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A educação médica passa por profundas mudanças e, atualmente, utiliza currículos baseados em competências, que preparam o estudante para situações concretas de aprendizagem. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar um instrumento para avaliar os estudantes durante o internato em Medicina da Família e Comunidade, possibilitando aos docentes avaliar a aquisição das competências ao longo do internato. A metodologia caracteriza-se por um estudo avaliativo metodológico centrado em especialistas para a validação de conteúdo. Após o processo de validação, obteve-se um instrumento confiável para realizar avaliações baseadas em competências, o que pode ser utilizado pelos preceptores durante o internato, contribuindo para a formação do futuro médico.

The Chilean brown economy continues to expand, without specific definition of sustainable limits or how to transition to an ecologically balanced future. The article first reviews marine democracy across 42 cases of mining and coastal refinery projects, port developments, aquaculture, factory contamination, wind farms, coal and property development. In depth, an industrial fish factory cluster in Arica, a coastal zone impacted by mining in Chañaral, and fjord aquaculture in Puyuhapi. Using semi structured interviews, and participatory GIS focus groups, it shows the same issues repeat, and how a new participatory marine democratic system might transition the blue economy.

Abstract Background Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major cause of low back pain (LBP) worldwide. Sexual dimorphism, or sex‐based differences, appear to exist in the severity of LBP. However, it is unknown if there are sex‐based differences in the inflammatory, biomechanical, biochemical, and histological responses of intervertebral discs (IVDs). Methods Caudal (Coccygeal/Co) bone‐disc‐bone motion segments were isolated from multiple spinal levels (Co8 to Co14) of male and female Sprague–Dawley rats. Changes in motion segment biomechanics and extracellular matrix (ECM) biochemistry (glycosaminoglycan [GAG], collagen [COL], water, and DNA content) were evaluated at baseline and in response to chemical insult (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) or puncture injury ex vivo. We also investigated the contributions of Toll‐like receptor (TLR4) signaling on responses to LPS or puncture injury ex vivo, using a small molecule TLR4 inhibitor, TAK‐242. Results Findings indicate that IVD motion segments from female donors had greater nitric oxide (NO) release in LPS groups compared to male donors. HMGB1 release was increased in punctured discs, but not LPS injured discs, with no sex effect. Although both male and female discs exhibited reductions in dynamic moduli in response to LPS and puncture injuries, dynamic moduli from female donors were higher than male donors across all groups. In uninjured (baseline) samples, a significant sex effect was observed in nucleus pulposus (NP) DNA and water content. Female annulus fibrosus (AF) also had higher DNA, GAG, and COL content (normalized by dry weight), but lower water content than male AF. Additional injury‐ and sex‐dependent effects were observed in AF GAG/DNA and COL/DNA content. Finally, TAK‐242 improved the dynamic modulus of female but not male punctured discs. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that there are differences in rat IVD motion segments based on sex, and that the response to injury in inflammatory, biomechanical, biochemical, and histological outcomes also exhibit sex differences. TLR4 inhibition protected against loss of mechanical integrity of puncture‐injured IVD motion segments, with differences responses based on donor sex.

Cratylia argentea is a leguminous shrub that has the potential for use as livestock feed in tropical areas. However, time-consuming and labor-intensive methods of chemical analysis limit the understanding of its nutritive value. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a low-cost technology widely used in forage crops to expedite chemical composition assessment. The objective of this study was to develop prediction models to assess the crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and dry matter (DM) of Cratylia based on NIRS and partial least squares analysis. A total of 155 samples were harvested at different maturity levels and used for model development, of which 107 were used for calibration and 48 for external validation. The cross-validation presented a root mean square error of prediction of 0.77, 2.56, 3.43, and 0.42; a ratio of performance to deviation of 4.8, 4.0, 3.8, and 3.4; and an R2 of 0.92, 0.92, 0.87, and 0.84 for CP, NDF, ADF, and DM, respectively. Based on the obtained results, we concluded that NIRS accurately predicted the chemical parameters of Cratylia. Therefore, NIRS can serve as a useful tool for livestock producers and researchers to estimate Cratylia’s nutritive value.

A stressor-related disorder wherein traumatic experience precipitates protracted disruptions to mood and cognition, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with wide-ranging abnormalities across the body. While various methods have investigated these deviations, only proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) enables noninvasive measurement of small-molecule metabolites in the living human. 1 H MRS has correspondingly been employed to test hypotheses about the composition and function of multiple brain regions putatively involved in PTSD. Here we systematically review methodological considerations and reported findings, both positive and negative, of the current 1 H-MRS literature in PTSD (N = 32 studies) to communicate the brain regional metabolite alterations heretofore observed, providing random-effects model meta-analyses for those most extensively studied. Our review suggests significant PTSD-associated decreases in N-acetyl aspartate in bilateral hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex with less evident effect in other metabolites and regions. Model heterogeneities diverged widely by analysis (I 2

