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Objetivo: Esta revisão narrativa buscou abordar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) em relação aos conceitos e definições, formas de registro e processamento do sinal, interpretação do sinal, fatores influenciadores e aplicações ao exercício. Métodos: Levantamento bibliográfico de trabalhos publicados entre 2000 e 2022 nas base de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo. Resultados e discussão: A VFC é um método não invasivo de mensurar a atuação do sistema nervoso autônomo no coração, que vem sendo utilizada como marcador de saúde física e mental. A mensuração da VFC pode ser feita através do registro do eletrocardiograma ou frequencímetro, que permitem a extração de diversos parâmetros da VFC utilizando métodos lineares e não lineares. Conclusão: A VFC é uma variável que pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, e seu papel pode ser explicado com base em quatro teorias. No que se refere ao treinamento físico, pode ser usada como um marcador de controle de intensidade de exercício.

A Extensão Universitária (EU) é, assim como o Ensino e a Pesquisa, um elemento importante na formação acadêmica e profissional dos discentes. A EU ajuda a construir e consolidar o conhecimento, auxilia a adquirir um comportamento social que articula e integra a sociedade e a universidade. O objetivo deste estudo é entender a contribuição da Extensão Universitária na formação acadêmica de egressos dos cursos de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP). Dos 61 alunos egressos que participaram de ações extensionistas, 41 responderam ao questionário estruturado que foi enviado, sendo 30 bacharéis (73,17%) e 11 licenciados (26,83%). Como resultado, 90,2% relataram que a participação na extensão contribuiu com o aprendizado na graduação; 95,1% disseram que utilizam conhecimentos adquiridos na extensão no atual emprego; 97,6% afirmaram que a EU contribuiu para a composição do currículo e contratações, e 83,0% ainda se interessam pela área da Educação Física. Concluiu-se que a extensão contribuiu na graduação, auxiliando no melhor desempenho e compreensão das disciplinas da matriz curricular, e também na atuação direta no mercado de trabalho dos egressos. Foi possível perceber a forte relação entre ensino e extensão, associada à teoria e prática vivenciada pelos alunos. Sendo assim, reforçamos a necessidade do maior investimento das universidades e maior incentivo à participação dos alunos nesses projetos. Palavras-chave: Formação Profissional; Promoção da Saúde; Atuação Profissional Contribution of university extension to physical education formation Abstract: The University Extension (EU), like Teaching and Research, is an important element in the academic and professional training of students. The EU helps to build and consolidate knowledge and help to acquire a social behavior that articulates and integrates society and the university. The objective of this study was to identify the contribution of the EU in training graduates of Physical Education courses at the Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Minas Gerais state, Brazil. As a result, 90.2% reported that participation in the EU program contributed to their undergraduate learning; 95.1% said that they use the knowledge acquired in extension in their current job; 97.6% stated that the EU contributed to the composition of the curriculum and hiring, and 83.0% are still interested in the area of ​​Physical Education. It was concluded that the extension contributed to graduation, helping in the better performance and understanding of the curricular matrix subjects and the direct action in the job market of the graduates. It was possible to perceive the strong relationship between teaching and extension associated with the theory and practice experienced by the students. Therefore, we reinforce the need for more significant investment by universities and greater incentives for student participation in these projects. Keywords: Professional Qualification; Health Promotion; Professional Performance

Supplementation with Angiotensin-(1-7) [(Ang-1-7)] has received considerable attention due to its possible ergogenic effects on physical performance. The effects of a single dose of Ang-(1-7) on the performance of mountain bike (MTB) athletes during progressive load tests performed until the onset of voluntary fatigue have previously been demonstrated. This study tested the effects of Ang-(1-7) in two different exercise protocols with different metabolic demands: aerobic (time trial) and anaerobic (repeated sprint). Twenty one male recreational athletes were given capsules containing an oral formulation of HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) (0.8 mg) and HPβCD-placebo (only HPβCD) over a 7-day interval; a double-blind randomized crossover design was used. Physical performance was examined using two protocols: a 20-km cycling time trial or 4 × 30-s repeated all-out sprints on a leg cycle ergometer. Data were collected before and after physical tests to assess fatigue parameters, and included lactate levels, and muscle activation during the sprint protocol as evaluated by electromyography (EMG); cardiovascular parameters: diastolic and systolic blood pressure and heart rate; and performance parameters, time to complete (time trial), maximum power and mean power (repeated sprint). Supplementation with an oral formulation of HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) reduced basal plasma lactate levels and promoted the maintenance of plasma glucose levels after repeated sprints. Supplementation with HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) also increased baseline plasma nitrite levels and reduced resting diastolic blood pressure in a time trial protocol. HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) had no effect on the time trial or repeat sprint performance, or on the EMG recordings of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis. Supplementation with HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) did not improve physical performance in time trial or in repeated sprints; however, it promoted the maintenance of plasma glucose and lactate levels after the sprint protocol and at rest, respectively. In addition, HPβCD-Ang-(1-7) also increased resting plasma nitrite levels and reduced diastolic blood pressure in the time trial protocol. RBR-2nbmpbc, registered January 6th, 2023. The study was prospectively registered.

