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Land access and land tenure security are essential aspects of sustainable development. Land rights are increasingly becoming inaccessible, especially for women, translating into higher poverty, hunger, and exclusion levels. This paper presents a literature review of different aspects of gender inequality related to land access and land tenure security in Sub-Saharan Africa. It focuses on the factors contributing to those aspects, the impact of those factors on sustainable development, and how these factors prevent or support the full participation of women in the decision-making processes and determine different access to opportunities. A qualitative systematic literature review approach was adopted to understand the state-of-the-art on gender inequalities in land access and land tenure. Peer-reviewed scientific papers have been retrieved through several online databases using different combinations of search terms and standardized techniques. The search has been enlarged to contemplate published literature from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and inter-governmental organizations (IGOs). The main findings point to, amongst others, discrimination within the legal framework, weak enforcement of the law and institutions, and customary and social norms that culminate in deeprooted acceptance of discriminatory practices against women. These lead to profound gender inequalities in land access and land tenure security, compromising the eradication of poverty and hunger and increasing social imbalances. Further research is recommended to evaluate the impact of these constraints on sustainable development and the possible mitigation measures or solutions.

At Faculty ITC, we have noticed that it can be challenging for students to fully understand the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). Given the complexity of the subject, this can be expected. Good teaching aids that materialise the concepts and diagrams prescribed in the standard are needed. Part of the problem is that the modelling language, that is, the Unified Modelling Language, UML, is not so easy to understand. Whoever wants to understand LADM must also understand UML. We developed a new approach. Offered datasets modelled according to the LADM standard open up the possibility of teaching from the concrete level (end product) and not from the abstraction level in UML. This means starting from a cadastral map with visually linked rights and entitled parties. Then the translation of this data into database tables is the next level of understanding. What do these tables look like for the data shown on the map? Finally, the link between database tables and UML diagrams is presented to the students. A virtually accessible LADM implementation that starts with the concrete and ends with the abstract is better understood by students than the UML model of the LADM. This is a good support in the learning process. Different scenarios can be derived from a single dataset, demonstrating multiple levels of complexity and model variations that accommodate different local land tenure arrangements. The presentation in this session will consist of an introduction showing the different steps (i.e. maps, tables, UML models). Afterwards, a live demonstration will show the didactic possibilities that such a dataset, and the associated tools, can offer. All introduced tools will be published under an open, permissible license to invite all actors in the community to use them

The report “Land Information and Transaction Systems – State of Practise and Decision Tools for Future Investments” (prepared by Land Equity International for the Millennium Challenge Corporation, MCC/LEI) gives a very clear overview of the ongoing debate in developing Land Information Systems in developing countries with the financing and maintenance aspects. The present paper shares experiences in the fields of ICT and land administration by Kadaster International - as a case to draw attention to and learn from for future applications, specifically the need for recognize and bridge the gap between the domains of land administration (including surveying, mapping, and land law) and ICT, in terms capacity and system continuity. This paper serves to initiate a discussion to contribute to solutions from within the profession. The MCC/LEI report was the trigger and strong inspiration for this. We are trying to start a discussion. In many countries, ICT and land administration have a continuity problem. When the donor leaves, in many cases the development of ICT stagnates. With the commitment of all those involved, the question is if this can be done differently? This question is central to this paper. And: how can we secure long-term investments in ICT in land administration in environments where there is strong political will and political support to modernise the land administration?

