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The rising concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is approaching critical levels, posing a significant threat to life on Earth. Porous carbons derived from biobased materials, particularly waste byproducts, offer a viable solution for selective CO2 adsorption from large-scale industrial sources, potentially mitigating atmospheric CO2 emissions. In this study, we developed highly porous carbons from lemon peel waste through a two-step process, consisting of temperature pretreatment (500 °C) followed by chemical activation by KOH at 850 °C. The largest specific surface area (2821 m2/g), total pore volume (1.39 cm3/g), and micropore volume (0.70 cm3/g) were obtained at the highest KOH-to-carbon ratio of 4. In contrast, the sample activated with a KOH-to-carbon ratio of 2 demonstrated the greatest micropore distribution. This activated biocarbon exhibited superior CO2 adsorption capacity, reaching 5.69 mmol/g at 0 °C and 100 kPa. The remarkable adsorption performance can be attributed to the significant volume of micropores with diameters smaller than 0.859 nm. The Radke–Prausnitz equation, traditionally employed to model the adsorption equilibrium of organic compounds from liquid solutions, has been shown to be equally applicable for describing the gas–solid adsorption equilibrium. Furthermore, equations describing the temperature dependence of the Radke–Prausnitz equation's parameters have been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: This study aimed to optimize the preparation process of polysaccharides from lemon peel and screen out the components with high hypoglycemic activity. Methods: Ultrasonic assisted enzymatic extraction of lemon peel polysaccharide, combined with response surface test to explore the best extraction process, through DEAE-52 anion chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatography separation and purification to obtain a homogeneous polysaccharide fraction (named as LPs-1a). The effective hypoglycemic components of lemon peel polysaccharides were screened by α-glucosidase and their relative molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and characteristic groups were analyzed. Results: The optimal extraction process of lemon peel polysaccharide was ultrasonic treatment for at 55 ℃ for 44 min with solid-liquid ratio 1∶20 (g/mL) and cellulase addition rate 1.1%. Under the control of these conditions, the yield of lemon peel polysaccharide was 6.83%, which was close to the predicted value. The LPs-1a fraction significantly inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase with （1.22±0.04） mg/mL of IC50(P＜0.05). The relative molecular weight of this component was 195 260, and it was connected by α-glycosidic bonds and β-glycosidic bonds with a pyranose ring. The morphology of the polysaccharide was fibrous, and it was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose Conclusion: Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic method is helpful in screening the highly hypoglycemic active components of lemon peel polysaccharides.

The Food and Agricultural Organization estimates a 17% loss in the food production chain, making it imperative to adopt scientific and technological approaches to address this issue for sustainability. Industrial food production waste and its value-added applications, particularly in relation to a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms and the health-related effects have not been thoroughly investigated. This study explores the potential of food production waste extracts—lemon peel (LP), hot trub (HT), and coffee silverskin (CSS) as sources of bioactive compounds. Extraction was conducted using hydro-methanolic extraction with yields in LP (482 mg/1 g) > HT (332 mg/1 g) > CSS (20 mg/1 g). The agar diffusion assay revealed the substantial antibacterial activity of all three extracts against Erwinia Amylovora, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus aquimaris. All extracts demonstrated activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, displaying minimum inhibitory concentrations effective against pathogenic bacteria like Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella enterica. Total phenolic content (TPC in mg GAE/1g) was 100, 20, and 100 for CSS, HT, and LP, respectively. Antioxidant activity by ABTS indicated IC50 of 3.09, 13.09, and 2.61 for LP, HT, and CSS, respectively. Also, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was further confirmed by DPPH assay with the best activity in CSS (9.84 GAEg−1) and LP (9.77 mg of GAEg−1) rather than in HT (1.45 GAEg−1). No adverse cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells were observed. Pancreatic amylase inhibition demonstrated antidiabetic potential, with LP showing the highest levels (92%). LC-MS characterization identified polyphenols as the main compounds in CSS, prenylated compounds in HT, and flavanols in LP. The findings imply the potential sustainable use of food production waste in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content and qualitative composition of essential oils obtained from the peel of lemon (Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck), cv. Tashkentskii, was investigated by means of hydrodistillation using a modified Ginzberg’s collector. A principle of single distinction was applied: lemon plants were grown in protected ground in different natural and climatic zones: Moscow and Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan). A slight variability in the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and mobile phosphorus and potassium in highly fertile ground of greenhouses belonging to the groups of high and elevated supply of nutrients was disregarded. Under optimal parameters of microclimate, the potential yield of plants depends on arrival of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on the condition of clear sky thorough the whole vegetation period; it is reasonable that we detected an effect of light flux intensity on the content of components in essential oils of citrus plants grown in year-round span-roof greenhouses in daylight with latitudinal disposition. A high total content of essential oil was detected in the peel of fruit grown in the greenhouse in Ufa. The location of this cultivation facility ensured a great PAR value (by clear sky), which affected chemical composition of citrus fruit. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of essential oils showed an identically high level of D-limonene concentration in the peel of lemons grown in protected ground of different natural and climatic zones. Content of monoterpene hydrocarbons and esters was greater in the peel of fruit, cv. Tashkentskii, grown in the greenhouse of Edelstein Horticulture and Vegetable-Growing Center (Moscow). The level of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, and aldehydes was higher in the peel of lemon, cv. Tashkentskii, cultivated in the greenhouse of Forestry Engineering College (Ufa). The obtained data are accounted for by cultivar specificity and growing conditions exerting an influence on qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in fully utilizing agro-industrial wastes, with carotenoids gaining attention as valuable coloring agents. One of the potential sources for carotenoid extraction is lemon peel. The purpose of this study was to determine optimal extraction techniques for extracting as much carotenoids as possible from lemon peel. In this context, a comparison was conducted among extracts obtained via conventional, ultrasound-assisted (UAE), and ultrasound-assisted enzymatic (UAEE) extraction methods. The highest carotenoid content (0.792±0.01 mg/L) was achieved with UAEE, while the lowest (0.493±0.01 mg/L) was obtained conventionally. UAEE exhibited the highest antioxidant activity values among three methods: 753.80±5.79 mg TE/L (ABTS), 624.64±10.52 mg TE/L (DPPH), and 186.64±1.66 μmol TE/L (FRAP). In conclusion, UAEE showed promise in extracting carotenoids from lemon peel. Thus, by carotenoid extraction using green technology from waste lemon peels, with higher added value, richer in terms of phenolic composition and antioxidant properties, has been obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presence of heavy metals in concentrations higher than permissible limits poses an environmental threat to soil and human health. One of the methods that contributes to treating contaminated soil is electro-kinetic method, which is the main focus of this study. Eco-friendly enhanced conditions were used to increase the elimination efficiency of the system. The solution in the electrode compartment was tap water at the specific pH for each test (2, 6, and 10). Organic acid which is lemon peel citric acid (LPCA) was used as an enhanced agent in the removal process; it was mixed with soil to improve the process of dissolution and moving of the cobalt (Co). The concentration of LPCA was 0.5 M. Lemon peels (agricultural wastes) have been used as an inexpensive adsorbent (alternative to expensive commercial adsorbents) to adsorb the contaminant (Co) returning to the soil during the operation of the system due to reverse osmosis. The greatest elimination rate was at a pH equal to 2, where it was 75.3%. The elimination rate increased when using LPCA, reaching 85.1%. Lemon peels showed good potential to adsorb Co returned to the soil chamber due to reverse osmosis. Therefore, the use of these agricultural wastes as adsorbents in adsorption processes is considered eco-friendly and economically beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is approaching critical levels, posing a significant threat to life on Earth. Porous carbons derived from biobased materials, particularly waste byproducts, offer a viable solution for selective CO2 adsorption from large-scale industrial sources, potentially mitigating atmospheric CO2 emissions. In this study, we developed highly porous carbons from lemon peel waste through a two-step process, consisting of temperature pretreatment (500 °C) followed by chemical activation by KOH at 850 °C. The largest specific surface area (2821 m2/g), total pore volume (1.39 cm3/g), and micropore volume (0.70 cm3/g) were obtained at the highest KOH-to-carbon ratio of 4. In contrast, the sample activated with a KOH-to-carbon ratio of 2 demonstrated the greatest micropore distribution. This activated biocarbon exhibited superior CO2 adsorption capacity, reaching 5.69 mmol/g at 0 °C and 100 kPa. The remarkable adsorption performance can be attributed to the significant volume of micropores with diameters smaller than 0.859 nm. The Radke–Prausnitz equation, traditionally employed to model the adsorption equilibrium of organic compounds from liquid solutions, has been shown to be equally applicable for describing the gas–solid adsorption equilibrium. Furthermore, equations describing the temperature dependence of the Radke–Prausnitz equation’s parameters have been developed.

