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In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), herbal preparations often consist of a mixture of herbs. Their quality control is challenging because every single herb contains hundreds of components (secondary metabolites). A typical 10 herb TCM formula was selected to develop an innovative strategy for its comprehensive chemical characterization and to study the specific contribution of each herb to the formula in an exploratory manner. Metabolite profiling of the TCM formula and the extract of each single herb were acquired with liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for qualitative analyses, and to evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) for semi-quantitative evaluation. The acquired data were organized as a feature-based molecular network (FBMN) which provided a comprehensive view of all types of secondary metabolites and their occurrence in the formula and all single herbs. These features were annotated by combining MS/MS-based in silico spectral match, manual evaluation of the structural consistency in the FBMN clusters, and taxonomy information. ELSD detection was used as a filter to select the most abundant features. At least one marker per herb was highlighted based on its specificity and abundance. A single large-scale fractionation from the enriched formula enabled the isolation and formal identification of most of them. The obtained markers allowed an improved annotation of associated features by manually propagating this information through the FBMN. These data were incorporated in the high-resolution metabolite profiling of the formula, which highlighted specific series of related components to each individual herb markers. These series of components, named multi-component signatures, may serve to improve the traceability of each herb in the formula. Altogether, the strategy provided highly informative compositional data of the TCM formula and detailed visualizations of the contribution of each herb by FBMN, filtered feature maps, and reconstituted chromatogram traces of all components linked to each specific marker. This comprehensive MS-based analytical workflow allowed a generic and unbiased selection of specific and abundant markers and the identification of multiple related sub-markers. This exploratory approach could serve as a starting point to develop more simple and targeted quality control methods with adapted marker specificity selection criteria to given TCM formula.

Background: The associations between deprivation and illness trajectory after hospitalisation for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) are uncertain., Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was conducted on post-COVID-19 patients, enrolled either in-hospital or shortly post-discharge. Two evaluations were carried out: an initial assessment and a follow-up at 28-60 days post-discharge. The study encompassed research blood tests, patient-reported outcome measures, and multisystem imaging (including chest computed tomography (CT) with pulmonary and coronary angiography, cardiovascular and renal magnetic resonance imaging). Primary and secondary outcomes were analysed in relation to socioeconomic status, using the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD). The EQ-5D-5L, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) for Anxiety and Depression, and the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) were used to assess health status., Results: Of the 252 enrolled patients (mean age 55.0 ± 12.0 years; 40% female; 23% with diabetes), deprivation status was linked with increased BMI and diabetes prevalence. 186 (74%) returned for the follow-up. Within this group, findings indicated associations between deprivation and lung abnormalities (p = 0.0085), coronary artery disease (p = 0.0128), and renal inflammation (p = 0.0421). Furthermore, patients with higher deprivation exhibited worse scores in health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L, p = 0.0084), illness perception (BIPQ, p = 0.0004), anxiety and depression levels (PHQ-4, p = 0.0038), and diminished physical activity (DASI, p = 0.002). At the 3-month mark, those with greater deprivation showed a higher frequency of referrals to secondary care due to ongoing COVID-19 symptoms (p = 0.0438). However, clinical outcomes were not influenced by deprivation., Conclusions: In a post-hospital COVID-19 population, socioeconomic deprivation was associated with impaired health status and secondary care episodes. Deprivation influences illness trajectory after COVID-19., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background and Aims: The epidemiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in Europe is poorly understood and data on long-term outcomes are lacking. A retrospective, observational, population-level study of validated cases of PPCM in Scotland from 1998 to 2017 was conducted., Methods: Women hospitalized with presumed de novo left ventricular systolic dysfunction around the time of pregnancy and no clear alternative cause were included. Each case was matched to 10 controls. Incidence and risk factors were identified. Morbidity and mortality were examined in mothers and children., Results: The incidence of PPCM was 1 in 4950 deliveries. Among 225 women with PPCM, obesity, gestational hypertensive disorders, and multi-gestation were found to be associated with having the condition. Over a median of 8.3 years (9.7 years for echocardiographic outcomes), 8% of women with PPCM died and 75% were rehospitalized for any cause at least once. Mortality and rehospitalization rates in women with PPCM were ∼12- and ∼3-times that of controls, respectively. The composite of all-cause death, mechanical circulatory support, or cardiac transplantation occurred in 14%. LV recovery occurred in 76% and, of those who recovered, 13% went on to have a decline in LV systolic function despite initial recovery. The mortality rate for children born to women with PPCM was ∼5-times that of children born to controls and they had an ∼3-times greater incidence of cardiovascular disease over a median of 8.8 years., Conclusions: PPCM affected 