The Netherlands’ Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency – in short Kadaster – provides legal certainty about every piece of land (and water) in the Netherlands. Newly surveyed cadastral boundary geometry is documented in land surveying field sketches and processed in the nationwide cadastral map. Because of the different working methods since the start of cadastral surveying in 1811 (a nationwide cadastral map was available in 1832 when Kadaster was established) the map has a so-called graphical quality. The standard deviation of boundary points is 20 cm for urban areas and 40 cm for rural areas (in the national reference system), this implies that the geometric quality of the current map is insufficient for determining the exact parcel location in the field. With an increasing digitization and open data policy, multiple sources of information (including the cadastral map) are demanded to be accessible and usable by a wide range of users. This so-called geographical quality and its limitations leads to bottlenecks and incomprehension. This is the reason why Kadaster has started a program, the Cadastral Map Next program, aiming at the development of a methodology for the development of a new version of the cadastral map. The aim of this new version is that the location of boundaries is so accurate, that the boundary coordinates from the map are usable for a better approximation of the boundary location in the field and can accommodate future demands and developments. This development process is based on the use of the original field observations. For this purpose, almost all observations on all (historical) field sketches must be processed. There are about 5 million digitally archived field sketches. This is an enormous challenge that requires far reaching automation. The program has investigated whether it is possible to automatically extract the original (mostly handwritten) measurements from the field sketches and to combine this information and re-determine the location of the boundaries with a very high accuracy of boundary points. With the support of several companies, it has been possible to build a cadastral map with a known geometrical quality and verified accuracy. This accurate cadastral map is called ‘Reconstruction Map’, a working title for the cadastral map with known geometrical quality and higher accuracy. Once this map is ready and the involved parties agree, it will be introduced and presented as the ‘Cadastral Map Next’ and replace the current cadastral map. An important step in this process is to redesign the current data model from parcel level to the more specific boundary level to achieve an unambiguous connection between cadastral objects and its related survey data. A challenge in this process is that the current survey documents only describe changes in a parcel, thus different boundaries of a parcel are related to different survey documents. This challenge should be addressed in the new model. The new data model applies the sub-package ‘Survey and Representation’ of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), an ISO standard, for solid solutions in their design process. The basic structure of spatial sources, points, boundaries and parcels, all with their own identification, enables to store relevant data, like coordinates, quality descriptions and metadata, as attributes to these objects. Further new relations can be established while previous ones are maintained. The concept of the ‘Reconstruction Map’ and the ‘information layer’ (metadata) will bring new insights to establish new relations and so relate the different cadastral objects in a more dedicated way.

The interest in using 3D data in property valuation has been increasing during the last decade. The usage of 3D data models in valuation can be basically grouped in two main categories: (a) supporting mathematical models with variables produced through 3D analyses (e.g. view) in order to better estimate the values of properties and (b) consuming 3D data models to visualise valuation units in 3D and disseminate values of properties associated with the visualised units (legal or physical space). The current paper focuses on the latter category in particular.The main purpose of this paper is to develop a prototype system utilising the proposed Valuation Information Model extension of ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM_VM) compliant dataset in order to create web-based, thematic valuation maps for 3D valuation units (e.g. condominium) and groups (e.g. multi-occupied building). In the first part of the paper, it is attempted to justify why an extension to the core LADM is required to represent valuation information. It is noted that LADM_VM enables to record 3D spaces of valuation units, and input and output data of 3D analyses. Therefore, LADM_VM can be used as basis for developing 3D visualisation and dissemination prototype. In the second part of the paper, special attention will be given to the 3D visualisation and dissemination of spatial, thematic and temporal characteristics of valuation information and a prototype is developed using the open datasets of the Netherlands. It is expected that the outputs of this paper will contribute to the development of local or national prototype systems for sharing valuation information effectively and efficiently. Therefore, it may be considered that the outputs of the paper not supports in increasing the communication level with public, but also supports politicians and planners in decision-making processes and helping them to understand the property market better. With the proposed system (prototype) the trust in the valuation is expected to further increase due to the high level of transparency.

The Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration approach, which was first formally conceptualized around five years ago, is now gaining momentum and growing in acceptance across the land sector. This is documented in a new special issue of the Land journal highlighting the latest FFPLA innovations and implementations from approximately 20 countries around the world.