Food processing residues may be biologically treated and turned into more valuable products, raw materials for other industries, or even food or feed. If the necessary technical methods existed and the value of the final products has been to exceed the cost of reprocessing, these conversions may be regarded as valuable. The objectives of this investigation were to provide a partial solution to some nutrition problems as overweight and obesity through the utilization of fruit and vegetable by-products as a good source of fiber ingredients and antioxidant bioactive components i.e., tomato pomace powder (TPP), potato peel powder (PPP), and lemon peels powder (LPP)]. The obtained results indicated that adding TPP, PPP and LPP at different levels prevented the growth of microorganisms and retarded the development of rancidity in beef burgers as compared to the control samples, even after 3 months of frozen storage at -18°C. Beef burger with TPP, PPP at 4 and 8 %) and LPP at 1 and 2 %, demonstrated the highest protection against reducing the values of TVBN and TBA during frozen storage periods. Also, beef burger containing TPP, PPP and LPP exhibited the desired good quality parameters and better acceptability, and also improve the nutritional value materials cheap ingredients and can reduce production costs. These by-products should be further utilized rather than just discarded as waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been increasing and is soon to reach a threatening level for life on the planet. Porous carbons made from biobased materials including from waste resources can be applied to selectively adsorb CO2 from large industrial sites and then lower atmospheric CO2 emissions. In this work, we synthesized highly porous carbons from lemon-peel wastes using two-step activation process involving hydrothermal carbonization followed by chemical activation with KOH, and KOH + alum at 800 °C. The sample activated with KOH + alum has the highest BET surface area (2143 m2/g) and total pore volume of 1.3 cc/g. Although the KOH activated sample has a lower surface area (1113 m2/g), it has better CO2 adsorption capacity ranging up to 4.5 mmol/g because of its well-developed pore structures and a high proportion (90 %) of micropore distributions. The isosteric heat of adsorption lower than 40 kJ/mol indicated that adsorption is mainly driven by physisorption. Better CO2/N2 selectivity suggested a high affinity of the activated carbons towards CO2. Particularly, the sample activated with KOH had selectivity in the range of 20 at the highest adsorption temperature (40 °C), making it a potentially viable option for direct CO2 adsorption applications from large industrial sources.

The study evaluated the impact of lemon peel fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum (FLP) being a practical feed additive, and its effects on growth performance, non-specific immune indicators, and disease resistance for whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The FLP was incorporated into the control diet at a graded level of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. Four experimental feeds were randomly assigned to 4 replicates of L. vannamei with average weight of 2.37 g in a recirculation system for 56 days. Shrimp fed the four diets revealed similar (p > 0.05) weight gain percentage (489.01%−520.25%), feed conversion rate (2.46–2.70), protein efficiency ratio (1.05–1.14), and survival (78.75%−90.00%) after the feeding trial. Total hemocyte count (THC) was higher in shrimp delivered feeds containing 1% and 2% FLP whereas the phenoloxidase (PO) activity was advanced in shrimp fed the feed containing 2% FLP comparing with the FLP-free control group. In the V. alginolyticus challenge test, final survival after 72 h injection was higher in shrimp delivered feeds containing 2% and 3% FLP (66.67%−70.00%) than that in the control group (43.33%). The findings emphasize that fermented lemon peel is a potential functional feed additive on improving immunity and disease resistance for whiteleg shrimp, and showing no negative effects on growth and hepatopancreas morphology. An inclusion rate of 2% FLP is suggested for whiteleg shrimp to maximize the THC and PO activity and resistance ability to V. alginolyticus.