1 in 4950 women around the time of pregnancy. The condition is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality for the mother and child. There should be a low threshold for investigating at-risk women. Long term follow-up, despite apparent recovery, should be considered., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: Post-COVID-19 syndromes have associated with female sex, but the pathophysiological basis is uncertain., Aim: There are sex differences in myocardial inflammation identified using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in post-COVID-19 patients, and in patient reported health outcomes following COVID-19 infection., Design: This prospective study investigated the time-course of multiorgan injury in survivors of COVID-19 during convalescence., Methods: Clinical information, blood biomarkers, and patient reported outcome measures were prospectively acquired at enrolment (visit 1) and 28-60 days post-discharge (visit 2). Chest computed tomography (CT) and CMR were performed at visit 2. Follow-up was carried out for serious adverse events, including death and rehospitalization., Results: Sixty-nine (43%) of 159 patients recruited were female. During the index admission, females had a lower peak C-reactive protein (74 mg/l (21,163) versus 123 mg/l (70, 192) p = 0.008) and peak ferritin (229 μg/l (103, 551) versus 514 μg/l (228, 1122) p < 0.001). Using the Modified Lake-Louise criteria, females were more likely to have definite evidence of myocardial inflammation (54% (37/68) versus 33% (30/90) p = 0.003). At enrolment and 28-60 days post-discharge, enhanced illness perception, higher levels of anxiety and depression and lower predicted maximal oxygen utilization occurred more commonly in women. The mean (SD, range) duration of follow-up after hospital discharge was 450 (88) days (range 290, 627 days). Compared to men, women had lower rates of cardiovascular hospitalization (0% versus 8% (7/90); p = 0.018)., Conclusions: Women demonstrated worse patient reported outcome measures at index admission and 28-60 days follow-up though cardiovascular hospitalization was lower., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Background: We investigated the associations of healthcare worker status with multisystem illness trajectory in hospitalised post-COVID-19 individuals., Methods and Results: One hundred and sixty-eight patients were evaluated 28-60 days after the last episode of hospital care. Thirty-six (21%) were healthcare workers. Compared with non-healthcare workers, healthcare workers were of similar age (51.3 (8.7) years vs 55.0 (12.4) years; p=0.09) more often women (26 (72%) vs 48 (38%); p<0.01) and had lower 10-year cardiovascular risk (%) (8.1 (7.9) vs 15.0 (11.5); p<0.01) and Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Consortium in-hospital mortality risk (7.3 (10.2) vs 12.7 (9.8); p<0.01). Healthcare worker status associated with less acute inflammation (peak C reactive protein 48 mg/L (IQR: 14-165) vs 112 mg/L (52-181)), milder illness reflected by WHO clinical severity score distribution (p=0.04) and shorter duration of admission (4 days (IQR: 2-6) vs 6 days (3-12)).In adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis, healthcare worker status associated with a binary classification (probable/very likely vs not present/unlikely) of adjudicated myocarditis (OR: 2.99; 95% CI (1.01 to 8.89) by 28-60 days postdischarge).After a mean (SD, range) duration of follow-up after hospital discharge of 450 (88) days (range 290, 627 days), fewer healthcare workers died or were rehospitalised (1 (3%) vs 22 (17%); p=0.038) and secondary care referrals for post-COVID-19 syndrome were common (42%) and similar to non-healthcare workers (38%; p=0.934)., Conclusion: Healthcare worker status was independently associated with the likelihood of adjudicated myocarditis, despite better antecedent health. Two in five healthcare workers had a secondary care referral for post-COVID-19 syndrome., Trial Registration Number: NCT04403607., Competing Interests: Competing interests: CB is employed by the University of Glasgow, which holds consultancy and research agreements with Abbott Vascular, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Coroventis, GSK, HeartFlow, Menarini, Novartis, Siemens Healthcare, SomaLogic and Valo Health. These companies had no role in the design or conduct of the study or the data collection, interpretation, or reporting. HeartFlow derived FFRCT. None of the other authors has any relevant disclosures., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The pathophysiology and trajectory of post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome is uncertain. To clarify multisystem involvement, we undertook a prospective cohort study including patients who had been hospitalized with COVID-19 (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04403607 ). Serial blood biomarkers, digital electrocardiography and patient-reported outcome measures were obtained in-hospital and at 28-60 days post-discharge when multisystem imaging using chest computed tomography with pulmonary and coronary angiography and cardio-renal magnetic resonance imaging was also obtained. Longer-term clinical outcomes were assessed using electronic health records. Compared to controls (n = 29), at 28-60 days post-discharge, people with COVID-19 (n = 159; mean age, 55 years; 43% female) had persisting evidence of cardio-renal involvement and hemostasis pathway activation. The adjudicated likelihood of myocarditis was 'very likely' in 21 (13%) patients, 'probable' in 65 (41%) patients, 'unlikely' in 56 (35%) patients and 'not present' in 17 (11%) patients. At 28-60 days post-discharge, COVID-19 was associated with worse health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L score 0.77 (0.23) versus 0.87 (0.20)), anxiety and depression (PHQ-4 total score 3.59 (3.71) versus 1.28 (2.67)) and aerobic exercise capacity reflected by predicted maximal oxygen utilization (20.0 (7.6) versus 29.5 (8.0) ml/kg/min) (all P < 0.01). During follow-up (mean, 450 days), 24 (15%) patients and two (7%) controls died or were rehospitalized, and 108 (68%) patients and seven (26%) controls