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Introdução: A dengue é uma doença muito presente nas Américas, incluindo o Brasil. O quadro clínico pode variar de assintomático até sintomas graves com risco de morte. Não há dados precisos sobre a prevalência de dengue em pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA) no Brasil. Considerando as novas vacinas contra a dengue, é importante identificar populações prioritárias para a imunização. Objetivo: Verificar a soroprevalência de dengue em PVHA no Município de São Paulo/SP. Método: Entre setembro de 2020 e maio de 2021 foram selecionados 240 voluntários que atendiam aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: idade acima de 18 anos; soropositividade documentada para infecção por HIV-1. Os critérios de exclusão foram: vacinação prévia contra a dengue e idade acima de 60 anos. Os testes rápidos OnSite Duo Dengue Ag-IgG/IgM CTK Biotech foram aplicados. Resultados: 85 (35,56%) dos voluntários são do sexo feminino, 185 (77,41%) encontram-se entre a faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos, 45 (18,83%) ingressaram no ensino superior (completo ou incompleto), 99 (41,42%) é procedente da região Sul e 126 (52,72%) possuem a cor da pele preta/parda. 80 (33,47%) apresentam etilismo/ex-etilismo, 10 (4,18%) doença renal crônica e 8 (3,35%) doença cardiovascular. 233 (97,49%) possuíam carga viral indetectável no momento da aplicação do teste e 6 (2,5%) carga viral detectável. 12,55% apresentaram sorologia positiva para dengue. A prevalência de PVHA que apresentaram coinfecção encontrada foi calculada da seguinte forma: P = 30/239*100. A análise bivariada dos dados sociodemográficos e da sorologia de dengue demonstra que somente a “cor de pele: parda” apresenta tendência para ser estatisticamente significativa, com p = 0,084. Do total de participantes com “cor de pele: parda”, 83 (82,18%) apresentaram sorologia negativa para dengue e 18 (17,82%) apresentaram sorologia positiva (OR 2,011). O resultado da análise bivariada das comorbidades e dengue mostrou que a variável “cardiovascular” foi a única com significância estatística, apresentando um p = 0,001. Do total de pessoas com esta comorbidade, 4 (50%) apresentaram resultado positivo (OR 7,885). Apenas 3 (30%) dos indivíduos com “doença renal crônica” apresentaram resultado positivo para coinfecção com p = 0,089 e 6 (7,5%) dos “etilistas/ex etilistas”, com p = 0,094. Conclusão: A investigação encontrou uma soroprevalência de dengue em PVHA em São Paulo/SP, Brasil, de 12,55% entre setembro/2020 e maio/2021. Observamos que PVHA pardas tem maior prevalência de dengue.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as palinofácies e o paleoambiente deposicional da Formação Barreirinha e sua relação com a geoquímica orgânica de estudos prévios, na porção sul da Bacia do Amazonas, Brasil. Para isso, aplicaram-se técnicas de análises de palinofácies e os resultados da geoquímica orgânica (carbono orgânico total e pirólise Rock-Eval) em 23 amostras de folhelhos de uma seção aflorante da Formação Barreirinha (Devoniano), borda sul da Bacia do Amazonas. Com a análise da palinofácies, verificou-se que há uma predominância de matéria orgânica de origem marinha: matéria orgânica amorfa (MOA) e acritarcas. As associações palinológicas indicaram que a sedimentação da Formação Barreirinha ocorreu, inicialmente, em ambiente marinho distal óxico-anóxico, gradando para ambiente deposicional marinho distal anóxico. A integração dos resultados da análise de palinofácies, associada com os dados de estudos prévios, possibilitou a identificação de dois níveis de predominância do querogênio: tipo II, na porção média a superior da seção; e tipos III e II/III, na porção inferior da seção. Com os resultados das análises de geoquímica orgânica, verificou-se que o material apresenta bom potencial para geração de hidrocarbonetos, com base nos valores de COT que alcançaram percentuais de até 6,29%, S2 atingindo 23,1 (mg HC/g rocha), e o índice de hidrogênio (IH) com valores entre 69 e 377 (mg HC/g rocha). Os valores de Tmáx variaram de 425 a 435°C, e os valores de índice de coloração de esporos (ICE) entre 3,5 e 4,5, indicando imaturidade térmica para a geração de hidrocarbonetos.