Habitual food intake and physical activity can affect chronic low-grade inflammation, which is common in the elderly, because of changes in the immune system and body composition. Thus, the present study proposes an evaluation of the influence of past eating habits on the effects of an intervention of resistance training plus dietary advice on the inflammatory profile of the elderly. We conducted an intervention study with 40 elderly people. The Revised Diet Quality Index (HEI-R) and the dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) were calculated before the intervention based on a food frequency questionnaire validated to the elderly population. Participants were categorized according to the median of HEI-R and dTAC to assess the influence of the habitual diet quality on anthropometry and inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-8, CCL-2, and leptin) before and after the intervention. The 19-week intervention provided a long-term progressive resistance training associated with dietary advice focused on foods rich in compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. There was a greater reduction in weight, body mass index (BMI), and body fat (%) in the group with the lowest HEI-R and a greater reduction in the body fat (%) in the group with the lowest dTAC, indicating that the group that had a worse diet quality before the intervention responded better to it. The index HEI-R correlated negatively with Δ weight and Δ BMI. dTAC correlated positively with Δ monocyte 1 chemotactic protein (CCL-2) and Δ C-reactive protein (CRP). In this scenario, elderly persons with bad habits can benefit from interventions to lifestyle change, while the better diet quality including dietary antioxidant sources can be useful to control weight and inflammatory biomarkers in this population.

Introdução: A inflamação crônica de baixo grau é proveniente do envelhecimento e interfere no metabolismo de grande parte dos tecidos corporais. A literatura indica que a prática do treinamento de força reduz os efeitos maléficos causados pela inflamação crônica (diabetes, hipertensão e sarcopenia), porém, aspectos biológicos podem estimular respostas diferentes em homens e mulheres. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do treinamento de força, de longa duração (19 semanas) sobre biomarcadores inflamatórios da proteína C reativa (PCR) e da interleucina-8 (IL-8), força e parâmetros antropométricos, em idosos aparentemente saudáveis de ambos os sexos. Métodos: Estudo experimental, longitudinal (19 semanas) do qual participaram 40 idosos (63,90±5,80 anos) fisicamente ativos e saudáveis, 14 homens e 26 mulheres. A intervenção contou com um programa de treinamento de força envolvendo grandes grupamentos musculares, realizado três vezes por semana em dias não consecutivos, intensidade de treinamento que progrediu 60% a 85% de uma repetição máxima (1RM) e 8 a 15 repetições. Os níveis plasmáticos PCR e IL-8 foram avaliados na primeira e na última semana da intervenção. O formato de série de casos descreve as características de um grupo de pacientes com uma doença específica ou que foram submetidos a um determinado procedimento, assim, não houve a presença de grupo controle. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças de concentrações de PCR e IL-8, em ambos os sexos após a intervenção. Conclusão: O treinamento resistido com intensidade progressiva de longa duração (19 semanas) não alterou as concentrações de marcadores inflamatórios séricos (IL-8 e PCR) em idosos saudáveis.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of swimming training (T) on the renal system and body composition parameters in young animals treated with a high sucrose diet (SUD) during 12 weeks. Results The SUD impaired the physical performance, increased the body adiposity index (BAI), Lee index (LI) and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RAT) weight, plasma creatinine and number renal cells nuclei, decreased urinary volume and urinary creatinine excretion besides creatinine clearance. The T reversed the increased the BAI, LI, RAT weight, plasma and urinary creatinine, creatinine clearance and number renal cells nuclei in addition to promoting decrease in urinary protein excretion. This study found that eight weeks of swimming physical training protected renal function and restored normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values. Swimming training also contributed to prevention of the onset of a renal inflammatory process and caused a decrease in the risk of development of obesity promoted by SUD decreasing the body composition parameters (BAI, LI, and RAT weight).

New finding What is the central question of this study? Eccentric contraction exercises cause damage to muscle fibers, induce inflammatory responses; the exacerbation of this process can induce deposition of fibrous connective tissue, leading to decreased muscle function. The aim of this study is to examine the role of Angiotensin-(1-7) in this context. What is the main finding and its importance? Our results show that oral treatment with Angiotensin-(1-7) decreases muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise, reducing inflammation and fibrosis in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle. This study shows potential effect of Ang-(1-7) for the prevention of muscle injuries induced by physical exercise. Abstract Eccentric contraction exercises cause damage to the muscle fibers and induce inflammatory reaction. The protective effect of Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] in skeletal muscle has led us to examine the role that this peptide plays in modifying processes associated with inflammation and fibrogenesis induced by eccentric exercise. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of the oral administration of Ang-(1-7) included in hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD) in preventing and treating muscle damage following downhill running. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (untreated and not exercised) (n = 10), treated/exercised HPβ-CD Ang-(1-7) (n = 40), and treated/exercised HPβ-CD (n = 40). Exercised groups were subjected to a single eccentric contraction exercise session on a treadmill inclined to -13° and a constant speed of 20 m.min-1, for 60 min. Oral administration with HPβ-CD Ang-(1-7) and HPβ-CD was performed three hours before the exercise protocol and daily as a single dose, until day of euthanasia. Samples were collected at 04/12/24/48 and 72 hours after the exercise session. The animals treated with the Ang-(1-7) showed lower levels of CK, lower levels of TNF-α in soleus muscle and increased levels of IL-10 cytokines. The inflammatory cells and deposition of fibrous connective tissue were lower in the group treated with Ang-(1-7) in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. The results of this study show that treatment with an oral formulation of Ang-(1-7) plays a fundamental role in the process of muscle injury repair induced by eccentric exercise. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Background: Sarcopenia is a disease that involves skeletal muscle mass loss and is highly prevalent in the older adult population. Moreover, the incidence of sarcopenia is increased in patients with hypertension. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the association between the classes of the drugs used for arterial hypertension treatment and the presence or absence of sarcopenia. Methods: 129 older adults with hypertension were evaluated by the researchers who registered the participants medication for arterial hypertension treatment. Sarcopenia level was measured by anthropometric parameters, muscular strength, and functional capacity. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc test and Fisher’s exact test; statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: Age was not different between women with different levels of sarcopenia, but significant differences were observed between men with absent sarcopenia (66.8±4.2 years) and men with probable sarcopenia (77.0±10.2 years). Individuals with absent sarcopenia showed higher handgrip strength (men: 33.8±7.4, women: 23.2±4.6 Kgf) in comparison with those with sarcopenia (men with probable sarcopenia: 9.5±3.3 Kgf, women with probable, confirmed, and severe sarcopenia: 11.7±2.5, 12.2±3.0, 11.8±1.8 Kgf, respectively). The analysis showed an association between the type of medication and degree of sarcopenia; diuretics were significantly associated with probable sarcopenia, and angiotensin II receptor blockers (alone or in combination with diuretics) was associated with absence of sarcopenia. Conclusion: In conclusion, handgrip strength was a good method to diagnose sarcopenia, and diuretics were associated with increased risk of sarcopenia in older adults with hypertension.