En el presente trabajo se efectuó un estudio técnico-económico preliminar de dos propuestas tecnológicas de producción de biodiesel empleando aceite de soya como materia prima principal y bajo las condiciones económicas actuales de Brasil. Para eso se utiliza el simulador SuperPro Designer® v.8.5. En la primera tecnología propuesta (Caso Base) se obtiene biodiesel refinado y glicerol crudo, mientras que en la segunda (Variante) también se produce biodiesel refinado, y el glicerol crudo es purificado hasta una pureza final de 99,75 %. Se efectuó un estudio de sensibilidad consistente en 12 corridas mediante el cual se evaluó la influencia de cinco variables de entrada sobre tres indicadores económicos: Valor Actual Neto (van), Tasa Interna de Retorno (tir) y Periodo de Recuperación de la Inversión (pri). Se deben invertir usd $ 18,5 millones y usd $ 21,4 millones para construir el Caso Base y la Variante, respectivamente. Los resultados del van, tir y pri para el Caso Base fueron de usd $ 17 444 000, 33,83 % y 2,54 años respectivamente, mientras que los valores obtenidos de estos 3 indicadores para la Variante fueron de usd $ 22 577 000, 38,05 % y 2,26 años respectivamente, cosa que indica que la Variante constituye la propuesta tecnológica más rentable. La introducción de operaciones de purificación de glicerol incrementa los indicadores económicos y de rentabilidad de la planta de producción de biodiesel. El estudio de sensibilidad permitió obtener ecuaciones que establecen la correlación estadística existente entre cinco variables de entrada y tres de salida. Se empleó el software Statgraphics Centurion® versión XVI para el procesamiento estadístico de los resultados obtenidos.

Objetivou-se investigar a prevalência e os fatores de risco da Leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros da mesorregião do Rio Doce, ES, composta por seis municípios: Aracruz, Ibiraçu, João Neiva, Linhares, Rio Bananal e Sooretama. As propriedades foram sorteadas aleatoriamente, sendo duas propriedades por município. Admitiu-se como critério de seleção destas propriedades por não apresentarem o manejo de realização da vacinação anti-Leptospira nos animais. O número de amostras sanguíneas em cada propriedade foi de acordo com a disponibilidade de animais, que totalizou 100 amostras de sangue. A técnica sorológica utilizada foi a de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). As amostras de soro foram submetidas a diluições com 10 (dez) antígenos vivos que inclui os sorovares: L. australis, L. butembo, L. copenhageni, L. bratislava, L. canicola, L. grippothyphosa, L. hardjo prajitno, L. pomona, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. Wolffi do gênero Leptospira spp. da espécie interrogans. A prevalência dos sorovares neste estudo foi de Wolffi (24%); Bratislava (15%); Hardjo prajitno (11%); Pomona (10%); Butembo (10%); Australis (8%); Canicola (5%); Icterohaemorragiae (5%); Grippotyphosa (4%); Copenhageni (3%). Os resultados demonstram que a Leptospirose bovina está presente na mesorregião com 50% de prevalência em indivíduos, sendo os principais fatores de risco a não vacinação, presença de roedores, criação conjunta e rebanho aberto.

Resumo Objetivos Identificar os fatores associados à não adesão à farmacoterapia em pessoas idosas brasileiras no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde (APS) através da realização de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Método Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português, realizada na biblioteca eletrônica SciELO e nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE - via PubMed, LILACS, Embase e Web of Science no período de janeiro de 2010 a junho de 2020. A seleção dos estudos foi realizada de maneira independente por dois revisores, por meio do aplicativo de seleção Rayyan. Resultados Após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, foram incluídos nove estudos na revisão sistemática. O principal método utilizado para mensurar o desfecho foi a Escala de Morisky-Green (4-itens). Os resultados apontam as dificuldades de acesso aos medicamentos, as multimorbidades, a polifarmácia, o uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos, o grau de confiança no profissional médico, as crenças, a autopercepção de saúde negativa e a incapacidade funcional como os principais fatores associados à não adesão à farmacoterapia na APS. Conclusões No âmbito da APS, a não adesão à farmacoterapia pela população idosa se apresenta como um problema muito frequente, sendo desencadeado por múltiplos fatores e com consequências negativas para o controle das condições de saúde, para o uso racional de medicamentos e para um envelhecimento saudável. Destaca-se ainda que parte dos fatores associados são passíveis de intervenção nesse nível de atenção à saúde.

This article presents a methodological proposal for the three-dimensional reconstruction of rock samples via structure-from-motion. The presented methodological steps aimed to provide a reproducible workflow to create virtual rock samples to be applied in virtual applications. The proposed methodology works as a how-to guide as well as a preemptive troubleshooting guide for the complete process. Four geologists with different scholar levels volunteered to test this methodological proposal, applying it to three rock samples as the methodology steps were provided in an inverse-proportional manner to the graduate level. When analyzing the results of the performed reconstructions, all analyzed elements presented a proportional reduction due to the lack of information provided. An initial questionnaire was applied to verify the difficulties encountered, and subsequently, all volunteers received the complete methodology. In the second reconstruction, the results were equivalent to those obtained initially with the complete methodology. A technology acceptance model questionnaire was applied to determine the perception of utility and ease of use of the presented methodology. In both cases the results presented themselves in a positive way, indicating that the methodology was able to solve the problems found simply and objectively through a repeatable workflow.