received outpatient secondary care (P = 0.017). The illness trajectory of patients after hospitalization with COVID-19 includes persisting multisystem abnormalities and health impairments that could lead to substantial demand on healthcare services in the future., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, their effects on cardiac structure and function in HFrEF are uncertain., Methods: We designed a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the SUGAR-DM-HF trial [Studies of Empagliflozin and Its Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Effects in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus, or Prediabetes, and Heart Failure]) to investigate the cardiac effects of empagliflozin in patients in New York Heart Association functional class II to IV with a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction ≤40% and type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to empagliflozin 10 mg once daily or placebo, stratified by age (<65 and ≥65 years) and glycemic status (diabetes or prediabetes). The coprimary outcomes were change from baseline to 36 weeks in LV end-systolic volume indexed to body surface area and LV global longitudinal strain both measured using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Secondary efficacy outcomes included other cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures (LV end-diastolic volume index, LV ejection fraction), diuretic intensification, symptoms (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Total Symptom Score, 6-minute walk distance, B-lines on lung ultrasound, and biomarkers (including N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide)., Results: From April 2018 to August 2019, 105 patients were randomly assigned: mean age 68.7 (SD, 11.1) years, 77 (73.3%) male, 82 (78.1%) diabetes and 23 (21.9%) prediabetes, mean LV ejection fraction 32.5% (9.8%), and 81 (77.1%) New York Heart Association II and 24 (22.9%) New York Heart Association III. Patients received standard treatment for HFrEF. In comparison with placebo, empagliflozin reduced LV end-systolic volume index by 6.0 (95% CI, -10.8 to -1.2) mL/m 2 ( P =0.015). There was no difference in LV global longitudinal strain. Empagliflozin reduced LV end-diastolic volume index by 8.2 (95% CI, -13.7 to -2.6) mL/m 2 ( P =0.0042) and reduced N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide by 28% (2%-47%), P =0.038. There were no between-group differences in other cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures, diuretic intensification, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Total Symptom Score, 6-minute walk distance, or B-lines., Conclusions: The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin reduced LV volumes in patients with HFrEF and type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Favorable reverse LV remodeling may be a mechanism by which sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors reduce heart failure hospitalization and mortality in HFrEF. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT03485092.

Background: COVID-19 is typically a primary respiratory illness with multisystem involvement. The prevalence and clinical significance of cardiovascular and multisystem involvement in COVID-19 remain unclear., Methods: This is a prospective, observational, multicentre, longitudinal, cohort study with minimal selection criteria and a near-consecutive approach to screening. Patients who have received hospital care for COVID-19 will be enrolled within 28 days of discharge. Myocardial injury will be diagnosed according to the peak troponin I in relation to the upper reference limit (URL, 99th centile) (Abbott Architect troponin I assay; sex-specific URL, male: >34 ng/L; female: >16 ng/L). Multisystem, multimodality imaging will be undertaken during the convalescent phase at 28 days post-discharge (Visit 2). Imaging of the heart, lung, and kidneys will include multiparametric, stress perfusion, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography coronary angiography. Health and well-being will be assessed in the longer term. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients with a diagnosis of myocardial inflammation., Conclusion: CISCO-19 will provide detailed insights into cardiovascular and multisystem involvement of COVID-19. Our study will inform the rationale and design of novel therapeutic and management strategies for affected patients., Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04403607., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Objective: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive, fatal disease with average survival of less than 3 years if left untreated. It is most common in patients infected with HIV. Although the pathogenesis in this population is not fully understood, it is thought that HIV infection, through the immune response and release of different inflammatory mediators such as endothelin-1, may contribute directly to endothelial damage. Our objective was to quantify endothelin-1 levels in HIV-infected patients and determine whether or not there is an association between this marker and PAH., Design: A case-control study in patients attending an infectious diseases clinic., Methods: The sample was composed of 79 patients divided into three groups: 23 HIV patients with PAH (HIV+/PAH+), 45 HIV patients without PAH (HIV+/PAH-) and a control group of 11 healthy individuals. The ratio between the HIV+/PAH- and HIV+/PAH+ groups was 2 : 1. Patients were matched by age, sex, risk group and viral load; the control group by age and sex. All patients had blood taken for endothelin-1 plasma quantification., Results: We found lower endothelin-1 levels in the controls than in the HIV+/PAH- group [0.71 pg/ml (interquartile range, IQR 0.54-0.94) vs. 1.13 pg/ml (IQR 0.87-1.38); P = 0.005] and the HIV+/PAH+ cohort [1.16 pg/ml (IQR 0.86-2.37); P = 0.003]. Patients with severe PAH had higher endothelin-1 levels [2.94 pg/ml (IQR 1.81-6.33)] than patients with mild and moderate PAH., Conclusion: Plasma endothelin-1 levels are higher in HIV patients with PAH than in the HIV-noninfected population and levels increase with the severity of the PAH.