The timely and effective dissemination of property values is an essential part of a transparent and efficient property valuation system as property values are required in several land administration processes, such as land acquisition, taxation, transaction, consolidation, readjustment and transformation. In the last decade, a web-based data-sharing system has been increasingly used for dissemination of property values. The 3D visualization of valuation units may be required in order to better communicate with users and provide more effective and efficient dissemination, however, none of those systems share valuation information associated with 3D representation (legal or physical) of property (valuation) units. The objective of this paper is to reveal the requirements, opportunities and challenges for web-based 3D visualization and dissemination of property valuation information. To deliver this objective, the requirements for U(ser), D(ata), and V(isualization) are investigated. The general public/property owners and professionals are determined as main user groups in this research. For each of the groups specific data and 3D visualization requirements are discussed and a number of suggestions are provided for developing an effective dissemination of property valuation information. These requirements includes the visualization of multi-part properties (e.g. condominium unit, storage unit, car parking), thematic mapping of valuation information, and aggregation of valuation units into valuation units groups. Furthermore, the capabilities of the LADM Valuation Information Model as a schema for storage, and the features and functionalities of 3D visualization platforms (geoweb viewers) in terms of better value dissemination (e.g. altering visual variables, solution for occlusion, visualizing below surface properties) are briefly investigated. Lastly, an initial prototype is developed and presented.

Land administration systems provide a country with an infrastructure for the implementation of land policies and land management strategies in support of sustainable development. In many developed countries, these systems are well developed and they provide a kind of backbone in society in support of efficient land markets and effective land-use management. However, in most developing countries, up to 90 per cent of the land and people are outside the formal systems that serve mainly the elite. The majority of these people outside the system are the poor and the most vulnerable. This lack of secure tenure creates significant instabilities and inequalities in society and severely limits citizens’ ability to participate in social and economic development. It also undermines better land use and environmental stewardship and deters responsible private investment due to the associated land risk. Attempts to introduce conventional (western style) land administration solutions to close the security of tenure gap have lacked success. New innovative solutions are required to build affordable, pro-poor, scalable and sustainable systems to identify the way all land is occupied and used. The Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) approach to land administration has emerged as an opportunity for developing countries in this regard. It offers a viable, practical solution to quickly and affordably provide security of tenure for all and to enable control of the use of all land. This paper provides an insight collated from around 30 articles provided for a Special issue of the Land Journal focused on FFP Land Administration. One group of the papers discuss conceptual, legal and institutional issues for building FFP Land Administration Systems that provide secure tenure for all using an attainable, affordable, participatory and flexible approach. The other group of the papers focus on case studies from various countries throughout the world, providing evidence and lessons learned from the FFP implementation process. The paper ends up by presenting some key trends and recommendations for designing, implementing and maintaining FFP solutions at scale.

Access to land sits at the crust of all contemporary political goals like climate action, disaster management, spatial planning, gender equity and poverty eradication. Land administration when well organized ensures the security of people’s rights to access land. Since it can ensure security of tenure, land rights for all and regarding all kinds of people to land relationships is important. This paper looks at the land administration system of Ghana which is not completed yet, due to data redundancies and discrepancies as well as the analogue nature of the system. The new land law that supports eConveyancing together with recent projects to digitized land administration in Ghana has urged the need for a well-designed nationwide land administration infrastructure that can be implemented step by step. The basic form of a digital (distributed) database is a conceptual data model. The land administration domain model (LADM) is a conceptual data model certified by the international organization for standardization (ISO). The land administration system in Ghana requires a conceptual data model that can integrate, standardize, and interoperate land tenure data from the title, deeds, customary and informal land registration systems while ensuring high data quality. The LADM provides the functionality to support the design of such a conceptual model. This paper provides a requirements analysis needed to adapt the LADM to Ghana’s context. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews and document analysis to draw data requirements from nine areas in Ghana with diverse customary land tenure reflected in their respective customary land registration systems. The results were data requirements from Ghana on parties, documents, registers, rights, restrictions, responsibilities, spatial unit, surveying, and representation (core LADM packages) elicited, analysed, and presented. The ongoing deeds to title conversion process in Ghana is included in the analyses. Solutions to expedite based on lessons from a similar process in Ontario, Canada were analysed, and data requirements were elicited. The paper concludes that these requirements can be used for development of an LADM country profile for Ghana.