The biodiversity of the Cerrado biome is endangered. Ensuring its quality requires maintaining its biogeophysical characteristics, and environmental studies must consider space-time scales and sustainable perspectives to balance environmental, economic, and social needs. This study evaluates environmental conservation in a hydrographic basin in Brazil’s São Paulo state and proposes integrating two types of spatial analysis generally applied separately. The Land Change Modeler was used to model future land use by using artificial neural networks and CA-Markov. Environmental conservation levels were obtained through multicriteria evaluation for three scenarios, verified through field visits and the application of an ecological diversity protocol. Significant changes were noted, primarily related to anthropic disorders, with land use map values for 2028 indicating dominant trends in the anthropized area and silviculture. Priority areas for conservation are the reservoir, Brazilian Cerrado, wetlands, bodies of water, riparian forest, and silviculture. Fragmented natural vegetation was identified in regions with springs and high, but dispersed, values of environmental conservation. Mean and minimum values anticipated increase, indicating a tendency for degradation, which could be mitigated by incentive policies for preservation and conservation. Environmental management and inspection by public agencies are needed at reservoir sites used for recreation, tourism, and fishing. Finally, the study’s integrated methods proved satisfactory for assessing conservation dynamics and providing data to inform strategic planning for effective land use management focused on sustaining natural resources.

Geometric accuracy is an important attribute of cartographic products and UAV photogrammetry has been gaining market in topographic mapping thanks to high spatial and temporal resolution, however, they need proper evaluation following accuracy standards and protocols. Regarding this, this work evaluates products from digital photogrammetry from images acquired with a fixed-wing UAV (18Mpixel camera) in a 300-380m height flight over a Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) in Brazil. A dataset of 23 ground control points assessed with an RTK-GNSS (using natural targets) was validated with its homologous in the Digital Surface Model (DSM) and the orthomosaic, following a workflow in which the appropriate statistics were applied. Following parametric tests like the Students t-test and the Chi-square, we compared the results with the Brazilian Cartographic Standard for digital cartography, achieving minimum scale of 1: 20,000 (RMSE of 1.04 m) for the orthomosaic, and minimum scale of 1: 10,000 (RMSE of 1.31 m) for the elevation in the DSM, although, no special targets were used. As the 3D mapping generated using the photogrammetry still needs a protocol to evaluate the accuracy, this work applied a proposed workflow respecting the quality of the data to meet the requirements of the cartographic standard.

The applications of Moringa oleifera Lam vegetable oil are diverse. They range from its use in the kitchen, to produce soaps, cosmetics, and biofuel; it is also applied externally for skin diseases, which is why it is highly valued in the world market. The present work has the objective of determining the economic viability of a pilot plant for obtaining the vegetable oil of Moringa oleifera Lam. With the design of this installation, it will be possible to replace a raw material used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, as well as to use it for the production of biodiesel. The dimensions of the process equipment were calculated. The economic analysis was carried out using three dynamic indicators, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Period of Return. It was considered the plant with an annual production capacity of 150 m3 , operated 24 days a month, for 11 months a year. It is concluded that the plant is economically viable because its Net Present Value is positive with a value of USD $ 13.3 million, besides that a value of the Internal Rate of Return of 37% and the Recovery Period of the Investment is 1.9 years, which indicates that the project can be executed satisfactorily.

The photogrammetry techniques are known to be accessible due to its low cost, while the geometric accuracy is a key point to ensure that models obtained from photogrammetry are a feasible solution. This work evaluated the discrepancies in 3D (DSM) and 2D (orthomosaic) models obtained from photogrammetry using control points (GCPs) near a reflective/refractive area (water body), where the objective was to evaluate these points, analysing the independence, normality and randomness and other basic statistic. The images were obtained with a 16 MP Canon PowerShot ELPH 110S with a modified NiR band and a multispectral sensor Parrot Sequoia, both embedded in a hex-rotor UAV in flight over the Unisinos University’s artificial lake in the city of São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Due the distribution of the data found to be not normal, we applied non-parametric tests Chebyshev’s Theorem and the Mann–Whitney’s U test, where it showed that the values obtained from Sequoia DSM presented significant similarities with the values obtained from the GCP’s considering the confidence level of 95%; however, this was not confirmed for the model generated from a Canon camera, showing that we found better results using the multispectral Parrot Sequoia.

Resumo Objetivos Verificar a prevalência do sofrimento psíquico em uma população de idosos da comunidade e analisar a sua correlação com idade, anos de escolaridade, nível socioeconômico, sexo, morbidade referida, autopercepção de saúde, autopercepção visual, autopercepção auditiva e síndromes geriátricas (fragilidade, medo de cair, capacidade funcional e quedas). Método Estudo transversal com 315 idosos, não institucionalizados, residentes em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em 2015. Os dados foram coletados através de inquérito domiciliar e o sofrimento psíquico pode ser observado naquela população idosa com a aplicação do Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Para verificar a associação da variável desfecho com as variáveis explicativas, usou-se teste qui-quadrado (χ²) de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado no estudo foi de 5%. Resultados A prevalência de sofrimento psíquico entre os idosos foi de 41,8% (IC95% 36,5–47,4%). Verificou-se associação entre o PHQ-4 e sexo (ρ=0,001), morbidade referida (ρ=0,020), autopercepção de saúde (ρ