Background: Current guidelines do not recommend routine assessment of right atrial volume due to the lack of standardized data. Three-dimensional wall-motion tracking (3D-WMT) is a new technology that allows us to calculate volumes without any geometric assumptions. The aim of this study was to define the indexed reference values for two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-echo) and 3D-WMT in adult healthy population and to assess the intermethod, intra- and interobserver agreement., Methods: Prospective study. Nonselected healthy subjects were enrolled. Every patient underwent a 2D-echo and a 3D-WMT examination. 2D-echo right atrial volume was obtained by using the area-length method (A-L) from four- and two-chamber view. 3D-echo volumes were assessed by 3D-WMT. Values were indexed by the patient's body surface area., Results: Sixty consecutive healthy subjects were enrolled. Mean age was 57 ± 12-years old and 27 patients (45%) were male. Average indexed right atrial volume obtained by 2D-echo and 3D-echo was 16.76 ± 8.15 mL/m(2) and 19.05 ± 6.87 mL/m(2) , respectively. Univariate linear regression analysis between 2D-echo and 3D-echo right atrial volumes shows a weak correlation between right atrial volume obtained with 2D-echo compared with 3D-WMT (r = 0.29, CI 95% 0.029-0.66, P = 0.033). The agreement analysis shows a similar result (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.28). The intra- and interobserver agreement analysis showed a better agreement when using 3D-WMT., Conclusions: This is the first study that reports the reference indexed right atrial volume values by means of 2D-echo and 3D-echo in healthy population. 3D-WMT is a feasible and reproducible method to determine right atrial volume., (© 2013, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objectives: This study sought to assess the long-term clinical outcome of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCD) managed with a conservative strategy., Background: SCD is a rare, but challenging, clinical entity., Methods: A prospective protocol, including a conservative management strategy, was followed. Revascularization was only considered in cases with ongoing/recurrent ischemia. Inflammatory/immunologic markers were systematically obtained., Results: Forty-five consecutive patients (incidence 0.27%) were studied during a 6-year period. Of these, 27 patients (60%) had "isolated" SCD (I-SCD), and 18 had SCD associated with coronary artery disease (A-SCD). Age was 53 ± 11 years, and 26 patients were female. Most patients presented with an acute myocardial infarction. SCD had a diffuse angiographic pattern (length: 31 ± 23 mm). In 11 patients, the diagnosis was confirmed by intracoronary imaging techniques. Sixteen patients (35%) required revascularization during initial admission. One patient died after surgery, but no additional patient experienced recurrent myocardial infarction. No significant inflammatory/immunologic abnormalities were detected. At follow-up (median 730 days), only 3 patients presented with adverse events (1 died of congestive heart failure, and 2 required revascularization). No patient experienced a myocardial infarction or died suddenly. Event-free survival was similar (94% and 88%, respectively) in patients with I-SCD and A-SCD. Notably, at angiographic follow-up, spontaneous "disappearance" of the SCD image was found in 7 of 13 (54%) patients., Conclusions: In this large prospective series of consecutive patients with SCD, a "conservative" therapeutic strategy provided excellent long-term prognosis. Clinical outcome was similar in patients with I-SCD and A-SCD. The natural history of SCD includes spontaneous healing with complete resolution., (Copyright © 2012 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is uncommon among HIV-positive patients. However, it is a potentially life-threatening condition. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a noninvasive tool validated for PAH screening. The aim of our study was to establish the prevalence and factors associated with PAH in HIV-infected patients., Methods: Consecutive HIV-infected individuals attended at one HIV reference clinic in Madrid, Spain, during year 2011 were examined. Demographics and clinical data were recorded and a Doppler echocardiography was performed in all individuals. PAH was considered when right ventricular pressure was more than 35 mmHg (mild if <40 mmHg, moderate if 40-65 mmHg, and severe if >65 mmHg)., Results: Three hundred and ninety-two individuals were examined (83.4% men, median age 47 years, 53% were men who have sex with men and 53% former intravenous drug addicts). Overall, 84% were on HAART, 76% had undetectable HIV viral load and median CD4 cell counts were 577 cells/μl. Cardiovascular risk factors were smoking 50%, arterial hypertension 16% and diabetes mellitus 9%. A total of 28.5 and 4.8% had chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and 4.8% chronic hepatitis B, respectively. PAH was diagnosed in 9.9% of patients (6.4% mild, 2.8% moderate and 0.8% severe). Multivariate logistic regression analysis [odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI)] showed that detectable plasma HIV-RNA [OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.04-10], CHC [OR, 3.1; 95% CI 1.2-8.2] and female sex [OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.04-8.3] were independently associated with PAH., Conclusion: The prevalence of PAH HIV-infected patients on regular follow-up approaches 10%, being moderate-severe in nearly 4% of cases. Patients with CHC and/or uncontrolled HIV replication exhibit a higher risk of PAH.