The Food and Agricultural Organization estimates a 17% loss in the food production chain, making it imperative to adopt scientific and technological approaches to address this issue for sustainability. Industrial food production waste and its value-added applications, particularly in relation to a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms and the health-related effects have not been thoroughly investigated. This study explores the potential of food production waste extracts—lemon peel (LP), hot trub (HT), and coffee silverskin (CSS) as sources of bioactive compounds. Extraction was conducted using hydro-methanolic extraction with yields in LP (482 mg/1 g) > HT (332 mg/1 g) > CSS (20 mg/1 g). The agar diffusion assay revealed the substantial antibacterial activity of all three extracts against Erwinia Amylovora, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus aquimaris. All extracts demonstrated activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, displaying minimum inhibitory concentrations effective against pathogenic bacteria like Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella enterica. Total phenolic content (TPC in mg GAE/1g) was 100, 20, and 100 for CSS, HT, and LP, respectively. Antioxidant activity by ABTS indicated IC50 of 3.09, 13.09, and 2.61 for LP, HT, and CSS, respectively. Also, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was further confirmed by DPPH assay with the best activity in CSS (9.84 GAEg−1) and LP (9.77 mg of GAEg−1) rather than in HT (1.45 GAEg−1). No adverse cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells were observed. Pancreatic amylase inhibition demonstrated antidiabetic potential, with LP showing the highest levels (92%). LC-MS characterization identified polyphenols as the main compounds in CSS, prenylated compounds in HT, and flavanols in LP. The findings imply the potential sustainable use of food production waste in industry.

The urgent need for efficient decontamination of organic dyes from polluted waters necessitates the search for a low-cost and suitable adsorbent. The large amount of lemon peel residue in actual production can be an ideal raw material for the preparation of adsorbents. Herein, a novel magnetic nanocomposite derived from lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel residue (Fe3O4/Lp-biochar) was successfully synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method and used for the adsorptive capture of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution. The prepared Fe3O4/Lp-biochar are spherical with a particle size of 8.3 nm and have a saturation magnetization intensity of 52.9 emu/g and a specific surface area of 64.30 m2/g. It was found that the maximum MB adsorption capacity of 26.36 mg/g by the Fe3O4/Lp-biochar can be achieved when the amount of nanocomposite was 0.10 mg/mL, the system's pH value was 10, the reaction temperature was 25 °C, and the adsorption time was 60 min. Adsorption kinetics of MB on the Fe3O4/Lp-biochar followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model whilst the Freundlich isotherm model could well simulate the adsorption behavior of MB on magnetic biochar. The adsorption mechanism of MB by the Fe3O4/Lp-biochar predominantly include electrostatic attraction and mesoporous interaction. Furthermore, the Fe3O4/Lp-biochar exhibited a remarkable retention of 94.7% of the initial adsorption efficiency even after the 10th cycle of repeated use. It was concluded that the lemon peel-derived magnetic biochar can be a promising alternative to conventional adsorbents for wastewater treatment.

Lemon peel is the major by-product of lemon juice processing and is currently underutilized. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using lemon peel as a raw material for making vinegar. Lemon peel was homogenized, treated with pectinase (30,000 U/g, 0.1%) at 50 °C for 4 h, and then filtered. The obtained lemon peel juice was first subjected to alcoholic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. FX10, and then acetic fermentation by an acid tolerant Acetobacter malorum, OQY-1, which was isolated from the lemon peels. The juice yield of the lemon peel was 62.5%. The alcoholic fermentation yielded a lemon peel wine with an alcoholic content of 5.16%, and the acetic acid fermentation produced a vinegar with a total acid content of 5.04 g/100 mL. A total of 36 volatile compounds were identified from the lemon vinegar, with some compounds such as esters and some alcohols that increased significantly during alcoholic fermentation while alcohols, terpenoids, and some esters decreased significantly during the fermentations. E-nose and E-tongue analyses coupled with principal component and discriminant factor analyses (PCA and DFA) were able to discriminate the samples at different fermentation stages. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential to transform lemon peel into a valuable product, thus reducing the waste of lemon processing and adding value to the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the extraction of bioactive compounds from lemon peel, a by‐product of the food industry, was investigated using pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) at different extraction temperatures (40–200 °C) and times (5–30 min) under 10.34 MPa pressure. The selectivity of the PHWE process on eriocitrin and hesperidin extraction was also tested. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) (59.57 mg gallic acid equivalents g−1), total flavonoid content (TFC) (8.22 mg catechin equivalents g−1) and antioxidant capacity by DPPH (42.59 mg Trolox equivalents (TE) g−1) were obtained at 160 °C for 30 min. The maximum eriocitrin (30.41 mg g−1) and hesperidin (25.90 mg g−1) contents were achieved at 160 °C for 5 min with a 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural content of 0.07 mg g−1. PHWE provided better results for individual compounds and antioxidant capacities than conventional extraction. The results indicated the potentiality of PHWE in the selective extraction of eriocitrin and hesperidin from lemon peel by controlling the extraction temperature and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for an alternative energy source with lesser pollution for transportation needs, bio-oil, a denser and viscous fuel that needs a transesterification process, have been widely considered for diesel engines. However, these problems are solved by using low viscous biofuel, but this improvement also significantly leads to increased NOx emission. Hence this present study investigates the usage of a low viscous biofuel in the CRDI engine with measures to reduce NOx emission through water injection technique. The low viscous bio-oil was used in this study along with an ignition enhancer (di-tert-butyl-peroxide), non-metallic nano additive (rice husk). They were tested in a constant speed, single-cylinder, diesel engine for various loads. Considering the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 2% and 150 ppm were selected as the optimum value after testing five ratios (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%) of di tert butyl peroxide (DTBP) and four ratios (50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) of rice husk (RH). The lemon peel oil (LPO) with the optimum additive ratio produced 30.69% BTE, which was 4.7% lesser than diesel fuel. A considerable decrease in fuel consumption and emissions except for nitrogen oxides (NOx) is recorded. NOx emission increased by 17.3% for the biofuel blend containing RH and DTBP. To control NOx emission, 2% of water was injected into the intake manifold with the fresh intake air. Two percent by vol. was finalised after experimenting four ratios (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) of water addition. This 2% water reduces 11% of NOx emission and affects the other outputs, denoted with the 8.9% reduced BTE value compared with diesel fuel. Thus, the LPOC combination proved to operate well in the CRDI engine and produces lower NOx emissions than other LPO blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of hydrogen infusion into solvents on the extraction of phytochemicals was evaluated. Pure (water, ethanol, methanol) and hydrogen-rich solvents at temperatures (25°C and 35°C) were used for extracting phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidants from lemon peel. Incorporating hydrogen into all solvents increased the extraction of all phytochemicals. The hydrogen incorporation into solvents led to the highest increase in phenolics and flavonoid contents shown for hydrogen-rich methanol (HRM) followed by hydrogen-rich ethanol (HRE) at both 25°C and 35°C. The highest antioxidant extraction was shown for HRM. The hydrogen incorporation showed the highest phytochemical extraction in methanol and at 35°C. The increase in temperature increased the extraction efficiency, but less efficiently than the hydrogen incorporation. The HPLC phenolic profile confirmed the positive effect of both temperature and hydrogen incorporation on the extraction of flavonoids and non-flavonoids. The improvement of the phytochemical extraction by the proposed method can bring many economic and ecological advantages.