Land is an important resource globally and its administration and management are crucial in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for example goal 15 and targets 1.4, 2.3, and 5.a. Most land information, more so in the developing countries, are paper based and manually managed. Several countries are working on digital migration for land processes and administration. This is done by first developing a data model for both land parcel and attribute information. International Standards Organization (ISO) Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) was developed in 2012 as a universally accepted model for managing land information. Since then, several countries have developed their country profiles, while others are in the process of developing their regional or country profiles based on their unique requirements. In Kenya, work on a country profile is underway. Several factors need to be considered while developing or extending a LADM country profile. These include a defined scope and stakeholder involvement. Sound methodology is required to deliver a country model. Reviewing the existing legal framework and processes is key. Consequently, the needs of the users and reviewing the earlier proposed models is important. This research, has in addition, interviewed stakeholders and experts on land administration in Kenya and validated these through Focus Group Discussions. To meet requirements related to gender rights and recordation, community land rights, pastoralists seasonal occupation of land and informal occupation required special attention in the process of developing the model for Kenya. The required attributes, Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR) and relationship between the classes were also identified. This paper provides a comprehensive set of requirements for developing an extended country profile for Kenya based on the ISO LADM.

he Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is a conceptual standard developed by ISO. LandInfra is a conceptional standard with an encoding in GML (InfraGML) developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). The two standards have partly complementary but also partly overlapping functionalities. Apart from InfraGML, there are several other implementation standards. This article is an attempt to re-open the debate on the development of standardization with future-proof choices in the domains of land surveying, land administration and infrastructure.

Het zal slechts weinigen in de geosector zijn ontgaan: de Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s), in 2015 overeengekomen door de 193 lidstaten van de Verenigde Naties (VN), worden steeds vaker omarmd door bedrijven, organisaties en gemeenschappen. De kern van de SDG’s is een einde maken aan extreme armoede, ongelijkheid, onrecht en klimaatverandering in 2030. Geodata speelt de rol van marker én maker bij het behalen van de SDG’s.

Land Administration is a quite inter-disciplinary field involving experts and knowledge regarding legal aspects, institutional support to establish relationships between involved parties and technical support to realize it. Today, land administrators and development organizations are challenged by an unprecedented demand to utilise space above and below earth’s surface, which mandates the use of 3D information. At the same time, the current societal demand for sustainability, is driving the need to integrate independent systems with standalone databases with different aspects of buildings in their lifecycle phases.In parallel, the evolution and applications of Building Information Modelling (BIM) towards integrated sustainable design and dissemination of information is gaining ground at international level. The requirements for more circular design thinking and digitalisation through technologies such as BIM can pave the ways for incremental step changes to achieve collaboration within building’s lifecycle and strategic design for decision-making. The impact of BIM on land administration domain is recognized, and it is being seen from governmental perspective as a digital reform and transition that will bring together technology, process improvements and digital information, to radically improve project outcomes and asset operations. One of the strong characteristics of BIM is that it is considered as a strategic enabler for improving decision-making and delivery for both buildings and public infrastructure assets across their whole lifecycle. In this scene, taking into consideration the continuing increase of BIM/ IFC files, recent research focuses on the potential role of BIM in the context of circular economy and circular design, and the reuse of BIM/ IFC files in buildings’ lifecycle. This paper presents an initial analysis on a BIM-based approach to support the registration of 3D property information. The research introduces the concepts and significance of circularity thinking and lifecycle approach at an era where there is mass amount of information, that needs to be handled efficiently. To this end, an extensive literature review on standardization approaches regarding BIM at international and national level is presented, followed by a state-of-art in the field of BIM exploitation as input for land administration purposes.

