Search

Depression is a mental illness that affects patients' behavior, and it impacts approximately 264 million people globally. Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) are one class of medication that is available for the treatment of depression. These medications work by modifying hormones such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. TeCAs, such as setiptiline, amoxapine, mianserin, maprotiline, and mirtazapine, are four ring‐based compounds that assist in preventing the brain from reabsorbing the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. Each of these medications interacts with adrenergic (α1 and α2) and serotonin (5HT1 and 5HT2) receptors independently. Using biological samples (plasma, blood, and urine) and pharmaceutical formulations, this review focuses on providing a complete overview of the various analytical conditions maintained for the medications in the above class and their metabolites. Major analytical methods such as mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, and high‐performance liquid chromatography are used to quantify and determine the drugs. This review provides a thorough understanding of impurity identification, pharmacokinetic and stability evaluations, and structural degradation quantification. It provides valuable and reliable information for research, enhancing their understanding of the subject matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the study: The antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) treatment, prevention and also has been found to increase the lifespan of HIV/AIDS patients by providing durable control of the HIV replication in patients. Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1. The purpose of this study is to formulate efavirenz-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles to improve efavirenz delivery into various organs. Materials and Methods: Nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation technique and coated with polysorbate 80. Ethanol, glutaraldehyde, and mannitol were used as desolvating, cross linking agent, and cryoprotectant, respectively. Drug to polymer ratio was chosen at five levels from 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6 (by weight). The formulated nanoparticles were characterized for Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies, entrapment efficiency, particle size, surface charge, surface morphology, in vitro drug release, release kinetics, stability studies, and biodistribution studies. Results and Major Conclusion: The particle size of the prepared formulations was found below 250nm with narrow size distribution, spherical in shape and showed good entrapment efficiency (45.62-72.49%). The in vitro drug release indicated biphasic release and its data were fitted to release kinetics models and release pattern was Fickian diffusion controlled release profile. The prepared nanoparticles increased efavirenz delivery into various organs by several fold in comparison with the free drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]