Kelps provide important habitat for a range of species, however they are suffering increasing levels of degradation. This has prompted efforts to restore these ecosystems, however, the trajectory of community establishment on artificial reefs has not being widely described. We examined the composition of the species and functional groups of invertebrates and fish in relation to the artificial reefs over soft-bottom and barren-ground habitats over a 10-month period. We evaluated the community structure based on species richness, biomass, species diversity, and dominance of species and functional groups. We assessed the trajectories of the ecological succession of artificial reefs planted with kelp on each bottom type and determined the changes in the dissimilarity of species and functional groups over time. We also analysed the relationship between the biogeny (of macroalgae) over time (months) and the changes in macrobenthic community structure. Successional development of reefs communities was similar across the two habitat types, macroalgae contributed most to the early stage, while invertebrates and fish were the groups that contributed the most during the middle and late successional stages. A positive relationship was found between the presence of artificial reefs with kelp seedlings and the biomass of specific species and functional groups. This study showed that new kelp habitats promote the construction of biogenic structures that increase the habitat complexity, promote biodiversity, and increase populations of commercially harvested species. In this sense, artificial reefs should be considered an important tool for restoring the function of degraded benthic ecosystems.

Environmental conservation of river basins in general is essential for water quality and ecological maintenance, especially in spring areas. Despite being characterized as a Conservation Unit (CU) of Sustainable Use (SU), the Uberaba River Basin highlands are highly influenced by anthropic activities. The aim of this study was to determine different levels of conservation required to maintain environmental quality. The Multicriteria evaluation method was used as follows: i) applied fuzzy membership functions to standardization of the continuous data values or reclassified when categorical criteria; (ii) established criteria ranking through the pairwise relative importance comparison approach by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and; (iii) performed Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). The selected criteria were maps of the: land cover obtained by supervised classification of a satellite image, with 94% of Kappa Index of Agreement (KIA); soil types, slope; distances from rivers, roads; railways and urban limits. A main outcome of the criteria evaluated is a map of continuous data values expressing distinct levels of environmental conservation requirements. The highest values that express the need for conservation occurred near the ridgetop, corresponding to forest land cover, high slope and hydromorphic soils. The lowest values were observed in the peri-urban areas, in more stable soil and soil cover with a higher degree of occupation. It is concluded that the resulting map can assist in decision-making regarding proper management of the area, to achieve sustainability in the application of occupation policies.

O presente artigo analisa a questão da exclusão da população negra do acesso a bens simbólicos e materiais, tendo como chave de leitura a memória e o contexto histórico de lutas. Desde a chegada forçada ao Brasil, o corpo negro foi coisificado pela sociedade escravocrata e para a legislação, o negro não era considerado em sua concepção humana, portanto, não merecedor de dignidade. É necessário lembrar que o negro lutou para que os atos desumanos cessassem e continua lutando na atualidade. Diversas instituições têm questionado a necessidade de recuperar situações traumáticas para que elas não mais ocorram, contudo, em sua maioria, o enfoque é para os casos ocorridos nos países do norte geográfico, uma pequena minoria para o genocídio indígena e para as perseguições ocorridas nas ditaduras da América Latina, mas pouco ou nada é escrito e questionado quanto a escravização negra, em específico a ocorrida no Brasil. Em consequência da ausência da justa memória imposta a população negra durante séculos, é possível verificar a ocorrência de escravização na contemporaneidade: os negros e negras são os que ocupam mais os empregos não formais, são os que recebem os menores salários e os que menos acessam o sistema de ensino. Assim, a partir da análise sobre história, memória e ressentimento, com base em revisão bibliográfica e dados estatísticos de órgãos nacionais e internacionais, o texto percorre a história de exclusão da população negra brasileira para ao final apresentar possíveis caminhos para a reparação, para a igualdade como reconhecimento, para a garantia de novos direitos.

Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF or Nano Pulsed Stimulation, NPS) is a technology that delivers a series of pulses of high-voltage electric fields during a short period of time, in the order of nanoseconds. The main consequence of nsPEF upon cells is the formation of nanopores, which is followed by the gating of ionic channels. Literature is conclusive in that the physiological mechanisms governing ion channel gating occur in the order of milliseconds. Hence, understanding how these channels can be activated by a nsPEF would be an important step in order to conciliate fundamental biophysical knowledge with improved nsPEF applications. To get insights on both the kinetics and thermodynamics of ion channel gating induced by nsPEF, in this work, we simulated the Voltage Sensing Domain (VSD) of a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, inserted in phospholipidic membranes with different concentrations of cholesterol. We studied the conformational changes of the VSD under a nsPEF mimicked by the application of a continuous electric field lasting 50 ns with different intensities as an approach to reveal novel mechanisms leading to ion channel gating in such short timescales. Our results show that using a membrane with high cholesterol content, under an nsPEF of 50 ns and E→ = 0.2 V/nm, the VSD undergoes major conformational changes. As a whole, our work supports the notion that membrane composition may act as an allosteric regulator, specifically cholesterol content, which is fundamental for the response of the VSD to an external electric field. Moreover, changes on the VSD structure suggest that the gating of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by a nsPEF may be due to major conformational changes elicited in response to the external electric field. Finally, the VSD/cholesterol-bilayer under an nsPEF of 50 ns and E→ = 0.2 V/nm elicits a pore formation across the VSD suggesting a new non-reported effect of nsPEF into cells, which can be called a “protein mediated electroporation”.