Eight years after its launch, many countries are using the Land Administration Domain Model to develop land administration systems. Christiaan Lemmen, Peter van Oosterom and Eftychia Kalogianni report on the implementations so far – as well as what to expect from the next version.

The Eastern Africa Land Administration Network (EALAN) has since 2006 been collaborating with the view to support the development of education, short courses for land professionals and research. The network, currently constitutes 13 member institutions in the eastern Africa region. The purpose of this study is to present the establishment, activities and the results of the Consortium on Strengthening the Eastern Africa Land Administration Network (SEALAN), a project funded by the Netherlands Initiative for Capacity development in Higher Education. The four year project concluded in January 2020. This study draws on the results from the projects’ four work packages (WP) i.e. i) the Network and Secretariat WP ii) Short courses WP; iii) Education WP and iv) Research WP. The study reports on processes, achievements, innovations, challenges/limitations and opportunities or spin offs along each work package. This study suggests that such inter-university networks could play a major role in collaboratively developing, revising and updating curricula in Land Administration whilst promoting innovations in education, collaborative teaching and learning through staff and student exchange, and collaborative research writing and community outreach. The SEALAN project and Consortium is the first strategic network of its kind established by the EALAN network. The findings of this study are useful to the administrators of educational institutions and partners as they improve inter-university collaboration and scaling up of content in curricula and research. For example, EALAN Network’s success has caught the attention of international partners interested in mutual learning through collaboration in knowledge sharing, conducting research as well as in replicating similar networks across the African continent.

The MENA region is crucial for furthering global peace stability. Land issues are central to conflicts in the region – both locally and at cross-border levels. Consequently, land administration systems in MENA countries demand attention. A proven strategy for enabling system renewal is via regional collaborative networks of land sector actors. The work underpinning this paper - undertaken in Egypt, Lebanon, and the Palestine Territories - shows that despite ongoing instability and post-conflict contexts, and clear differences between national land administration systems, there are many common land administration problems and opportunities. Moreover, there is observable good will from land sector managers and land administrators; good will that can be built upon and supported by the global land community – to support the delivery of more effective land administration systems, and land tenure security in the region.

Over the previous decade, the necessity of integrating policies, practices and people associated with land administration (LA) and disaster risk management (DRM) has been strongly advocated for, particularly with the escalation and increase in large-scale natural disasters. This necessity has resulted in concepts, tools, and standards for better integrating the domains. In response, recent work already conceptually links responsible LA and DRM, and further examines the call for innovative recording and enumeration approaches, through the development of an integrated LADRM model. The model can support the resilience against natural disasters and provides an approach for ‘collecting data once and using it multiple times’. Building on this, this paper identifies key blockers, opportunities, and implementation pathways. Specifically, the UNGGIM driven SFGISD and FELA frameworks are used to guide the paper, as is the LA-DRM data model itself.

This paper uses developments across a global range of case countries to justify the updates and explain likely implementations. The aim is to provide readers a state-of-play LADM snapshot, and also provide information on likely future additions, modifications, and functionalities.

The article main article’s aim is to show that Fit for Purpose (FFP), with low costs and simple methods, that diminishes time spend to one of the most difficult aspects of Land Administration, mostly in developing countries: the titling of the informal landholders. The article will start showing why land titling is one of the main problems for land administration. The next item will show, based on literature some existing estimations of the costs of titling informal landholders. The fourth item will show that it is possible to diminish the costs and its possible to reduce the time for titling, based on some cases that used the Fit for Purpose methodology to give out titles to small landowners in several places of the world. The conclusions will wrap up showing the main steps to reduce the costs and the time in titling landholders.