Gout arthritis is a joint pain disorder characterized by swelling around joints and elevated uric acid levels. These elevated uric acid levels result in joint stiffness and pain. The elevated uric acid level is due to over activity of xanthine oxidase. Lemon peel can inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase. In this study, twenty male albino Wistar rats with induced arthritis were enrolled and were divided into four groups; control group (Go) and treatment group G1, G2, and G3. Treatment groups were given three different levels of lemon peel 150mg, 300mg and 450 mg per kg of body weight. Serum uric acid levels were measured before and after the trial. Chemical characterization and phytochemical analysis were also performed. The presence of 9.07±1.16% moisture in lemon peel. A total of 1.71±0.13% ash was present in lemon peel while 62.45±8.09% of carbohydrates were present in lemon peel. 4.04±0.08% crude protein, 9.87±1.63% crude fat, and 12.86±0.09% crude fiber wass present in lemon peel. Lemon peel held a significant amount of TPC and TFC depicted in fig. 1. Total phenolic content (TPC) was 1204±23.02 mg GAE/100g and total flavonoid content (TFC) was 471.98±11.74 mg QE/100g. The investigation had shown a significant (p<0.05) reduction in uric levels in response to lemon peel powder in all treatment groups. ANOVA test showed a significant reduction in uric acid levels when lemon peel was given to subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the effects of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) contains lemon peel and walnut shell essential oils as edible coatings on the shelf life and postharvest losses of mushrooms were studied. Mushrooms were stored at 4 °C for 12 days and physicochemical characteristics were analyzed after 0, 4, 8 and 12 days of storage. During cold storage, the uncoated mushrooms showed rapid weight loss and total soluble solid changes while mushrooms treated with CMC coating containing lemon peel and walnut shell essential oils significantly (p<0.05) delayed these phenomena. Although firmness of both coated and control samples decreased throughout storage, the use of CMC -essential oils coating significantly (p<0.05) reduced the loss of firmness in mushroom samples. The L* value changes of the mushrooms coated with CMC -essential oils was lower than that of others. A significant (p<0.05) decrease in L* value and a significant (p<0.05) increase in a and b values occurred in all mushrooms during the maintenance period. The use of edible coating led to significant (p<0.05) decrease in number of microorganisms of the mushrooms during all days of storage. Incorporation of the essential oils into CMC coating solution caused increase in microbial quality of the coated samples. Using the CMC coating containing 3% lemon peel essential oil led to significantly increasing (p<0.05) of sensory parameter scores, so that the treatment containing 3% lemon peel essential oil had the highest acceptability score compared to control and other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the drying performance of lemon peel samples was investigated by drying processes with microwave, hot air and their combinations. Three different temperatures (40, 50 and 60°C) and three different microwave powers (90, 180 and 360 W) were used. Effects of drying conditions on drying rate and drying time were determined. Page and Modified Page models were found to be the best expressing models of the drying kinetics of lemon peels. With the increase in temperature and microwave power, the drying rate increased, while the drying time decreased. It was observed that the drying process performed with the combination of 60°C hot air and 360 W microwave had the highest drying rate with the shortest drying time of 24 minutes. The effect of drying processes on the color of lemon peels was determined by determining the L*, a*, b*, Hue angle, Chroma and AE* values and the color differences between fresh and dry samples. Due to the darkening of the samples under high microwave power, it was concluded that the use of 90 and 180 W is more suitable than 360 W. Total amount of phenolic substances increased in the dried samples compared to the fresh samples, while the antioxidant activity decreased. At 40°C, which has the longest drying time, the decrease in antioxidant activity was the highest with 85.54%. The drying process performed with the combination of 60°C and 360 W was the drying condition in which the total phenolic content increased the most with 186.11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research paper presents a study on the preparation and characterization of nano graphite materials (NGMs) from lemon and orange peel powder using the pyrolysis method. The NGMs were analyzed using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for structural and compositional properties. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the NGMs, while the FTIR analysis provided information about the functional groups present in the materials. Our results suggest that NGMs fabricated from lemon and orange peel powder have potential for applications in various fields, including energy storage and catalysis.