Objective This study compared resting blood pressure (BP) using ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) responses in two groups of subjects trained in land exercise (LE) and aquatic exercise (AE), and assessed post-exercise hypotension (PEH) using ABPM, after land- and aquatic-based exercises. Methods ABPM (24 hours) was used to measure the baseline BP in elderly hypertensive women trained in LE and AE and the PEH induced by exercise. For this, 40 subjects were evaluated at rest and after a land- or aquatic-based exercise session (aerobic: 75% of reserve heart rate combined with resistance exercise). Results The daytime BP was lower for AE [systolic BP (SBP) 124 ± 1.0 mmHg, diastolic BP (DBP) 70 ± 1.5 mmHg] than for LE (SBP 134 ± 0.9 mmHg, DBP 76 ± 0.9 mmHg), but there were no differences at night-time. The aquatic exercise-induced PEH in the second hour was maintained at the 24th hour post-exercise. For land exercise-induced PEH, it was maintained at the 12th hour post-exercise. The SBP and DBP were lower at the 24th hour for AE than for LE. Conclusions Elderly hypertensive people trained in AE had lower baseline BP during the daytime. SBP and DBP values were lower for individuals trained in AE, and their PEH was more rapid and longer lasting after AE.

Background The aim was to evaluate the distribution of ACE-I/D polymorphisms on Brazilian football players performance in aerobic capacity, strength, and speed tests. Methods The participants in this study were 212 Brazilian first division male football players genotyped in DD, ID. or II. Genotyping of DNA from leucocytes was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. We evaluated speed using a 30-m sprint test with speed measured at 10 m (V10), 20 m (V20), and 30 m (V30); muscular strength using counter-movement-jump and squat jump tests; and aerobic endurance using the Yo-Yo endurance test. The athletes were ranked in ascending order according to their performance in each test and divided into quartiles: first quartile (0-25%, Weak), second (25-50%, Normal), third (50-75%, Good), and fourth (75-100%, Excellent); these were clustered according to genotype frequency. Results We identified significant differences in the V20 test values and in the aerobic capacity test. Higher frequencies of the ACE-DD genotype were observed in the Excellent performance group in the V20. In the aerobic capacity test, higher frequencies of the ACE-II genotype were observed in Excellent and Good performance groups. Conclusions Players with higher performance in anaerobic and aerobic tests are ACE-DD and ACE-II genotypes, respectively.

The objective of this study was to verify the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on muscle damage and the inflammatory response after an acute strength training (ST) session. Twenty-seven healthy male individuals (age: 25 ± 4.3 years) participated in the study, including 18 RR/RX and 9 XX individuals. The participants were divided into two groups (RR/RX and XX groups) and subjected to an acute ST session, which consisted of a series of leg press, leg extension machine, and seated leg curl machine. The volunteers were instructed to perform the greatest volume of work until concentric muscle failure. Each volunteer’s performance was analyzed as the load and total volume of training, and the blood concentrations of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin, testosterone, and cortisol were measured before the ST session and 30 min and 24 h postsession. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism effect was observed, with increased concentrations of CCL2 ( p < 0.01 ), IL-8 ( p < 0.01 ), and LDH ( p < 0.001 ) in XX individuals. There was an increase in the concentration of CK in the RR/RX group compared to XX at 24 h after training ( p > 0.01 ). The testosterone/cortisol ratio increased more markedly in the XX group ( p < 0.001 ). Regarding performance, the RR/RX group presented higher load and total volume values in the training exercises when compared to the XX group ( p < 0.05 ). However, the XX group presented higher values of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) than the RR/RX group ( p < 0.05 ). The influence of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on muscle damage and the inflammatory response was observed after an acute ST session, indicating that the RR/RX genotype shows more muscle damage and a catabolic profile due to a better performance in this activity, while the XX genotype shows more DOMS.