Five years ago, GIM International published an article titled ‘A New Era in Land Administration Emerges’. It outlined how innovative thinking coupled with quickly maturing, scalable technical approaches could transform land administration globally. To reach fruition, support from policymakers, world-leading private companies, modern geospatial technologies and a new professional mindset would be crucial. So what has happened since? Here, in close cooperation with the geospatial industry, GIM International provides a major update, paying special attention to standardization, technical approaches and land data acquisition in the context of global policies.

The Eastern Africa Land Administration Network (EALAN) has since 2006 been collaborating with the viewto support the development of education, short courses for land professionals and research. The network,currently constitutes 13 member institutions in the eastern Africa region. The purpose of this study is topresent the establishment, activities and the results of the Consortium on Strengthening the Eastern AfricaLand Administration Network (SEALAN), a project funded by the Netherlands Initiative for Capacitydevelopment in Higher Education. The four year project concluded in January 2020. This study draws on theresults from the projects’ four work packages (WP) i.e. i) the Network and Secretariat WP ii) Short coursesWP; iii) Education WP and iv) Research WP. The study reports on processes, achievements, innovations,challenges/limitations and opportunities or spin offs along each work package. This study suggests that suchinter-university networks could play a major role in collaboratively developing, revising and updatingcurricula whilst promoting innovations in education, collaborative teaching and learning through staff andstudent exchange, and collaborative research writing and community outreach. The SEALAN project andConsortium is the first strategic network of its kind established by the EALAN network. The findings of thisstudy are useful to the administrators of educational institutions and partners as they improve inter-universitycollaboration and scaling up of content in curricula and research. For example, EALAN Network’s successhas caught the attention of international partners who are replicating similar networks across the Africancontinent.

First Edition of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has three packages related to: Parties (people and organisations); Basic Administrative Units, Rights, Responsibilities, and Restrictions (of ownership rights); spatial units (parcels, and the legal space of buildings and utility networks) with a sub package for Surveying and Representation (geometry and topology). The latter sub-package provides the functionality to manage observations and cadastral surveys measurements. Contents of LADM implementations are based on authentic source documents, including the names of the persons having a role (responsibility) in the process of the initial data acquisition and/or in the maintenance process. This concerns legal/administrative data and spatial data based on field surveys and observations – where responsible professionals can be conveyors, registrars, surveyors, grassroot surveyors, citizens themselves (participatory surveying) and paralegals. Some of the existing parts of Edition I of the LADM are proposed to be refined in the context of development of Edition II of the standard. This will allow for the inclusion of better structured meta data – also in support of participatory approaches in cadastral surveying. Richer semantics may require more rigid representations of the various Code Lists and the values they contain (adding more structure and using sematic technologies to define meaning of values). An extended survey and legal models are proposed and presented in this paper. This implies adjustments from field observations to the spatial database and the generation of quality labels.