The food wastes have significant amount of functional ingredients that have valorization potential. Citrus limon (lemon), Mangifera Indica (mango) peels are maximally used as waste in food industries in all over the worlds. This work aimed to extract pectin from mango and pectin peels at different conditions, and pectin yield, degree of esterification (DE), intrinsic viscosity (η) and molecular weight (Mw) were determined. The best conditions of extraction were pH 2, temperature 80 °C, time 4 h for lemon and 5 h for mango, where pectin yields were 30.60 ± 0.95 and 31.70 ± 1.04%, respectively. At this condition, DE, η, Mw were 42.02%, 0.177 and 42,316 g/mol for lemon peel while 30.60%, 0.05 and 8364.01 g/mol for mango peel, respectively. The extracted pectin under optimal conditions was used to fabricate pectin-silica based film. All the composition of films showed considerable mechanical properties due to the presence of silica. The highest values of tensile strength and young modulus were found 61.31 MPa and 16.49 MPa, respectively, at the silica percentage of 1.25% (w/v) where toughness and elongation at break were decreased due to the more bonding between pectin and silica. This study demonstrated that incorporating silica at 1.25% (w/v) can improve the physicochemical properties of pectin film.

Inflammation is a characteristic of obesity. The rich compounds in lemon peel have anti‐inflammatory effects. This study examined whether fermented lemon peel can have an anti‐obesity effect on obese mice induced by a high‐fat diet (HFD) by regulating inflammation. The lemon peel fermentation supernatant (LPFS) could inhibit the weight gain of mice and improve the lesions of the liver and epididymal adipose tissue. In addition, LPFS regulates blood lipids, liver function, and inflammation‐related indicators in the serum of obese mice. LPFS plays a positive role in regulating the inflammation and obesity‐related genes in liver tissue and adipose tissue of obese mice. High‐performance liquid chromatography showed an increase in the contents of compounds with antioxidant or/and anti‐inflammatory effects and compounds with anti‐obesity effects. These results suggest that the LPFS could help reduce obesity in obese mice induced by an HFD by adjusting the balance of the inflammatory response. Practical applications: Obesity often increases the risk of chronic diseases, and mild inflammation is a feature of obesity. Therefore, timely suppression of inflammation in the body can help control the occurrence of obesity. This study clarified the anti‐obesity effect of fermented lemon peel on a high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese mice by regulating the body's inflammatory response and confirmed that fermentation improves the anti‐inflammatory activity of lemon peel. This study provides important references for future investigation, prophylaxis, and treatment of inflammation and obesity‐related diseases, as well as the advances in functional foods and fermented foods with anti‐inflammatory and anti‐obesity activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon peel is the major by-product of lemon juice processing and is currently underutilized. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using lemon peel as a raw material for making vinegar. Lemon peel was homogenized, treated with pectinase (30,000 U/g, 0.1%) at 50 °C for 4 h, and then filtered. The obtained lemon peel juice was first subjected to alcoholic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. FX10, and then acetic fermentation by an acid tolerant Acetobacter malorum, OQY-1, which was isolated from the lemon peels. The juice yield of the lemon peel was 62.5%. The alcoholic fermentation yielded a lemon peel wine with an alcoholic content of 5.16%, and the acetic acid fermentation produced a vinegar with a total acid content of 5.04 g/100 mL. A total of 36 volatile compounds were identified from the lemon vinegar, with some compounds such as esters and some alcohols that increased significantly during alcoholic fermentation while alcohols, terpenoids, and some esters decreased significantly during the fermentations. E-nose and E-tongue analyses coupled with principal component and discriminant factor analyses (PCA and DFA) were able to discriminate the samples at different fermentation stages. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential to transform lemon peel into a valuable product, thus reducing the waste of lemon processing and adding value to the industry.

Introduction: Food industry generates large amounts of waste by‐products rich in natural antioxidants. On the other hand, application of advanced processes for the recovery of these fine chemicals is another popular topic of recent years. Objective The purpose of this study is to propose a green extraction method by application of deep eutectic solvent‐based automated solvent extraction (AMSE) from lemon peels. Methods: The primary polyphenols (hesperidin, naringin, and p‐coumaric acid) and the total polyphenols of the lemon peel extract were quantified and used as response for the optimisation of the AMSE conditions. The Box–Behnken design type of the response surface method (RSM) was chosen for optimisation study. Scavenging activity of the lemon peel extract against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical was also measured in vitro. Results: The optimum conditions for the highest total phenolic (7.47 mg‐gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g‐lemon peel [LP]), naringin (5.05 mg/g‐LP), p‐coumaric acid (3.27 mg/g‐LP), and hesperidin (0.07 mg/g‐LP) yields were obtained by 1.5 h of extraction time, 46% water (v/v), and 5 g of peel. The antioxidant activity changed between 37.31% and 94.10% in the peels. Conclusions: Extraction time was the most effective process factor for the total phenolic and p‐coumaric acid yields, while water addition was statistically very important (p < 0.0001) for the naringin and hesperidin yields in the current AMSE system. The second‐order models generated for the selected systems represent the data satisfyingly based on the high coefficients of determination (> 0.99), statistically significant p‐values (<0.0001), coefficient of variation values (< 10%), and non‐significant lack‐of‐fit values (p > 0.05). Automated solvent extraction has been used to recover bioactive substances from lemon peels. The conditions of the process were optimized to maximize the primary polyphenols (hesperidin, naringin, and p‐coumaric acid) and the total polyphenols in the lemon peel extract through the Box‐Behnken design type under the response surface study. Lactic acid‐based deep eutectic solvent was integrated into the extraction system to propose an eco‐friendly procedure, since the extracted fine chemicals are candidates for natural additives in food, drug, and cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jun Wang,1,2 Yulin Zhai,1 Mingguang Ou,3 Yunfeng Bian,4 Chenglong Tang,5 Wanchao Zhang,6– 8 Yujiao Cheng,1,2 Guijie Li1,2 1Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 2National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3Guang’an Nongfeng Agricultural Development Co., Ltd, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 4Guang’an Zheng Wang Agriculture Co., Ltd, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 5Yuanyang Hongtu Grapefruit Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 6Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 7National Patent Navigation Project (Chongqing) Research and Promotion Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 8Bio-Resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wanchao Zhang Tel +86-13072382527Email boystory@163.comGuijie Li 15# Ganjucun, Xiema, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400712, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-17388209637Email liguijie@cric.cnAim: Lemon peel, a traditional Chinese medicine, was tested in this study for its novel application in inhibiting cellular oxidative stress, and the effect of lemon peel extract (LPE) on protecting H9c2 rat heart cells from oxidative stress was investigated.Methods: The scavenging effects of LPE on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals were measured in extracellular experiments. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolinyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-h-tetrazolylammonium bromide (MTT) assay was used to detect the cell survival rate. The cell supernatant and intracellular oxidation-related indicators were detected by a kit, and the mRNA expression in H9c2 cells was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The chemical substances of LPE were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: The results showed that LPE exhibited better DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging abilities than vitamin C. Compared with the cells in the normal state (control group), the cell survival rate in the model group decreased, and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) decreased, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Compared with the control group, the expression of Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the model group was increased, and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was reduced. Compared with the model group, LPE treatment improved the cell survival rate, reduced the levels of LDH and MDA, increased the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH, downregulated the expression of Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2 and HO-1, and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. The composition analysis showed that LPE contained catechin, rutin, naringin, quercetin, and hesperidin.Conclusion: The results indicated that LPE could protect H9c2 cells from oxidative stress through five active components. LPE has the potential to be developed into natural medicine or health food for the inhibition of cell oxidative damage.Keywords: lemon peel, oxidative stress, H9c2 rat heart cell, mRNA expression, HPLC