Background: Physical training (ET) is important to restore the reflex sensitivity involved in controlling blood pressure in various diseases. Recent investigations have demonstrated an interaction ...

Introdução: A sarcopenia é considerada uma patologia caracterizada pela redução da massa muscular esquelética e da sua funcionalidade, sendo que vários dos parâmetros que influenciam sobre a sarcopenia sofrem interferência do treinamento de força. Objetivo: Revisar os efeitos dos diferentes protocolos de treinamento de força (frequência, duração e intensidade) sobre parâmetros influenciadores da sarcopenia. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de estudos originais, quantitativos, observacionais, publicados entre 2010 a 2020, em inglês, espanhol e português, e indexados nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e periódico CAPES. Os descritores utilizados foram: “força muscular” (“muscle strenght”, “fuerza muscular”), “sarcopenia” (“sarcopenia”), “envelhecimento” (“aging”, “envejecimiento”), “idosos” (“olders, “ancianos”), “treinamento de força/resistência” (“strength training”, “entrenamiento de fuerza”). Foram recuperados 215 artigos, entre eles 11 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo incluídos na revisão. Resultados: Dentre os 11 estudos analisados, observa-se que o treinamento de força aplicado em diferentes protocolos foi eficiente em aperfeiçoar parâmetros como massa e força musculares, equilíbrio corporal e desempenho em testes diagnósticos de sarcopenia. Conclusão: Esta revisão evidencia os benefícios da prática de exercício de força em diferentes protocolos sobre parâmetros que influenciam na instalação do quadro de sarcopenia em idosos. O exercício de força se apresenta como meio aplicável, prático e não farmacológico da prevenção de sarcopenia.

Background The ECA2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis is shown to be involved in effects mediated by physical exercise, as it can induce the release of nitric oxide (ON) and bradykinin (BK), which are potent vasodilators. The vasodilating action the NO/BK can contribute to increased metabolic efficiency in muscle tissue and central nervous system. The formulation HPβ-CD-Ang-(1–7) through its mechanisms of action can be a promising supplement to aid in the maintenance and improvement of performance and may also favor recovery during competitions. The premise of this study was to investigate the effects of acute oral supplementation HPβ-CD-Ang-(1–7) on the performance of mountain bike (MTB) practitioners. Methods Fourteen recreational athletes, involved in training programs for at least one year, participated in this crossover design study. Subjects underwent two days of testing with a seven-day interval. HPβ-CD-Ang-(1–7) (1.75 mg) and HPβCD-Placebo were provided in capsules three hours prior to tests. To determine the safety of the HPβ-CD-Ang-(1–7) formulation associated with physical effort, cardiovascular parameters heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were analyzed. Physical performance was measured using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2), total exercise time (TET), mechanical work (MW), mechanical efficiency (ME), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Respiratory exchange coefficient (REC), lactate and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were measured. Maximal incremental tests were performed on a progressively loaded leg cycle ergometer. Results There were no significant differences in terms of HR or BP at rest and maximum effort between the HPβ-CD-Ang-(1–7) and placebo groups. The VO2max showed significant differences (p = 0.04). It was higher in the Ang-(1–7)condition (66.15 mlO2.kg− 1.min− 1) compared to the placebo (60.72 mlO2.kg− 1.min− 1). This was also observed for TET (Ang-(1–7) 39.10 min vs. placebo 38.14 min; p = 0.04), MW (Ang-(1–7) 156.7 vs. placebo 148.2; p = 0.04), and at the lowest RPE (Ang-(1–7) vs. placebo; p = 0.009). No significant differences were observed for REC, NEFAs, or Lactate. Conclusions These results suggest that HPβ-CD-Ang-(1–7) improves the physical performance of MTB recreational athletes and could be a promising supplement. Trial registration RBR-2 × 56pw8, registered January 15th, 2021. The study was prospectively registered.

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an endpoint of hypertensive cardiac alterations. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers are among the most effective on LVH regression. Physical exercise combined to antihypertensive drug contributes to arterial pressure (AP) control and LVH prevention. We evaluated the effects of physical exercise combined to captopril or losartan during eight weeks for spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) on some cardiac parameters.Methods: SHR (n=5-6 per group) were sedentary or trained 5 days a week in treadmill during 8 weeks; and they were treated with daily oral captopril (12.5, 25, or 50mg/kg), losartan (2.5, 5, or 10mg/kg), or vehicle. At the end, it was obtained systolic AP (SAP), electrocardiogram (ECG), and hearts metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity and histology.Results: Captopril 25 and 50 mg/kg, and losartan 10 mg/kg lowered SAP of sedentary and trained SHR. Losartan 5 mg/kg combined with physical exercise also lowered SAP. Combined with exercise, captopril 50 mg/kg lowered 13.6% of QT interval, 14.2% of QTc interval, and 22.8% of Tpeak-Tend compared to sedentary SHR. Losartan 5 and 10mg/kg lowered QT interval of sedentary and trained SHR. Losartan 2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg combined with physical exercise lowered respectively 25.4%, 24.8%, and 31.8% of MMP-2 activity. Losartan (10mg/kg) combined with exercise reduced cardiomyocyte diameter.Conclusion: These data support the hypothesis of physical exercise combined with RAAS blockers could improve the benefits on hypertensive LVH treatment.