The echocardiographic technology known as three-dimensional wall motion tracking offers three-dimensional images of the myocardium and provides multiple measures of deformation, one of which is known as "area strain" (AS), which combines left ventricular longitudinal and circumferential deformations. Our aim was to describe the normal maximum systolic reference AS value in a sample of healthy subjects. Sixty consecutive subjects without known cardiovascular risk factors or diseases were enrolled, and left ventricular AS was measured. Overall mean AS was -38.87 ± 5.89%. Mean values at the level of the basal, middle, and apical segments were -38.42 ± 7.58%, -38.74 ± 6.34%, and -43.18 ± 12.81%, respectively. Thus, our results show for the first time the reference values for AS in healthy subjects., (Copyright © 2010 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Background: Distortion of the terminal portion of the QRS in the initial electrocardiogram (ECG) is a strong predictor of adverse outcome in myocardial infarction. Our purpose is to assess the relationship of distortion of QRS and other ECG characteristics with older age., Methods and Results: We analysed 634 consecutive patients (age 62.6 +/- 13.7, 77% male) admitted in the first 12 hours of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Two groups of age were defined: < 75 years-old and >or= 75 years-old. Additionally, we defined two ECG groups according to the presence of ST segment elevation with distortion of the terminal portion of the QRS in two or more adjacent leads (QRS+) or the absence of this pattern (QRS-). Older people had more often QRS+ (30% vs. 20%, p = 0.023). The older group with QRS+ had an in-hospital mortality of 18%, vs. 7% with QRS- (p = 0.04), and an incidence of major adverse events of 40% vs. 14% (p = 0.002). In the multivariate analysis, age >or= 75 years was an independent predictor of distortion of the QRS (odds ratio 2.1, 1.2-4.9, p = 0.016)., Conclusions: The distortion of the terminal portion of the QRS in myocardial infarction is more frequent in elderly people, and is significantly related to adverse prognosis. This ECG finding can be helpful to promptly stratify the risk in elderly patients.

Background and Aim: Since the appearance of transesophageal echocardiography, the long-term prognosis of patients with negative blood culture infective endocarditis (NBCIE) has been found to be similar to that of patients with positive blood culture infective endocarditis (PBCIE). Nevertheless, the prognostic implications of NBCIE in the elderly (>65 years) has not, to date, been well documented. Our aim was to study the long-term prognosis of elderly patients with NBCIE and compare it with that of elderly patients with PBCIE., Methods: Our study group was composed of 60 consecutive patients >65 years old with a diagnosis of IE (confirmed by vegetation analysis or following Duke's criteria). Every patient underwent transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Fifty patients (83.3%) had PBCIE and 10 (16.7%) had NBCIE. All patients were followed up long-term, and the study end point was a composite one of death or need for valvular heart surgery., Results: Mean age was 72.9 +/- 5 years (56.7% male). Similar clinical and echocardiographic characteristics were found in both groups. Global mortality, need for surgery, predisposing factors and infection location were also similar in both groups. In addition, no differences were found in the long-term prognosis (log rank p = 0.29)., Conclusions: In our series, the long-term prognosis in elderly patients with IE is independent of the presence of a negative or positive blood culture. Thus, age cannot be considered an independent risk factor of negative outcome in elderly patients with NBCIE.