A linguagem estabelece-se como um dos ramos mais longínquos – desde a Grécia Antiga – de investigação sistemática. Assim, torna-se importante acentuar que a linguagem é objeto frequente de análise acadêmica tanto nas ciências sociais quanto nas ciências exatas, mas sem um entendimento consensual quanto à sua “natureza”. O debate se concentra, principalmente, sob a forma como a linguagem emerge na espécie e sua relação com o pensamento humano. Destarte, analisamos duas das principais correntes de pensamento que empreenderam estudos linguísticos no que diz respeito a esta questão, tais quais são: 1. A escola da relatividade linguística; e 2. A escola do universalismo linguístico. Para tanto, revelou-se fundamental realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica – em periódicos, teses e livros – que permitiu apreender a abordagem teórica de ambas escolas. Desse modo, ao longo do presente artigo, procuramos compreender as diferentes abordagens acerca da relação entre linguagem e pensamento, de tal maneira que, realizamos uma análise geral sobre o relativismo para em seguida abordarmos o universalismo linguístico. Logo, o debate acerca da linguagem e sua relação com o pensamento estabelece-se com um dos elementos mais relevantes da história da sociedade humana.

O estudo se desenvolveu por meio do acompanhamento da gestão financeira realizada em dez ILPIs sem fins lucrativos localizadas no estado de Minas Gerais, tendo como objetivo analisar a gestão financeira das mesmas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. O acompanhamento que aconteceu de forma virtual coletou os dados dos participantes por meio de encontros virtuais, questionários eletrônicos, planilhas e entrevista semi-estruturada. O estudo revelou uma carência de conhecimento dos gestores sobre gestão financeira. Tal carência se configura como um entrave para que ferramentas que podem contribuir para uma gestão mais eficiente sejam utilizadas. Entretanto, os conhecimentos compartilhados nos encontros mensais e apresentação de ferramentas que podem contribuir para uma gestão mais eficiente proporcionaram uma boa evolução nos gestores em relação ao conhecimento. Alguns participantes demonstraram planos para implementação das ferramentas e conhecimentos compartilhados. Com isso, foi possível perceber uma influência positiva gerada pelo estudo.

On the latest 60 years the degradation and fragmentation of native habitats have been modifying the landscape in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. The adaptive plasticity of an organism has been crucial for its long-term survival and success in these novel ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the response of four endangered species of large terrestrial mammals to the variations in the quality of their original habitats, in a context of high anthropogenic pressure. The distribution of the Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Giant anteater), Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Tapirus terrestris (Lowland tapir) and Tayassu pecari (White-lipped peccary) in all sampled habitats suggests their tolerance to degradation. However, the survival ability of each species in the different habitats was not the same. Among the four species, T. pecari seems to be the one with the least ability to survive in more altered environments. The positive influence of the anthropogenically altered habitats on abundances of three of the four species studied, as observed at the regeneration areas, can be considered as a potential indication of the ecological trap phenomenon. This study reinforces the importance of the forest remnants for the survival of endangered mammal species, in regions of high anthropogenic pressure, as in the eastern Brazilian Amazon.