Introduction. The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased rapidly, but the effects of this habit on health and physical performance are unknown. This study assessed the effect of excessive SSB intake on biochemical, physical performance, and biochemical and cardiovascular parameters of physically active males. Methods. Seventeen volunteers consumed a placebo drink (Pd; carbohydrate free) and an excessive SSB drink (eSSBd = Pd plus 300 g sucrose). In a blind randomized crossover study, the subjects were assigned to Pd or eSSBd groups for 15 days. After an interval of 7 days, subjects were reassigned to the other condition. Results. After eSSBd intake, there was an increase in weight (69.34 ± 13.71 vs. 70.62 ± 14.06), body mass index (24.49 ± 4.01 vs. 24.97 ± 4.13), waist circumference (75.33 ± 11.22 vs. 76.79 ± 11.51), VLDL (19.54 ± 9.50 vs. 25.52 ± 11.18), triglycerides (78.94 ± 23.79 vs. 114.77 ± 43.65), and peak systolic blood pressure (178.57 ± 26.56 vs. 200.71 ± 24.64). The cardiorespiratory response to exercise (VO2max) (48.15 ± 10.42 vs. 40.98 ± 11.20), peak heart rate (186.64 ± 8.00 vs. 179.64 ± 6.28), total exercise time (15.02 ± 1.57 vs. 14.00 ± 2.18), and mechanical work (15.83 ± 4.53 vs. 13.68 ± 5.67) decreased after eSSBd intake (all values expressed in initial mean ± DP vs. final). The rates of perceived exertion were higher (1.300 vs.1.661 slope and −0.7186 vs. −1.118 y-intercept) after eSSBd intake. Conclusion. The present study shows that 15 days of eSSBd intake may negatively modulate biochemical parameters associated with cardiovascular risk. In addition, this overintake can impair the physical performance and cardiovascular responses to physical exercise.

New findings What is the central question of this study? How does swimming exercise training impact hydro-electrolytic balance, renal function, sympathetic contribution to resting blood pressure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [Na+ ] in rats fed a high-sodium diet from weaning? What is the main finding and its importance? An exercise-dependent reduction in blood pressure was associated with decreased CSF [Na+ ], sympathetically driven vasomotor tonus and renal fibrosis indicating that the anti-hypertensive effects of swimming training in rats fed a high-sodium diet might involve neurogenic mechanisms regulated by sodium levels in the CSF rather than changes in blood volume. Abstract High sodium intake is an important factor associated with hypertension. High-sodium intake with exercise training can modify homeostatic hydro-electrolytic balance, but the effects of this association are mostly unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of swimming training (ST) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Na+ concentration, sympathetic drive, blood pressure (BP) and renal function of rats fed a 0.9% Na+ (equivalent to 2% NaCl) diet with free access to water for 22 weeks after weaning. Male Wistar rats were assigned to two cohorts: (1) fed standard diet (SD) and (2) fed high-sodium (HS) diet. Each cohort was further divided into trained and sedentary groups. ST normalised BP levels of HS rats as well as the higher sympathetically related pressor activity assessed by pharmacological blockade of ganglionic transmission (hexamethonium). ST preserved the renal function and attenuated the glomerular shrinkage elicited by HS. No change in blood volume was found among the groups. CSF [Na+ ] levels were higher in sedentary HS rats but were reduced by ST. Our findings showed that ST effectively normalised BP of HS rats, independent of its effects on hydro-electrolytic balance, which might involve neurogenic mechanisms regulated by Na+ levels in the CSF as well as renal protection.

Aging is a biological process during which chronic low-grade inflammation is present due to changes in the immune system of the elderly. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of resistance training associated with dietary advice on chronic inflammation in the elderly. We conducted a prospective intervention study in which we evaluated anthropometric parameters and inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-8, CCL-2, and leptin) in 40 elderly people before and after long-term progressive resistance training (19 weeks) associated with dietary advice. The participants trained twice a week on nonconsecutive days, and the training lasted one hour with an intensity of 60-85% of 1-MR. Dietary advice was explained in person and individually focusing on foods rich in compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Participants were instructed at the beginning of the training program, and dietary advice was reinforced verbally weekly. There was an improvement in body composition evidenced by a reduction in waist circumference and body fat percentage and by the increase in arm circumference, calf circumference, and corrected arm muscle area. In addition, there was a reduction in the inflammatory biomarkers CCL-2 (p=0.01) and leptin (p<0.01). Resistance training associated with dietary guidance can contribute to a healthy aging due to observed improvements in body composition and in the inflammatory profile of the elderly.