Synthetic dyes from different sources (wastewater and effluents) can be harmful to the environment even at minor quantity. Low cost natural biosorbent have been proved beneficial for water treatment and have excellent capability for the elimination of certain dyes from aqueous media. The present study purposed to utilize lemon peel as a natural sorbent for eosin dye in an aqueous media. The biosorbent were analyzed utilizing fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and surface area analyzer (BET). The batch adsorption approach was carried out to optimize the basic parameters affecting the sorption phenomena. Anionic dye, eosin, was removed by adsorption utilizing lemon peel, as an biosorbent and such adsorption are affected by different physical factors i.e adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature etc. Freundlich and Langmuir's adsorption isotherm models are used to verify the results. The monolayer adsorption capacity was 8.240 mg/g at 30 °C that is calculated from Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption process is exothermic, shown by calculations thermodynamic parameters. Kinetics studies have represented that the adsorption process could be better explained by pseudo-second-order kinetics. All the parameters of biosorbent were compared with each other and proved that lemon peel, which is readily available, economic biosorbent, for the removal of eosin dye from the aqueous media.

Pectin, a natural polysaccharide, holds versatile applications in food and pharmaceuticals. However, there is a need for further exploration into extracting novel functional fractions and characterizing them thoroughly. In this study, a sequential extraction approach was used to obtain three distinct lemon pectin (LP) fractions from lemon peels (Citrus Eureka): LP extracted with sodium acetate (LP-SA), LP extracted with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (LP-EDTA), and LP extracted with sodium carbonate and sodium borohydride (LP-SS). Comprehensive analysis revealed low methyl-esterification in all fractions. LP-SA and LP-SS displayed characteristics of rhamnogalacturonan-I type pectin, while LP-EDTA mainly consisted of homogalacturonan pectin. Notably, LP-SA formed self-aggregated particles with rough surfaces, LP-EDTA showed interlocking linear structures with smooth planes, and LP-SS exhibited branch chain structures with smooth surfaces. Bioactivity analysis indicated that LP-SA had significant apparent viscosity and ABTS radical scavenging activity, while both LP-EDTA and LP-SS showed excellent thermal stability according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, LP-SS exhibited remarkable gel-forming ability and significant hydroxyl free radicals scavenging activity. In conclusion, this study presents a novel method for extracting various lemon pectin fractions with unique structural and bioactive properties, contributing insights for advanced applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. • Sequential extraction from lemon (Citrus Eureka) peels yields three unique pectin fractions in distinct solvents: LP-SA, LP-EDTA, and LP-SS, each with distinct physicochemical properties. • LP-SS demonstrates superior gel-forming ability and notable antioxidant bioactivity. • LP-SA is ideal for food thickening, whereas LP-EDTA's homogalacturonan richness indicates potential for drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food & Dairy Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental is the property of Revista Eletronica em Gestao, Educacao e Tecnologia Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we developed a facile and eco-friendly fabrication of hydrogels based on lemon peel (LP) and its isolated microcrystalline cellulose (LPMCC) by direct co-dissolving in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl), followed by direct regeneration in distilled water to form hydrogels. The influence of LP addition on the structure and methylene blue (MB) adsorption of the hydrogels was systematically investigated. The hydrogels displayed a physically cross-linked network through hydrogen bonding interactions. Compared with pure LPMCC hydrogel, the introduction of LP increased the porosity and improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels. The adsorption process of MB on the hydrogels conformed better to the pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 > 0.993) and Langmuir isotherm models (R2 > 0.996). The MB adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in nature, and was influenced by initial MB concentration, pH, temperature, ionic type and strength. Notably, the introduction of LP improved MB adsorption capacity of the hydrogels. This work develops a facile approach of agricultural by-products based hydrogels using pure cellulose as the structural skeleton and untreated lignocellulose components as the structure modifier. [Display omitted] • Hydrogels from lemon peel (LP) and its MCC were directly and facilely obtained. • Various LP addition can adjust the structure and performance of hydrogels. • LP promoted the porous structure and improved thermal stability of hydrogels. • LP increased the methylene blue adsorption of hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals in complex multi metal system is insufficiently explored. This research gives results of key process parameters optimization for simultaneous removal of Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution (batch system). New lemon peel-based biomaterial was prepared and characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), while the quantification of metals was made by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Simultaneous removal of seven metals ions was favorable at pH 5 with 300 mg/50 mL solid-liquid phase ratio, within 60 min at room temperature with total obtained adsorption capacity of 46.77 mg g−1. Kinetic modeling showed that pseudo-second order kinetic and Weber-Morris diffusion models best describe the adsorption mechanism of all seven heavy metals onto lemon peel.