The objective was to analyze the surface water quality on the highlands of the Conquistinha river basin, an area influenced by human activities mostly due to proximity of the Uberaba city boundaries through integrated water resources supported on geoprocessing. The water sampling campaign occurred by month, from October 2012 to September 2013 at three surface water spots strategically located to detect the human influence. Remote sensing technique of image classification process was used to produce the Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) map highlighting five categories on July 2011: 42.07% on crops, 29.97% on pasture, 20.17 on human activity, 7.7% on forest and 0.09% on water. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to evaluate its categorize water quality. All water quality results, by spatial and time approaches, indicate bad and very bad WQI according to Minas Gerais Institute to Water Management. Integrated analysis of land cover and water parameters suggest the human presence influences on water quality worsening. Urban planning about the city growing direction must be done with care over this particular region once the environmental quality especially on water resources is now compromised.

Abstract The identification of antitumoral substances is the focus of intense biomedical research. Two structural analogues of thalidomide, LNO3 and L3, are two synthetic compounds that might possess such antitumor properties. We evaluated the toxicological effects of these substances, including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in HTC cells. Additionally, the production of free radicals (nitric oxide and superoxide) was investigated, and the expression of caspases genes 3, 8, and 9 were determined by RT-qPCR. The compounds exhibited cytotoxic effects that resulted in inhibited cell proliferation. LNO3 showed to be more effective and toxic than L3 in all assays. LNO3 stimulated the release of NO and superoxide, which was accompanied by the formation of peroxynitrite. Apoptosis was induced in a dose-dependent manner by both compounds; however, the expression of caspases 3, 8 and 9 was unchanged. These results suggested that L3 and LNO3 possess antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in HTC cells. Additionally, although they exhibited cytotoxicity, L3 and LNO3 might be useful coadjuvants in tumor treatment studies.

A cobertura do solo e sua temperatura superficial estão associadas; portanto, alterações provocam mudança microclimática devido emissão de radiação eletromagnética na faixa termal. Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar a relação da cobertura do solo com a Temperatura Superficial Aparente (TSA) em área periurbana do cerrado através de imagens de satélite. Por meio de procedimentos de Processamento Digital de Imagens como a classificação supervisionada que determinou as tipologias de cobertura do solo, bem como operações aritméticas que produziram imagens de temperatura da superfície em graus Celsius, avaliou-se sua relação em duas épocas distintas: 1985 e 2011. Os resultados demonstram que para o ano de 1985, dos cinco grupos de amostras de cobertura do solo, Pastagem apresentou-se de forma expressiva em 50% da área. De 1985 para 2011 verificou-se aumento de área para as classes de Pastagem, Vegetação Nativa e Área Urbana; e, de redução de área para as classes Solo Exposto e Cultura Agrícola. Em relação à TSA, as médias de temperatura das classes sofreram aumentos significativos. As diferenças das médias para cada classe, foram: Pastagem (+4,65 °C), Vegetação Nativa (+4,25 °C), Área Urbana (+4,87 °C), Solo Exposto (+5,33 °C) e Cultura Agrícola (+1,48 °C). As maiores TSA destacam-se nas classes Solo Exposto e Área Urbana, enquanto as menores nas classes com cobertura vegetal, como cultura agrícola e vegetação nativa.

A estatística circular é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a tendência em mapeamentos a partir do imageamento com sensores embarcados. Este trabalho visou avaliar erros sistemáticos e em dois ortomosaicos obtidos do imageamento simultâneo com dois sensores embarcados no Hexator XFly 800. Foram gerados dois ortomosaicos pela técnica Structure from Motion. As discrepâncias foram obtidas pela comparação entre pontos homólogos observados nos ortomosaicos e coletados com GNSS RTK. Primeiramente, foram realizadas análises quanto a normalidade e aleatoriedade das discrepâncias observadas nos pontos de controle. De acordo com a função de Shapiro-Wilk as amostras não apresentaram distribuição normal e pelo teste de sequências foram consideradas aleatórias. Devido a não normalidade, foi realizada a análise direcional dos dados, obtendo-se assim as direções dos vetores resultantes de acordo com a função de von Mises. Para os ortomosaicos do sensor Canon ELPH 110S + SfM e sequoia + SfM, os vetores direcionais resultantes ocorreram no azimute 47o e 116o, com variâncias de 0,880 m e 0,810 m, respectivamente, mostrando grande dispersão dos pontos e por consequência, concluindo pela não tendência de ambos ortomosaicos. O RMSE foi calculado para ambos ortomosaicos e comparados com o PEC-PCD, que conduziu ao enquadramento na Classe B da escala 1:2000.

This paper presents a comparative study about 3D reconstruction based on active and passive sensors, mainly LiDAR - Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and raster images (photography), respectively. An accuracy analysis has been performed in the positioning of outcrop point clouds obtained by both techniques. To make the comparison feasible, datasets are composed by point clouds generated from multiple images in different poses using a consumer digital camera and directly by terrestrial laser scanner. After preprocessing stages to obtain these point clouds, both are compared, through the positional discrepancies and standard deviation. A preliminary analysis has been shown the feasible employment of digital image jointly 3D reconstruction method for digital outcrop modeling, concerning with data acquisition at low cost without significantly lost of accuracy when compared with LiDAR.