Objective To study the relationship between exercise and malnourishment because recent evidence suggests that exercise can cause the benefi cial adaptation of antioxidant systems, whereas malnourishment can cause harmful adaptation of these systems. Methods Thirty-two female Fischer rats were equally divided into Sedentary Control, Trained Control, Sedentary Malnourished and Trained Malnourished groups. The training protocol consisted of swimming for 30 minutes continuously for 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Results It was demonstrated that aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities increased in malnourished rats, but physical training reversed these effects by lowering the raised levels. The glutathione level was diminished by malnourishment whereas physical training increased the levels of liver carbonyl protein and increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances that were diminished by malnourishment. In addition, Trained Malnourished rats had a higher average body weight than Sedentary Malnourished ones (62.77g vs. 55.08g, respectively). Conclusion The data show that exercise was able to reverse or reduce damage caused by malnourishment, such as weight loss and liver dysfunction by a pathway independent of the participation of enzymes involved in antioxidant defense and that there is no interaction between exercise and malnutrition. Objetivo Estudar a relação entre exercício e desnutrição, pois evidências recentes sugerem que o exercício físico pode causar a adaptação benéfica de sistemas antioxidantes, enquanto a desnutrição pode causar adaptação prejudicial a esses sistemas. Métodos Trinta e duas ratas Fischer foram igualmente divididas nos grupos Controle Sedentário, Controle Treinado, Desnutrido Sedentário e Desnutrido Treinado. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em nadar por 30 minutos continuamente por 5 dias/semana por 8 semanas. Resultados Demonstramos que as atividades de aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase aumentaram em ratos desnutridos, mas o treinamento físico reverteu esses efeitos. O nível de glutationa foi diminuído pela desnutrição, enquanto o treinamento físico aumentou os níveis de proteína carbonilada do fígado e aumentou os níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico que foram diminuídas pela desnutrição. Além disso, os ratos desnutridos treinados tiveram um peso corporal médio maior que os desnutridos sedentários (62,77g vs 55,08g, respectivamente). Conclusão Os dados mostram que o exercício foi capaz de reverter ou reduzir os danos causados pela desnutrição, como perda de peso e a disfunção hepática por uma via independente da participação de enzimas envolvidas na defesa antioxidante e que não há interação entre exercício e desnutrição.

O presente estudo teve como pano de fundo a criação da Escola de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. A partir do referido ato administrativo, o corpo gestor da instituição identificou a necessidade de se edificar um documento norteador de suas ações acadêmicas, gerenciais e estruturais. Para tal, desencadeou-se um processo coletivo, envolvendo os servidores da Escola – docentes e técnicos – mobilizados pela elaboração de um planejamento estratégico quinquenal, a ser iniciado no segundo semestre de 2019. Diante do cenário apresentado, parte do corpo docente envolvido no certame desenvolveu uma investigação científica, com o objetivo de analisar o percurso traçado pela Escola de Educação Física da UFOP para construção de seu Planejamento Estratégico. Por intermédio de pesquisas bibliográficas, análises documentais e observação participante, foi possível identificar a relevância de aspectos como o engajamento da equipe de servidores e o alinhamento do documento ao plano de desenvolvimento institucional da universidade. Somado a isso, a metodologia de trabalho, pautada pelo viés democrático, mostrou-se exitosa e contribui para a fluidez de todo o processo. Por fim, enfatizam-se os limites na definição de estratégias, observados pela dependência dos recursos públicos de diferentes naturezas.

Aim To evaluate physical fitness and cardiovascular effects in rats with renovascular hypertension, two kidneys, one clip (2K1C) submitted to voluntary exercise (ExV). Main methods 24 h after surgery (SHAM and 2K1C) rats were submitted to ExV for one week (adaptation). ExV adherent rats were separated into exercise (2K1C-EX and SHAM-EX) or sedentary (2K1C-SED and SHAM-SED) groups. After 4 weeks, exhaustion test, plasma lactate, cardiovascular parameters were evaluated and gastrocnemius muscle was removed for evaluation of gene expression of muscle metabolism markers (PGC1α; AMPK, SIRT-1, UCP-3; MCP-1; LDH) and of the redox process. Key findings ExV decreased blood lactate concentration and increased SOD and CAT activity and a SIRT-1 and UCP-3 gene expression in the gastrocnemius muscle of 2K1C-ExV rats compared to 2K1C-SED rats. Gene expressions of PGC1α, UCP-3, MCT-1, AMPK were higher in 2K1C-ExV rats compared to SHAM-SED rats. Blood pressure in 2K1C-ExV was lower compared to 2K1C-SED and higher in SHAM-SED rats. Reflex bradycardia in 2K1C-EX rats increased compared to 2K1C-SED and was similar to SHAM-SED. The variation in mean blood pressure induced by ganglion blocker hexamethonium and Ang II AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan in the 2K1C-ExV rats was smaller compared to the 2K1C-SED rats and it was similar to the SHAM-SED rats. Significance O ExV induced adaptive responses in 2K1C-ExV rats by decreasing sympathetic and Ang II activities and stimulating intracellular signaling that favors redox balance and reduced blood lactate concentration. These adaptive responses, then, contribute to reduced arterial pressure, improved baroreflex sensitivity and physical fitness of 2K1C rats.

Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-[1-7]) can modulate glucose metabolism and protect against muscular damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of lifetime increase of circulating levels of Ang-(1-7) at exhaustive swimming exercise (ESE). Sprague-Dawley (SD) and transgenic rats TGR(A1-7)3292 (TR) which overproduce Ang-(1-7) (2.5-fold increase) were submitted to ESE. The data showed no differences in time to exhaustion (SD: 4.90 ± 1.37 h vs. TR: 5.15 ± 1.15 h), creatine kinase, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Lactate dehydrogenase (SD: 219.9 ± 12.04 U/L vs. TR: 143.9 ± 35.21 U/L) and α-actinin (SD: 336.7 ± 104.5 U/L vs. TR: 224.6 ± 82.45 U/L) values were significantly lower in TR. There was a significant decrease in the range of blood glucose levels (SD: −41.4 ± 28.32 mg/dl vs. TR: −13.08 ± 39.63 mg/dl) in SD rats. Muscle (SD: 0.06 ± 0.02 mg/g vs. TR: 0.13 ± 0.01 mg/g) and hepatic glycogen (SD: 0.66 ± 0.36 mg/g vs. TG: 2.24 ± 1.85 mg/g) in TR were higher. The TR presented attenuation of the increase in skeletal muscle damage biomarkers and of the changes in glucose metabolism after ESE.