The one-third of all food produced for human use is wasted each year which has made food waste a serious problem all around the world. Citrus juice manufacturing factories generate peel leftovers that can account for 50-60% of the weight of the fruit, contributing significantly to food waste. This study investigates the extraction of orange and lemon peel oils using the Soxhlet process and their analysis via gas chromatography. The aim is to identify and quantify key volatile compounds present in these oils, thereby putting the leftover peels to use. Fresh orange and lemon peels were transformed into zest and extracted using Hexane and Ethanol as solvent in a Soxhlet apparatus. Gas chromatography with a specialized column and detector unveiled major volatile compounds, including limonene, linalool, citral. These compounds contribute to the characteristic aroma and potential bioactivity of the oils. Orange peels displayed notably higher limonene content compared to lemon peels. This approach illuminated the chemical composition of the oils, offering opportunities in food, cosmetics, and fragrance industries. Orange peels contained 70-90% limonene, significantly more than lemon peels. The study concluded that peels harbor 28 volatile substances, with limonene responsible for their distinctive citrus scent. In sum, this research underscores the effectiveness of Soxhlet extraction, providing insights into orange and lemon peel oils’ composition using Gas chromatography and applications.

The main purpose of the agriculture circular economy is waste recycling with the intended goal of economic efficiency and environmental protection. In this study, the potential use of lemon peel, an agricultural waste, as a functional feed additive in aquafeed was evaluated by estimating the effects of fermented lemon peel (FLP) supplementation in diet on the growth, immune responses, and intestinal morphology of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Lemon peel was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum. Basal diet was supplemented with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% FLP. Four experimental diets were each fed in triplicate to juvenile Asian sea bass (initial weight: 11.42 ± 0.39 g) in a recirculation rearing system for 8 weeks. Final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and survival were similar (p > 0.05) among all dietary treatments. Plasma lysozyme activity was higher in fish fed the diet with 3% FLP than that in fish fed the diet with 5% FLP. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values were lower in fish fed diets with ≤3% FLP than that in fish fed the diet with 5% FLP. Fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP showed a tight lamina propria (LP) in microvilli compared with fish fed diets with 0% and 5% FLP. The microvilli area/height ratio was higher in fish fed diets with 0% and 5% FLP than that in fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP. The minimum level obtained from the second-order polynomial regression model were 0.26 % for microvilli area and area/height ratio. Results indicate that diets supplemented with 1 %–3 % fermented lemon peel can improve intestinal health for Asian sea bass. However, 5% FLP supplementation may lead to low immune response and high oxidative stress.

The waste recycling of lemon peel, as a functional feed additive in aquafeed was evaluated by estimating the effects of fermented lemon peel (FLP) supplementation in diet on growth performance, innate immune responses, and susceptibility to Photobacterium damselae of grouper, Epinephelus coioides. A basal diet was added FLP at 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%. Four tested diets were each fed to juvenile grouper (initial weight: 15.89 ± 0.10 g, triplicate groups) in a recirculation rearing system for eight weeks. Fish fed diets with 0%–3% FLP exhibited higher (p < 0.05) final weight, weight gain, and feed efficiency than fish fed the 5% FLP-diet. After challenge test, fish fed the 3% FLP-diet appeared the lowest mortality, followed by fish fed the 1% FLP-diet, and lowest in fish fed 0% and 5% FLP-diets. Plasma lysozyme activities were higher in fish fed diets with FLP than in fish fed the FLP-free control diet before challenge test. After challenge, fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP showed highest lysozyme activities, followed by fish fed the diet with 5% FLP, and lowest in fish fed the control diet. Hepatic malondialdehyde content was higher in fish fed the control diet than in fish fed diets with 1%–3% FLP. Results found that diets supplemented with 1%–3% fermented lemon peel can enhance lysozyme activity and resistance to pathogen P. damselae of grouper. • Lemon peel fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum supplemented in diet at 1–3% didn't negatively affect growth of grouper. • Diets with 1–3% fermented lemon peel reduced oxidative status and enhanced lysozyme activity for the fish. • Diets with 1%–3% fermented lemon peel enhanced resistance to Photobacterium damselae for the species. • The fermented lemon peel can be potentially used as a functional feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for gluten-free foods has increased due to health-based issues and lifestyle choices. This study aimed to develop a gluten-free cookie with enhanced nutritional value. For this reason, the composite flour from corn flour (CF) and lentil flour (LF) was prepared for cookie formulation. To eliminate the possible negative impact of LF on the sensorial properties of the cookie, lemon peel powder (LPP) was incorporated into the cookie formulation. The effects of the LF level of composite flour and the incorporation level of LPP on the physical, textural, and sensorial properties of the cookie were investigated via response methodology. The optimal levels were found as 16 g LF and 1 g LPP for 100 g composite flour. The physical, textural, and sensorial properties, proximate composition, vitamin C and total phenolic contents, and antioxidant capacity of the developed cookie and control cookies were determined. The developed cookie had a higher nutritional value than the control cookie made from CF in terms of protein, dietary fibre, ash, and vitamin C. Moreover, it presented higher total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity. According to these results, the developed cookie can be proposed for a gluten-free diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonation of agro-waste into high-value-added products is becoming a promising strategy for producing functional active materials and for reducing landfills. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are of great attention due to their non-toxic, antibacterial, antioxidant, fluorescent, and other functional properties. The current study demonstrated the hydrothermal synthesis of dried lemon peel-based carbon quantum dots (LCQDs) and their incorporation in polyvinyl alcohol for developing active films. The developed LCQDs exhibit excellent fluorescence, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities against S. aureus, B. cereus, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli. Interestingly, as confirmed by FE-SEM and FTIR, LCQDs showed excellent compatibility with PVA-based films. The mechanical and water vapor barrier properties were improved by adding 3% LCQDs to the PVA film, which also resulted in improved UVC (99.9%), UVB (99.9%) and UVA (99.1%) blocking effects. Additionally, PVA film containing 3% LCQDs showed 98.9% radical scavenging activity by ABTS method and was 100% effective against S. aureus and S. enterica. Therefore, 3% LCQDs-incorporated PVA films could have excellent potential as active food packaging materials. [Display omitted] • Dried lemon peel-derived carbon quantum dots were hydrothermally synthesized. • LCQDs improved the mechanical and UV-blocking properties of PVA films. • PVA/3% LCQD-based films showed excellent antioxidant and antibacterial properties. • LCQDs incorporated PVA can be used for active packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the environmental and energy concerns, the need for finding an alternative fuel is increasing greatly. But also, the toil associated with finding the suitable fuel for the engine under study is very high. As a measure to reduce this work, theoretical analysis can be used in the search of suitable fuel blends. The present study deals with the creation of an Artificial Neural network (ANN), training, testing the network and finally comparing the predicted values with the experimental values. The test engine was operated with lemon peel oil, with different ratios of Di tertiary butyl peroxide (DTBP), rice husk nanoparticles and water injection. Six engine output parameters (BTE, BSFC, HC, NOx, CO & Smoke) were predicted for different input values of engine load, DTBP proportions, RH nanoparticle concentration and water injection percentage. A single cylinder constant speed direct injection diesel engine is used for obtaining all the experimental values. From the obtained results a data set of 70 experimental values were used to train and test the neural network formed. The predicted values were correlated with the experimental values and the R2 was found for each correlation. The R2 values, thus obtained is in the range of 0.98209 to 0.99744 (which is very close to unity) thus proving that the network created were able to predict the performance and emissions of engine accurately. This work shows the prediction of multi component fuel mixture using ANN, which is new and also helps to reduce the experimental works needed to find the engine output parameters.