Sirenians share with cetaceans and pinnipeds several convergent traits selected for the aquatic lifestyle. Living in water poses new challenges not only for locomotion and feeding but also for combating new pathogens, which may render the immune system one of the best tools aquatic mammals have for dealing with aquatic microbial threats. So far, only cetaceans have had their class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) organization characterized, despite the importance of MHC genes for adaptive immune responses. This study aims to characterize the organization of the marine mammal class II MHC using publicly available genomes. We located class II sequences in the genomes of one sirenian, four pinnipeds and eight cetaceans using NCBI-BLAST and reannotated the sequences using local BLAST search with exon and intron libraries. Scaffolds containing class II sequences were compared using dotplot analysis and introns were used for phylogenetic analysis. The manatee class II region shares overall synteny with other mammals, however most DR loci were translocated from the canonical location, past the extended class II region. Detailed analysis of the genomes of closely related taxa revealed that this presumed translocation is shared with all other living afrotherians. Other presumptive chromosome rearrangements in Afrotheria are the deletion of DQ loci in Afrosoricida and deletion of DP in E. telfairi. Pinnipeds share the main features of dog MHC: lack of a functional pair of DPA/DPB genes and inverted DRB locus between DQ and DO subregions. All cetaceans share the Cetartiodactyla inversion separating class II genes into two subregions: class IIa, with DR and DQ genes, and class IIb, with non-classic genes and a DRB pseudogene. These results point to three distinct and unheralded class II MHC structures in marine mammals: one canonical organization but lacking DP genes in pinnipeds; one bearing an inversion separating IIa and IIb subregions lacking DP genes found in cetaceans; and one with a translocation separating the most diverse class II gene from the MHC found in afrotherians and presumptive functional DR, DQ, and DP genes. Future functional research will reveal how these aquatic mammals cope with pathogen pressures with these divergent MHC organizations.

Soroprevalence for Hepatitis C virus is reported as 2.12% in Northern Brazil, with about 50% of the patients exhibiting a sustained virological response (SVR). Aiming to associate polymorphisms in Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) with chronic hepatitis C and therapy responses we investigated 125 chronic patients and 345 controls. Additionally, 48 ancestry markers were genotyped to control for population stratification. The frequency of the KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL2+HLA-C Asp80 gene and ligand was higher in chronic infected patients than in controls (p < 0.0009, OR = 3.4; p = 0.001, OR = 3.45). In fact, KIR2DL3 is a weaker inhibitor of NK activity than KIR2DL2, which could explain the association of KIR2DL2 with chronic infection. Moreover, KIR2DS2 and KIR2DS2+HLA-C Asp80 (p < 0.0001, OR = 2.51; p = 0.0084, OR = 2.62) and KIR2DS3 (p < 0.0001; OR = 2.57) were associated with chronic infection, independently from KIR2DL2. No differences in ancestry composition were observed between control and patients, even with respect to therapy response groups. The allelic profile KIR2DL2/KIR2DS2/KIR2DS3 was associated with the chronic hepatitis C (p < 0.0001; OR = 3). Furthermore, the patients also showed a higher mean number of activating genes and a lower frequency of the homozygous AA profile, which is likely secondary to the association with non-AA and/or activating genes. In addition, the KIR2DS5 allele was associated with SVR (p = 0.0261; OR = 0.184).The ancestry analysis of samples ruled out any effects of population substructuring and did not evidence interethnic differences in therapy response, as suggested in previous studies.

This work reports a review on the status and technical feasibility of the application of ethanol as fuel for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), presenting both external reform and cell with direct utilization of ethanol. Based on this survey, both experimental results and mathematical modeling indicated the technical feasibility of power generation by ethanol SOFC, with cell units producing 450 mW/cm², sufficient for scale up to large stationary plants. The quantitative assessments in the literature show this field to be promising for researchers and private sector investment as well being a strategic technology for government policy in the short and long term.