Experimental studies in animal models have described the benefits of physical exercise (PE) to kidney diseases associated with hypertension. Land- and water-based exercises induce different responses in renal function. Our aim was to evaluate the renal alterations induced by different environments of PE in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The SHRs were divided into sedentary (S), swimming exercise (SE), and running exercise (RE) groups, and were trained for 8 weeks under similar intensities (60 min/day). Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. The renal function was evaluated through urinary volume at each week of training; sodium and potassium excretions, plasma and urinary osmolarities, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), levels of proteinuria, and renal damage were determined. SE and RE rats presented reduced mean AP, systolic blood pressure, and HR in comparison with S group. SE and RE rats showed higher urine osmolarity compared with S. SE rats showed higher free water clearance (P P P P

The aim was to investigate a possible role of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in a Brazilian football player’s career progression. 2 questions were formulated: 1. Does ACTN3 polymorphism affect the probability of an individual being a professional football player? 2. Does this polymorphism affect the progression of the athlete throughout his career? The study included 353 players from first division Brazilian football clubs in the following categories: under-14 (U-14), U-15, U-17, U-20, and professional (PRO). The control group (CON) was composed of 100 healthy non-athletes. The chi-squared test was used to assess differences between the allele and genotype frequencies. Comparing football categories, the XX genotype was less frequent among professional players than in the U-20 (p

Ganho de força, aumento da massa muscular, aumento da capacidade aeróbia, redução da gordura corporal, redução da fadiga, rápida recuperação e outros fatores que melhorem o desempenho físico esportivo são objetivos comuns entre atletas. Suplementos hidroeletrolíticos, energéticos e proteicos compõem três grandes grupos de alimentos amplamente utilizados por atletas, e a Agência Mundial Antidoping (WADA) regulamenta o uso desses produtos. Para elaborar esta revisão sistemática, os autores partiram da série A-Z of supplements: dietary, sports, nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance do British Journal of Sports Medicine para investigar as melhores estratégias de prescrição de suplementação nutricional para atletas. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados do PubMed, Scielo, American College of Sports Medicine, Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva, Google Acadêmico e Periódico Capes. Atletas suplementados com carboidratos, aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (BCAA) e arginina apresentaram melhora aguda no desempenho e rendimento físico. Atletas suplementados com creatina, β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato (HMB), leucina, proteína do soro do leite, e triglicerídeos de cadeia média (TCM) apresentaram melhora crônica na composição corporal e no desempenho físico. ABSTRACT Effects of nutritional supplementation on body composition and athletes performance: a review Strength gain, increase in muscle mass, increase in aerobic capacity, decrease in body fat, reduced fatigue, rapid recovery and other factors that improve performance in sports are common goals among athletes. Electrolyte, protein and energy supplements composes three major food groups widely used by athletes, and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) regulates the use of these products. To write this systematic review, the authors started from the A-Z of supplements: dietary, sports, nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance, a paper from the British Journal of Sports Medicine, due to investigate better strategies to prescribe nutritional supplementation for athletes. Databases such as PubMed, Scielo, American College of Sports Medicine, Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva, Google Academic and Periódico Capes were consulted during this research. Athletes supplemented with carbohydrates, brached chain amino acids (BCAA) and arginine achieved acute improvement in physical performance. Athletes supplemented with creatine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), leucine, whey protein, and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) achieved chronic improvement in body composition and physical performance.

The development of new strategies to attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage may be helpful for training regimens. The aim of this study was to determine whether a oral formulation of angiotensin Ang-(1-7)[HPβCD/Ang-(1-7)] is effective to reduce pain, and muscle damage markers after eccentric-overload exercise. HPβCD (Placebo) and HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7) group were treated for 7 days (one capsule/day). The pain was measured by visual analogue scale, maximal strength (MS) using force platform. Blood samples were collected for cytokines and creatine kinase (CK) analysis. The Ang-(1-7)-treated group reported less pain immediately (3.46±0.64 vs. placebo 3.80±0.77 cm) and 24 h after exercise (3.07±0.71 vs. 3.73±0.58 cm placebo) and higher MS at 24 h (24±12 N) and 48 h (30±15 N) vs. placebo (-8±9 N and -10±9 N). The CK for Ang-(1-7) (0.5±0.1 and 0.9±0.2 U/L) were lower at 48 and 72 h vs. placebo (fold changes of 1.7±0.5 and 1.5±0.3 U/L). The TNF-α level was lower in the treated group post-exercise (38±2.5 pg/ml) vs. placebo (45±2.9 pg/ml) but no significant changes were observed for IL-6 and IL-10. Our data indicate that treatment with Ang-(1-7) may attenuate pain, some of the muscle damage markers and improves performance following eccentric exercise.