Objective: The importance of oral care has recently been suggested based on the role of periodontal disease bacteria in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerotic disease and diabetes, the relationship between chewing power and brain function, and the relationship between saliva and healthy life expectancy. In the present study, the effects of domestic lemon peel on saliva secretion and oral bacterial counts were measured to investigate its potential use in oral care. Materials and Methods: The subjects enrolled in the present study were 36 community-dwelling healthy elderly individuals aged 60 years or older (age: 70.0 ± 5.9 years old). The duration of the intervention period was set at 2 weeks and a survey with a single ingestion was conducted before and after the intervention. Subjects were divided into water (11 subjects (control)), lemon juice (11), and lemon peel (12) groups. Measurement items are saliva secretion and measurement of viable bacterial counts in saliva. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze differences among the intervention beverages (inter-individual levels among the water, lemon juice, and lemon peel groups) as a factor and saliva secretion and bacterial counts in saliva as response variables. The Bonferroni test was used for multiple comparisons. Results: Changes in saliva secretion and viable bacterial counts in saliva after sample ingestion were investigated. An immediate increase in saliva secretion was observed after the ingestion of samples containing lemon peel, but not after the ingestion of water. Furthermore, slight decreases were noted in oral bacterial counts. Conclusion: An increase in saliva secretion may be useful in oral care not only for the maintenance and protection of the intraoral environment, but also physical function and QOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of dietary lemon peel (LM) and/or Bacillus licheniformis (BL) on the growth, immunity, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp, Cyprinus carpio was investigated in this study. LM and BL were included in diets at 0% (T0), 108 CFU/g BL (T1), 1.5% LM and 108 CFU/g BL (T2), and 3% LM and 108 CFU/g BL (T3). Fish fed with T1, T2, or T3 had higher weight gain, specific growth rate, white blood cells count, and blood total protein with lower feed conversion ratio than T0 group (p <.05). The albumin increased significantly (p <.05) in fish fed both BL and LM (T3). The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lysozyme, and bactericidal activities were significantly increased in fish fed both BL and LM (T2 and T3), while serum glutathione peroxidase increased in fish fed BL (T2) (p <.05). Fish fed T1, T2, and T3 diets displayed higher SOD and lower malondialdehyde than fish fed T0 (p <.05). After the A. hydrophila challenge, the mortality rate was significantly lower in T1, T2, and T3 groups than the T0 group (p <.05). The obtained results revealed that LM and BL could be used to increase resistance against A. hydrophila infection in carp. However, further field studies should be performed to confirm the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citrus juice industry produces a significant amount of peel residues; it can represent between 18 and 30% of the total weight of the fruit. In recent years, there has been an increase in its use as a source of fiber. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Tahiti lemon peel flour (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) as a fat mimetic (10, 20 and 30%) in a cake. The chemical and nutritional characterization of the lemon peel, the determination of the drying conditions to obtain the flour of the lemon peel, and the physical, chemical, and nutritional characterization of the lemon peel flour and cake was evaluated. A high content of dietary fiber for Tahiti lemon peel (89.15 ± 0.00 g/100 g) and flour (85.30 ± 0.06 g/100 g) was obtained. For the drying conditions to obtain the lemon peel flour, a temperature of 60 °C during 16 h was selected. The cake with greater acceptability had a 10% fat replacement with lemon peel flour, which presented a reduction of 19.16% in the fat content and an approximately double increase in the dietary fiber content. This study suggests that the flour obtained from Tahiti lemon flavedo can be used as a mimetic of fat in cakes, contributing to the nutritional characteristics of the food in which it is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon peel can be used as traditional Chinese medicine. Flavonoids are the most important components in lemon peel, which can be developed as natural medicine without side effects. This study investigated the protective effect of lemon peel polyphenols (LPP) on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells under oxidative stress. The active components of LPP were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The abilities of LPP to scavenge DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals were studied for detection of antioxidation in vitro. Cell survival rates were determined by MTT assay. The antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant index of cells were determined using kit. The mRNA and protein expression of cells were determined by qPCR and western blot. The ability of LPP to scavenge DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals were stronger than those of vitamin C (Vc) at the same concentration. As expected, compared with the normal group of cells, the model group had decreased cell survival, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. qPCR and western blot results indicated that the expression of Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax), caspases-3, erythroid-derived nuclear factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were decreased and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was increased in the model group, compared with the normal group. LPP treatment improved cell survival rate, reduced intracellular LDH and MDA levels, increased intracellular SOD, CAT, GSH levels, down-regulated Bax, caspases-3, Nrf2, HO-1 expression, and up-regulated Bcl-2 expression. Component analyses found that LPP contains gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, caffeic acid, (−)-Catechin gallate, isochlorogenic acid A, rosmarinic acid, and protocatechuic acid. LPP was found to regulate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway through 8 active substances to protect HaCaT cells against oxidative stress in vitro.

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)