The strategy for the preparation of teachers of economy, in the treatment to the environmental socioeconomic education, from the community of course in the accounting specialty first year, it is an alternative of answer to the problematic existent thing in the polytechnic Cuban school, because still last insufficiencies in the use of the potentialities of the contents, to relate them with the environmental education, because of that exists little preparation of the educational for the treatment to the environmental socioeconomic education dimension in the accounting specialty of the Polytechnical Institute "Levantamiento de Jucaral". How to contribute to the preparation of teachers of the accounting specialty, for the treatment to the environmental socioeconomic education, from the community of course of the accounting specialty? It is the main questioner that turns into the investigative process as of the historical methods and logical, analysis and synthesis, induction-deduction, the focusing of system, the statistical mathematicians, the observation and the inquiry. The obtained results in the application of these methods offer the possibility that the strategy is used as relating for a generalized application in the polytechnic institutes with similar characteristics.

INTRODUCTION: There is no study relating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to ultrasound (US) findings in patients with Schistosomiasis mansoni. Our aim was to describe MRI findings inpatients with schistosomal liver disease identified by US. METHODS: Fifty-four patients (mean age 41.6±13.5years) from an area endemic for Schistosomiasis mansoni were selected for this study.All had US indicating liver schistosomal fibrosis and were evaluated with MRI performed witha 1.5-T superconducting magnet unit (Sigma). RESULTS: Forty-seven (87%) of the 54 patientsshowing signs of periportal fibrosis identified through US investigation had confirmed diagnosesby MRI. In the seven discordant cases (13%), MRI revealed fat tissue filling in the hilar periportalspace where US indicated isolated thickening around the main portal vein at its point of entryto the liver. We named this the fatty hilum sign. One of the 47 patients with MRI evidence ofperiportal fibrosis had had his gallbladder removed previously. Thirty-five (76.1%) of the other46 patients had an expanded gallbladder fossa filled with fat tissue, whereas MRI of the remainingeleven showed pericholecystic signs of fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Echogenic thickening of thegallbladder wall and of the main portal vein wall heretofore attributed to fibrosis were frequentlyidentified as fat tissue in MRI. However, the gallbladder wall thickening shown in US (expandedgallbladder fossa in MRI) is probably secondary to combined hepatic morphologic changes inschistosomiasis, representing severe liver involvement.

We reviewed ultrasound features in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. The alterations that we observed in acute and hepatosplenic schistosomiasis are described. The advantages and disadvantages of using ultrasound patterns in the evaluation of liver fibrosis are discussed. Other diseases that are important in the differential diagnosis of schistosomal liver fibrosis are presented. Ultrasound is an effective and flexible diagnostic tool in the evaluation of a variety of diseases. It presents no harmful effects to patients, allowing non-invasive studies in hospitalized patients and in other facilities.

Non-invasive markers of fibrosis have been used to diagnose liver fibrosis in a variety of diseases. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and collagen IV (C-IV) levels were measured in the sera of patients from an endemic area for schistosomiasis in Brazil to diagnose and to rank the intensity of liver fibrosis. Seventy-nine adult patients with schistosomiasis, in the age range of 21-82 years (49 ± 13.4) were submitted to clinical and ultrasonographic examinations. Ultrasound was employed to diagnose and categorise liver fibrosis according to World Health Organization patterns. Serum HA and C-IV levels were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Ultrasound revealed six patients with intense liver fibrosis, 21 with moderate, 23 with light and 29 without. Serum HA was able to separate individuals with fibrosis from those without (p < 0.001) and light from intense fibrosis (p = 0.029), but C-IV was not (p = 0.692). The HA diagnostic accuracy for fibrosis was 0.89. The 115.4 ng/mL cut-off level diagnosed patients with fibrosis (sensitivity 0.98, specificity 0.64). HA correlated positively with portal hypertension. Periportal fibrosis (subjective evaluation), age and collateral circulation predicted HA increase. In conclusion, we propose that serum HA can be used to identify patients with liver fibrosis in an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal palpation and ultrasound findings among patients from an endemic area for schistosomiasis in Brazil who had been followed up for 27 years were compared. METHODS: In 2004, 411 patients from Brejo do Espírito Santo, in the State of Bahia, were selected for the present investigation after giving their written informed consent. Based on clinical data, they were divided into three groups: 41 patients with evidence of liver fibrosis in 2004 (Group 1); 102 patients with evidence of liver fibrosis in the past (1976-1989) but not in 2004 (Group 2); and 268 patients without evidence of liver fibrosis at any time during the 27-year follow-up (Group 3). All of the patients underwent abdominal ultrasound in which the examiner did not know the result from the clinical examination. The data were stored in a database. RESULTS: The prevalence of periportal fibrosis on ultrasound was 82.9%, 56.9% and 13.4% in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In the presence of hard, nodular liver or prominent left lobe and a hard palpable spleen, ultrasound revealed periportal fibrosis in 70.9%. However, periportal fibrosis was diagnosed using ultrasound in 25.4% of the patients in the absence of clinical evidence of liver involvement. Thus, ultrasound diagnosed periportal fibrosis 3.1 times more frequently than clinical examination did. CONCLUSIONS: Although clinical examination is important in evaluating morbidity due to Manson's schistosomiasis in endemic areas, ultrasound is more accurate in diagnosing liver involvement and periportal fibrosis.INTRODUÇÃO: Neste estudo, se comparou os achados da palpação abdominal e do ultrassom em pacientes de área endêmica de esquistossomose que foram acompanhados por 27 anos no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Em 2004, 411 pacientes de Brejo do Espírito Santo, no estado da Bahia, após consentimento informado e por escrito foram selecionados para o presente estudo. Baseando-se no exame clínico eles foram divididos em 3 grupos: 41 (Grupo 1) com evidência de fibrose hepática no ano de 2004; 102 (Grupo 2) com evidência de fibrose hepática no passado (1976-1989) mas não em 2004; e 268 (Grupo 3) sem evidência de fibrose hepática em 27 anos de seguimento. Todos foram submetidos a exame ultrassonográfico do abdome em que o examinador não sabia o resultado do exame clínico. Os dados foram armazenados em banco de dados. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de fibrose periportal ao ultrassom foi de 82,9%, 56,9% e 13,4% nos Grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Na presença de fígado duro, nodular ou lobo esquerdo proeminente e baço palpável duro, o ultra-som revelou fibrose periportal em 70,9%. Porém, fibrose periportal foi diagnosticada através do ultrassom em 25,4% dos pacientes, na ausência de evidência clínica de envolvimento hepático. Assim, o ultrassom diagnosticou fibrose periportal 3,1 vezes mais frequentemente que o exame clínico. CONCLUSÕES: O exame clínico tem importância na avaliação da morbidade da esquistossomose mansônica em áreas endêmicas, mas o ultrassom mostra-se mais preciso quando se pretende diagnosticar o envolvimento hepático e a fibrose periportal.