Coelho, DB, Pimenta, EM, Rosse, IC, Veneroso, C, Pussieldi, GDA, Becker, LK, De Oliveira, EC, Carvalho, MRS, and Silami-Garcia, E. Alpha-actinin-3 R577X polymorphism influences muscle damage and hormonal responses after a soccer game. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2655-2664, 2019-The purpose of this study was to evaluate indicators of muscle damage and hormonal responses after soccer matches and its relation to alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene expression (XX vs. RR/RX), considering that the R allele produces alpha-actinin-3 and provides greater muscle strength and power. Thirty players (10 XX and 20 RR/RX) younger than 16 years were evaluated in this study. Blood samples were collected immediately before, after, 2, and 4 hours after the games to assess muscle damage (creatine kinase [CK] and alpha-actin) and hormonal responses (interleukin-6 [IL-6], cortisol, and testosterone). Postgame CK was higher as compared to the pregame values in both groups and it was also higher in the RR/RX (p < 0.05) than in the XX. The concentrations of alpha-actin and IL-6 were similar for both groups and did not change over time. Testosterone was increased after the game only in the RR/RX group (p < 0.05). Cortisol concentrations in group RR/RX were higher immediately after the game than before the game, and 2 and 4 hours after the game the concentration decreased (p < 0.05). The RR and RX individuals presented higher markers of muscle microtrauma and hormonal stress, probably because they performed more speed and power actions during the game, which is a self-regulated activity. From the different responses presented by RR/RX and XX genotypes, we conclude that the genotypic profile should be taken into account when planning training workloads and recovery of athletes.

O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar a percepção dos professores de Educação Física sobre a ocorrência de bullying nas escolas que atuam e elencar as ações utilizadas para prevenir o problema. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo que utilizou como instrumento uma entrevista semiestruturada. Com base nos resultados é possível afirmar que as escolas não assumem o compromisso de planejar e aplicar estratégias que possam prevenir o fenômeno do bullying. Os dados também indicam que a formação inicial pode ter sido deficiente na preparação de professores para compreender e combater esse tipo de violência. Espera-se que este estudo possa levar à reflexão não somente os professores envolvidos, mas também as instituições de ensino superior assim como as escolas para que o bullying seja corretamente estudado e combatido. &nbsp, The objective of this study was to investigate the perception of Physical Education teachers about the occurrence of bullying in the schools that act and to list the actions used to prevent the problem. A semi-structured interview was the instrument used in this qualitative study. Based on the results, it is possible to affirm that schools are not committed to planning and applying strategies that can prevent the phenomenon of bullying. The data also indicate that initial training may have been deficient in preparing teachers to understand and combat such violence. It is hoped that this study may lead to reflection not only the teachers involved, but also higher education institutions as well as schools so that the bullying is properly studied and combated.

In order to understand the biology of species that easily establish themselves in new environments, morphological studies are essential. This study aimed to describe the esophageal functional morphology ofHemidactylus mabouia, indicating adaptations to food habits. Seventeen adult specimens were used for anatomical, topological, histological, and histochemical analyses. Histological sections were stained with toluidine blue or submitted to techniques for identification of argyrophil and argentaffin endocrine cells, proteins, and glycoconjugates. The esophagus ofH. mabouiais a tubular straight-lined organ, and its anterior portion is dilated, facilitating the swallowing of whole prey. The esophageal epithelium is pseudostratified, containing cells secreting neutral and acid mucins. At the esophagogastric transition, we found a mixture of this epithelium with a simple prismatic epithelium secreting neutral mucins. The esophagus lamina propria is thin and non-glandular. At the esophagogastric transition it becomes thick and filled by branched simple acinous glands, with cells secreting neutral mucins, zymogenic cells, and argentaffin endocrine cells, with no argyrophil cells. The mucins protect the esophageal mucosa and lubricate the channel to facilitate the passage of food, while pepsinogen in the stomach increases the levels of pepsin for proteolytic digestion. The muscular tunica is made up of smooth muscle cells. Ciliary action, in addition to muscle contractions, facilitates the swallowing of small prey.

Low angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) concentration is observed in some cardiovascular diseases and exercise training seems to restore its concentration in the heart. Recently, a novel formulation of an orally active Ang-(1-7) included in hydroxy-propyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPB-CD) was developed and chronically administered in experimental models of cardiovascular diseases. The present study examined whether chronic administration of HPB-CD/Ang-(1-7) produces beneficial cardiovascular effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), as well as to compare the results obtained with those produced by exercise training. Male SHR (15-week old) were divided in control (tap water) or treated with HPB-CD/Ang-(1-7) (corresponding to 30μgkg(-1)day(-1) of Ang-(1-7)) by gavage, concomitantly or not to exercise training (treadmill, 10 weeks). After chronic treatment, hemodynamic, morphometric and molecular analysis in the heart were performed. Chronic HPB-CD/Ang-(1-7) decreased arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate in SHR. The inclusion compound significantly improved left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure, restored the maximum and minimum derivatives (dP/dT) and decreased cardiac hypertrophy index in SHR. Chronic treatment improved autonomic control by attenuating sympathetic modulation on heart and vessels and the SAP variability, as well as increasing parasympathetic modulation and HR variability. Overall results were similar to those obtained with exercise training. These results show that chronic treatment with the HPB-CD/Ang-(1-7) inclusion compound produced beneficial effects in SHR resembling the ones produced by exercise training. This observation reinforces the potential cardiovascular therapeutic effect of this novel peptide formulation.