de quatro linhagens (CESP, Pernambuco, Tailandesa e Santa Catarina) de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) na fase de alevinagem. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (linhagens) e cinco repetições. Duzentos e quarenta tilápias (40,0 ± 5,0g) sexualmente invertidas foram estocadas em oito aquários. O marcador externo utilizado foi 0,1% de óxido de cromo adicionado na ração. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância. Os resultados médios dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das linhagens de tilápia-do-nilo foram 77,68 ± 1,03; 94,06 ± 0,48; 81,32 ± 1,07, respectivamente para matéria seca, proteína e energia, e não demonstraram diferenças estatísticas (p > 0,05). Conclui-se que as linhagens CESP, Pernambuco, Tailandesa e Santa Catarina possuem habilidades semelhantes de digerir os nutrientes e a energia contida na ração fornecida durante a fase de alevinagem. more...

Objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água e o desempenho produtivo de juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo em viveiros, em pequena escala de produção, utilizando-se adubação química, adubação orgânica e ração comercial, no período de 12 de maio a 25 de julho de 2006, no Vale do Ribeira, SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com três tratamentos (adubação orgânica, adubação química e ração comercial) e quatro repetições, sendo duas repetições por bloco. Duas vezes por semana, às 8 horas, foram aferidos os seguintes parâmetros físico-químicos da água: temperatura, amônia total, transparência, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e alcalinidade total. A densidade de estocagem foi de cinco alevinos por m2, com peso médio de 8,0 + 0,30 g e comprimento médio de 10,0 + 0,5 mm, sendo realizadas biometrias quinzenalmente para avaliar o desempenho dos peixes. Durante os 75 dias de criação não ocorreram diferenças entre os tratamentos quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos da água. A taxa de crescimento específico foi significativamente diferente entre os tratamentos aos 60 dias de criação, e no fim do experimento o peso médio foi de 51,23 + 10,9 g, 30,55 + 4,3 g e 12,92 + 3,7 g, para ração comercial, adubo orgânico e adubo químico, respectivamente, podendo-se observar melhor desempenho obtido com ração comercial refletido na biomassa final. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos quanto à sobrevivência. O fornecimento de ração proporcionou maior desempenho produtivo aos juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo e a quantidade de alimento natural produzido nos viveiros adubados, química e organicamente, não foi suficiente para atender à demanda de crescimento dos peixes quando esses atingiram peso médio de 12,4 e 20,4 g, respectivamente. more...