The objective was to investigate the influence of two types of physical exercise intervention on elderly individuals’ physical fitness. The study included 17 older adults with a mean age of 65.8 years (± 2.88), divided into two groups: Programa de Exercícios Físicos em Unidades de Saúde (PEFUS – Physical Exercise Program in Health Units, n = 8) and Adapted Volleyball (n = 9). PEFUS classes were held three times a week and lasted 90 minutes, including strength, aerobic endurance, agility, coordination and balance exercises. Adapted Volleyball classes were performed two times per week and lasted 120 minutes, divided into skill volleyball exercises and game. For the evaluation of physical skills (strength, agility, coordination and flexibility), the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) set of tests was performed. All participants were assessed at the baseline and after three months of interventions. Statistical analysis was performed using factorial ANOVA through SPSS, version 17.0, and a significance level p

The best way to appraise the size of abdominal organs remains undefined. Herein we compare the size of liver and spleen in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis using clinical and ultrasound (US) examination, and the size of the organs measured by US with their visualization below the costal margin ("palpable by US"). For this study, 411 individuals from an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil have been selected. We found that palpable spleens and left liver lobes are larger than non palpable ones. Also, 23% of normal spleens measured by US were palpable on clinical examination, and 22% of spleens increased in size on US were non palpable. A total of 21% of normal spleens were "palpable by US". We also found 54% of normal sized right liver lobes palpable on clinical examination, whilst 54% of the increased livers, measured by US, were non palpable. About 76% of normal right liver lobes were "palpable by US". We conclude that the association of clinical, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations, in the near future, should give the investigators the necessary tools to perform a more accurate clinical diagnosis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni.

We report the findings of abdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging observed in a patient with advanced schistosomiasis mansoni. A 25-year-old man with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and variceal bleeding confirmed by upper endoscopy was submitted to abdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. During surgery for portal hypertension, a liver biopsy was taken and the diagnosis of Symmers' fibrosis was confirmed. magnetic resonance imaging scans gave more precise information about the gallbladder, periportal thickening and abdominal venous system than did the ultrasound.Relatamos os achados ultrassonográficos e à ressonância magnética intra-abdominais observados em um paciente com esquistossomose mansoni grave. Um homem de 25 anos de idade com esquistossomose hepatoesplênica e sangramento digestivo de varizes esofagianas, com diagnóstico confirmado pela endoscopia, foi submetido à ultrasonografia abdominal e ressonância magnética. Durante a cirurgia de hipertensão porta, um fragmento de fígado foi obtido e o exame histológico confirmou o diagnóstico de fibrose de Symmers. A ressonância magnética forneceu informações mais precisas sobre a vesícula biliar, espessamento periportal e sistema venoso abdominal do que a ultrassonografia.

The present study aimed to develop and implement a method for detection and classification of spectral signatures in point clouds obtained from terrestrial laser scanner in order to identify the presence of different rocks in outcrops and to generate a digital outcrop model. To achieve this objective, a software based on cluster analysis was created, named K-Clouds. This software was developed through a partnership between UNISINOS and the company V3D. This tool was designed to begin with an analysis and interpretation of a histogram from a point cloud of the outcrop and subsequently indication of a number of classes provided by the user, to process the intensity return values. This classified information can then be interpreted by geologists, to provide a better understanding and identification from the existing rocks in the outcrop. Beyond the detection of different rocks, this work was able to detect small changes in the physical-chemical characteristics of the rocks, as they were caused by weathering or compositional changes.

BackgroundDrug resistance, a process mediated by multiple mechanisms, is a critical determinant for treating lung cancer. The aim of this study is to determine if oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpene present in several plants, is able to circumvent the mechanisms of drug resistance present in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and to induce their death.Principal findingsOA decreased the cell viability of the NSCLC cell lines A459 and H460 despite the presence of active, multidrug-resistant (MDR) MRP1/ABCC1 proteins and the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and survivin. These effects are due to apoptosis, as evidenced by the capacity of OA to induce fragmentation of DNA and activate caspase 3. Induction of NSCLC cell death by OA cannot be explained by inhibition of the MDR proteins, since treatment with triterpene had little or no effect on the activity or expression of MRP1. Moreover, treatment with OA had no effect on the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, but increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, altering the Bcl-2/Bax balance towards a pro-apoptotic profile. OA also decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin. Furthermore, OA decreased the expression of the angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and decreased the development of melanoma-induced lung metastasis.ConclusionOur data provide a significant insight into the antitumoral and antimetastatic activity of OA in NSCLC and suggest that including OA in the NSCLC regimens may help to decrease the number of relapses and reduce the development of metastases.

ABSTRACT The uneven global distribution of rainfall significantly impacts water resources and environmental sustainability, emphasising the need for reliable climate prediction models. Accurate predictions are vital for sectors such as food security, urban planning and disaster management. Data from ground stations, radars and satellites are essential, despite challenges like instrumental errors. Satellites, with their comprehensive sensors, are crucial for atmospheric observations, aiding in the prediction of large‐scale climatic events. Climate models such as CHIRPS, GLDAS, TerraClimate, and PERSIANN use different approaches to analyse precipitation data, which is key to understanding its spatial and temporal variability. This study evaluated (rainfall data) from these four climate models over 20 years (within the Brazilian territory), focusing on the spatiotemporal behaviour of rainfall using statistical metrics such as R2, RMSE, and MAPE. The findings showed that CHIRPS had the best performance (R2 = 0.843; RMSE = 42.83; MAPE = 0.09%), excelling in both overall database and extreme event analyses. TerraClimate, initially the lowest‐performing model (R2 = 0.413; RMSE = 91.56; MAPE = 0.23%), improved significantly when combined with elevation through multiple linear regression (MLR), achieving R2 of 0.718, RMSE of 31.14, and MAPE of 9.56%. This made TerraClimate a viable model for studying the Flying Rivers. The study highlights that model selection should align with the specific characteristics of the area under consideration, with CHIRPS being particularly suitable for the studied region. This research enhances the understanding of the effectiveness of these models in estimating rainfall compared to in situ measurements, which is crucial for various applications. The authors advocate for further studies to advance research on the Flying Rivers, their significance, and the impacts of climate change on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Kato-Katz technique is the standard diagnostic test for Schistosoma mansoni infection in rural areas. However, the utility of this method is severely limited by the day-to-day variability in host egg excretion in the stool. In high-transmission areas, the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) urine assay has proven to be a reliable test. However, investigations of the reliability of the POC-CCA assay in low-transmission regions are under way. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the POC-CCA assay and the morbidity of schistosomiasis in a low-endemic area in Brazil. METHODS: Pains City is a low-transmission zone for schistosomiasis. A total of 300 subjects aged 7-76 years were randomly selected for the POC-CCA cassette test. For S. mansoni diagnosis, three stool samples on six slides were compared with one urine sample for each subject. The sensitivity and specificity in the absence of a gold standard were calculated using latent class analysis. Clinical examinations and abdominal ultrasounds were performed in 181 volunteers to evaluate morbidity associated with schistosomiasis. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the Kato-Katz technique were 25.6% and 94.6%, respectively. By contrast, the sensitivity and specificity of the POC-CCA assay were 68.1% and 72.8%, respectively. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was diagnosed in two patients (1.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the POC-CCA urine assay proved to be a useful test for diagnosing S. mansoni in a low-endemic area in Brazil. Severe clinical forms of schistosomiasis can be present even in such low-endemic areas.

The pinoxaden is a herbicide used to contain the spread of weeds in wheat and barley crops. It was recently authorized in 2022 for marketing in Brazil, but so far it has not been produced and there are few studies of this substance at the international and national levels. Thus, the objective of this work was to conduct a literature review in order to find data about pinoxaden, such as its physicochemical properties, its toxicological data and its occurrence in water from which the criterion of potability and protection to aquatic life can be derived and to perform a risk assessment by comparing the derived criteria with the occurrence of the substance in water. The derived value for the potability criterion was 450 μg/L and for the criterion of protection to aquatic life was approximately 9.1 μg/L. No occurrence data of the compound in water were found in Brazil and other countries, with the exception of Pakistan with concentrations in the range 2620 - 4030 μg/L. Thus, it was noted that in this location there is a great risk to human health and especially to aquatic biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]