Mitochondrial DNA-like sequences have been found in the nuclei of a variety of organisms. These nuclear pseudogenes can be used to estimate relative evolutionary rates of mitochondrial genes, and can be used as outgroups in phylogenetic analyses. In this study, mitochondrial sequences with pseudogene-like characteristics, including deletions and/or insertions and stop codons, were found in tamarins (Saguinus spp., Callitrichinae, Primates). Phylogenetic analysis allowed estimation of the timing of the migration of these sequences to the nuclear genome, and also permitted inferences on the phylogeny of the genus. The choice of an inadequate outgroup (Aotus infulatus) prevented a good phylogenetic resolution of the subfamily Callitrichinae. The relatively ancient divergence of the Cebidae (Callitrichinae, Aotinae and Cebinae) may have favored confounding homoplasies.Seqüências tipo mitocondriais têm comumente sido encontradas no genoma nuclear de diversos organismos. Quando acidentalmente incluídas em estudos de seqüências mitocondriais, diversas conclusões errôneas podem ser obtidas. No entanto, estes pseudogenes nucleares tipo mitocondriais podem ser usados para a estimativa da taxa relativa de evolução de genes mitocondriais e também como grupo externo em análises filogenéticas. No presente trabalho, seqüências mitocondriais com características do tipo de pseudogene, tais como deleções e/ou inserções e códons de parada, foram encontradas em tamarins (Saguinus spp., Callitrichinae, Primates). A análise filogenética permitiu a estimativa do tempo da migração da seqüência mitocondrial para o genoma nuclear e algumas inferências filogenéticas. A escolha de um grupo externo não adequado (Aotus infulatus) não permitiu uma reconstrução filogenética confiável da subfamília Callitrichinae. A divergência bastante antiga de Cebidae (Callitrichinae, Aotinae e Cebinae) pode ter favorecido o aparecimento de homoplasias, obscurecendo a análise.

Objectives Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the result of an inadequate dietary intake of iodine, which physiological consequences are endemic goiter and thyroid dysfunction. The objective of this study was to a analyze studies that assessed the status of Brazil’s population iodine nutrition and IDD prevalence. Materials and methods Systematic review using PRISMA statement. Electronic database: PubMed, Medline, SciELO and Lilacs. Quality of studies: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was carried out with R Core Team Statistical Software, version 3.1.0 (2014). The summary measure (WMD) and its confidence interval (CI) of 95% were calculated. The “Funnel plot” graph assessed publication bias and heterogeneity. Results Seventeen papers were eligible: pregnant women (2), school children (9), adults/elderly (4) and preschool children/infants (2). Geographic distribution: North (1), Northeast (1), Midwest (2), Southeast (13), South (3). Twenty-three thousand two hundred seventy-two subjects were evaluated between 1997 and 2013 and all have use urinary iodine (UI) measurement. However, only 7 studies could be included in meta-analysis, all from Southeast region. The overall prevalence of IDD in school children in southeast region was 15.3% (95% CI, 13-35%), however this data had an important heterogeneity, expressed by the I2 Statistic of 99.5%. Conclusion Only few studies have been performed and enrolled populations from south/southeast region of Brazil. The actual IDD prevalence analysis is complex because it was detected bias due influence of individual studies and very high heterogeneity. IDD might still be high in some areas but this remained unknown even after this meta-analysis evaluation. The generation of a national program for analysis of iodine status in all regions is urgently required. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(1):13-22

An undergraduate organic chemistry experiment for oil extraction and biodiesel production using alternative biomass was developed, whereby oils of avocado, coconut and spent coffee grounds were obtained and submitted to transesterification reaction with CH3OH under NaOH catalysis. Avocado and coffee oils were obtained by typical extraction and coconut oil was obtained through water evaporation of coconut milk in a domestic microwave oven. The commercial oil of licuri (Syagrus coronate), a Brazilian native biomass, was also converted to biodiesel. All four oils and four biodiesels were characterized by 1H-NMR and FTIR, and a comparative study of these spectra reveled that FTIR analyses alone provides enough information to discriminate between oil and biodiesel and confirm transesterification reaction. Besides, the unsaturation degree of all oils was determined by 1H-NMR. A mechanistic proposal concerning the role of NaOH catalysis is presented, excluding the sodium methoxide formation.