International laws and frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its defined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with the Voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security (VGGTs) are key global cornerstones in the protection of women’s land rights and enabler for women to get land rights. Land rights for women is an issue that is linked to broader issues across geographical regions and cultural and religious differences. The SDGs specifically target women’s land and property rights in ending poverty (target 1.4), achieving food security (target 2.3) and ensuring gender equality (target 5a). To achieve these goals and to act according to these global policies, namely, to have equal land rights for women and men, land ownership and land use records need to include both genders. Though, in many countries, such records are non-existent or not up to date or do not show the reality on the ground. As a result, women are often passed over by the government during tenure recordation processes. Further overlapping or secondary land rights have been lost through formal land registration systems (women are often these ‘secondary land right holders’, where men are mostly the primary right holder). Consequently, the livelihoods of those relying on the secondary land rights, which are often overlapping use rights to property rights, have been negatively affected. Issues such as: polygamy, monogamy, divorce, inheritance, primary and secondary rights, shares in property and use rights, legal systems (statutory, customary) are directly related to women’s land rights. More specifically, the required supportive data models, forms and databases that could support women’s land rights are either not designed or used in a way that is gender equitable. Aimed at overcoming these issues, supporting and enhancing the protection of the land rights of women and underrepresented, fit-for-purpose land administration promotes alternative approaches to improve land tenure security. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and the related Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) functionalities can be used for documenting primary and secondary land rights of women. The STDM concept promotes the recordation of a range of land rights including de-facto tenure rights, as well as capturing a variety or multiplicity of tenures that often overlap. In this paper, the contemporary and available options for modelling women’s land rights and use rights in land recording systems will be unpacked, opportunities identified, along with limitations, and work to overcome these suggested. Concepts of land administration are neutral to politics, and can accommodate any number of classifications.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its defined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with other policies such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, or the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT) stimulate innovative and transformative approaches to secure land and property rights for all. In regard to SDG 13, the Sendai Framework specifically calls for investments in research and the development of a methodology and models for disaster risk management (DRM). Responsible land administration (LA) and DRM both focus on empowering vulnerable groups to become resilient communities. When LA is implemented responsibly, it underpins good land governance and ultimately supports sustainable LA by providing strategies and tools to document all people-to-land relationships. DRM and especially community-based DRM aims to evaluate and manage natural disaster risks at the local level – and highlight the role of communities when it comes to natural disasters. Disaster prevention, response and recovery require information about land tenure. Though, in many high-risk contexts, such records are non-existent or not up to date. A model, LA-DRM, linking the domains of LA and DRM – with the goal of supporting resilience against natural disasters and providing an approach for collecting data once and using it multiple times addresses this issue. A design approach was used to develop the model – with adaption of the international Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard, acting as a basis. Key features of the model include the support of interoperability through standardisation, the inclusion of all people-to-land relationships including those specific to disaster contexts, and the potential of the model to contribute to each of the disaster phases. The LADM model, and its aggregated models, such as the LADRM model, though is suggested to be highly applicable in any land related SDG context where no land tenure information exists, or the national mapping authority already uses a LA system compatible with LADM. Overall, the LA-DRM model is considered as a step towards an implementable strategy for applying responsible LA in e.g. the context of DRM and serves as an example of how to support other SDGs.

In case of need for exchanging data or information between registries and cadasters and other organizations interoperability is an issue. This requires a common understanding expressed in semantics, vocabularies and ontologies. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) within the Resource Description Framework (RDF) using Web Ontology Language (OWL) provides a foundation here. As the LADM standard suggests a first step in its implementation is the development of a country profile - where national legislation and regulations are expressed. In practice we see a profile level, semantic level, data level, format level and a communication level. Interoperability can apply within the same level and between levels. There are two mainstream international standards defining interoperability: (i) CEN/ISO 11354 (data, services, process, business) and (ii) the European Interoperability Framework (technical, semantic, organizational, legal). This paper discusses those standards in relation to a smooth implementation of a LADM local profile. Land administration methodologies, approaches and tools develop rapidly, supported by private companies, modern technologies, and new information and communication possibilities. Further steps are needed to operationalize those methods and tools at scale (Enemark et al., 2016). Innovative thinking coupled with quickly maturing, scalable approaches is needed in many countries in order to create full coverage in land administration. There is a challenge for countries on how to implement the LADM. There is a need for good practices, processes, implementation guides, and shared expertise from earlier implementations (OGC, 2019c). This paper explores interoperability issues in the context of LADM country profile implementations. This is a very first step to the development of a PhD proposal for the development, implementation and testing of use cases that prove and adjust interoperability in land administration. This ranges from the link between databases under responsibility of cadastre and land registry organizations to integrated (spatial and legal/administrative) data acquisition in the field connected to databases under cadastre and land registry. Further there is attention to output services and integration with national key data sets.

Networks of academic and higher education institutions are proven platforms for knowledge sharing and experiences in education exchange. During the International Workshop LALA LADM+, 5-9 November 2018 in Quito Ecuador, organized by Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE (ESPE University) