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Student counselors frequently practice counseling skills using role-play scenarios. The feedback they receive on these role-plays significantly influences their development of basic counseling skills. The purpose of this study was to explore how consistent various supervisors and teachers were when rating the skills demonstrated on a recorded role-play practice session. Twenty-one counselor educators and supervisors rated an 8-minute role-play recording of a student counselor. The results of the ratings were fairly consistent among supervisors although extreme outlying ratings were shown in both directions.

Resume L'efficacite du surfactant artificiel chez les nouveau-nes atteints de detresse respiratoire aigue est maintenant bien demontree, mais les modalites optimales de son administration sont encore discutees. Population et methodes. —Les parametres gazometriques et le rapport alveoloarteriel (a/A) en oxygene ont ete etudies au cours des 24 premieres heures suivant l'administration d'Exosurf ® chez 400 nouveau-nes âges de 25 et 42 semaines d'amenorrhee. Resultats. —Apres la premiere dose, une reponse positive a l'administration de surfactant (obtention d'un rapport a/A superieur a 0,22 ou augmentation d'au moins 25 du rapport a/A) a ete obtenue dans 64 % des cas dans les 6 premieres heures et dans 11 % des cas entre 6 et 12 heures. Une reponse positive a la deuxieme dose a ete observee dans 75 % des cas. A la 24 e heure, 63 % des enfants ont atteint un rapport a/A superieur a 0,22. Conclusion. —L'existence de 18 % d'enfants ne repondant qu'a la deuxieme dose justifie l'usage de celle-ci meme en l'absence de reponse a la dose initiale. La qualite de la reponse au traitement est correlee a la severite de l'atteinte pulmonaire mais reste independante de l'âge gestationnel.

National audience; L'utilisation d'un nouveau modèle d'habitat a permis d'évaluer les changements passés et potentiels de la probabilité de présence de la morue en Atlantique nord, dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique. Les résultats montrent que les mouvements biogéographiques attendus varient en intensité et en vitesse selon la zone géographique considérée et le scénario climatique envisagé

This study aims to describe a new nonparametric ecological niche model for the analysis of presence-only data, which we use to map the spatial distribution of Atlantic cod and to project the potential impact of climate change on this species. The new model, called the Non-Parametric Probabilistic Ecological Niche (NPPEN) model, is derived from a test recently applied to compare the ecological niche of 2 different species. The analysis is based on a simplification of the Multiple Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) using the Generalised Mahalanobis distance. For the first time, we propose to test the generalized Mahalanobis distance by a non-parametric procedure, thus avoiding the arbitrary selection of quantile classes to allow the direct estimation of the probability of occurrence of a species. The model NPPEN was applied to model the ecological niche (sensu Hutchinson) of Atlantic cod and therefore its spatial distribution. The modelled niche exhibited high probabilities of occurrence at bathymetry ranging from 0 to 500 m (mode from 100 to 300 m), at annual sea surface temperature of from -1 to 14°C (mode from 4 to 8°C) and at annual sea surface salinity ranging from 0 to 36 (mode from 25 to 34). This made the species a good indicator of the subarctic province. Current climate change is having a strong effect on North Sea cod and may have also reinforced the negative impact of fishing on stocks located offshore of North America. The model shows a pronounced effect of present-day climate change on the spatial distribution of Atlantic cod. Projections for the coming decades suggest that cod may eventually disappear as a commercial species from regions where a sustained decrease or collapse has already been documented. In contrast, the abundance of cod is likely to increase in the Barents Sea.

International audience; The objectives of this work were to examine the past, current and potential influence of global climate change on the spatial distribution of some commercially exploited fish and to evaluate a recently proposed new ecological niche model (ENM) called nonparametric probabilistic ecological niche model (NPPEN). This new technique is based on a modified version of the test called Multiple Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP) using the generalized Mahalanobis distance. The technique was applied in the extratropical regions of the North Atlantic Ocean on eight commercially exploited fish species using three environmental parameters (sea surface temperature, bathymetry and sea surface salinity). The numerical procedure and the model allowed a better characterization of the niche (sensu Hutchinson) and an improved modelling of the spatial distribution of the species. Furthermore, the technique appeared to be robust to incomplete or bimodal training sets. Despite some potential limitations related to the choice of the climatic scenarios (A2 and B2), the type of physical model (ECHAM 4) and the absence of consideration of biotic interactions, modelled changes in species distribution explained some current observed shifts in dominance that occurred in the North Atlantic sector, and particularly in the North Sea. Although projected changes suggest a poleward movement of species, our results indicate that some species may not be able to track their climatic envelope and that climate change may have a prominent influence on fish distribution during this century. The phenomenon is likely to trigger locally major changes in the dominance of species with likely implications for socio-economical systems. In this way, ENMs might provide a new management tool against which changes in the resource might be better anticipated.

A preliminary screening of toxins of the crude extract of Ostreopsis mascarenensis Quod, a benthic dinoflagellate from the south-western Indian Ocean, revealed a neurotoxicity in mice similar to that induced by palytoxin,one of the most potent marine toxins involved in seafood poisoning. The highest toxicity was retained in the butanol-soluble fraction, revealing a strong haemolytic activity, as found for palytoxin. Analyses usinghigh-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection allowed the detection of two new toxins named mascarenotoxins (McTXs). Their mass spectrum profile and fragmentation pattern, obtained by advancednano-ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry of purified McTXs, were similar to those of a reference palytoxin. They were identified as palytoxin analogues, with the characterisation of a specific fragment ion m/z 327. O. mascarenensisis a species not previously known to produce palytoxin analogues.