Abstract Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis) and West Indian (Trichechus manatus) manatees are aquatic mammals vulnerable to extinction found in the Amazon basin and the coastal western Atlantic. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a key role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns using leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). We described the diversity of TLR4 and TLR8 genes in these two species of manatee. Amazonian manatee showed seven SNPs in TLR4 and the eight in TLR8, while West Indian manatee shared four and six of those SNPs, respectively. In our analysis, TLR4 showed one non-conservative amino acid replacement substitution in LRR7 and LRR8, on the other hand, TLR8 was less variable and showed only conserved amino acid substitutions. Selection analysis showed that only one TLR4 site was subjected to positive selection and none in TLR8. TLR4 in manatees did not show any evidence of convergent evolution compared to species of the cetacean lineage. Differences in TLR4 and TLR8 polymorphism may be related to distinct selection by pathogens, population reduction of West Indian manatees, or an expected consequence of population expansion in Amazonian manatees. Future studies combining pathogen association and TLR polymorphism may clarify possible roles of these genes and be used for conservation purposes of manatee species.

Abstract We study the constraints imposed on the electromagnetic response of general media by microcausality (commutators of local fields vanish outside the light cone) and positivity of the imaginary parts (the medium can only absorb energy from the external field). The equations of motion for the average electromagnetic field in a medium — the macroscopic Maxwell equations — can be derived from the in-in effective action and the effect of the medium is encoded in the electric and magnetic permeabilities ε(ω, |k|) and μ(ω, |k|). Microcausality implies analyticity of the retarded Green’s functions when the imaginary part of the 4-vector (ω, k) lies in forward light cone. With appropriate assumptions about the behavior of the medium at high frequencies one derives dispersion relations, originally studied by Leontovich. In the case of dielectrics these relations, combined with the positivity of the imaginary parts, imply bounds on the low-energy values of the response, ε(0, 0) and μ(0, 0). In particular the quantities ε(0, 0) – 1 and ε(0, 0) – 1/μ(0, 0) are constrained to be positive and equal to integrals over the imaginary parts of the response. We discuss various improvements of these bounds in the case of non-relativistic media and with additional assumptions about the UV behavior.

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Copyright of Diversitas Journal is the property of Diversitas Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract We study the S-matrix of Goldstones in the renormalizable theory of a U(1) complex scalar at finite charge, i.e. in a state that breaks Lorentz invariance. The theory is weakly coupled so that this S-matrix exists at all energies. Unlike the Lorentz invariant case, the resulting S-matrix is not analytic in the exchanged (complexified) four-momentum. The non-analyticities stem from the LSZ reduction formula, as a consequence of the energy-dependent mixing between the radial and Goldstone modes.

Abstract We develop a new way to analytically calculate loop integrals in the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale-Structure. Previous available methods show severe limitations beyond the one-loop power spectrum due to analytical challenges and computational and memory costs. Our new method is based on fitting the linear power spectrum with cosmology-independent functions that resemble integer powers of quantum field theory massive propagators with complex masses. A remarkably small number of them is sufficient to reach enough accuracy. Similarly to former approaches, the cosmology dependence is encoded in the coordinate vector of the expansion of the linear power spectrum in our basis. We first produce cosmology-independent tensors where each entry is the loop integral evaluated on a given combination of basis vectors. For each cosmology, the evaluation of a loop integral amounts to contracting this tensor with the coordinate vector of the linear power spectrum. The 3-dimensional loop integrals for our basis functions can be evaluated using techniques familiar to particle physics, such as recursion relations and Feynman parametrization. We apply our formalism to evaluate the one-loop bispectrum of galaxies in redshift space. The final analytical expressions are quite simple and can be evaluated with little computational and memory cost. We show that the same expressions resolve the integration of all one-loop N-point function in the EFTofLSS. This method, which is originally presented here, has already been applied in the first one-loop bispectrum analysis of the BOSS data to constraint ΛCDM parameters and primordial non-Gaussianities [1, 2].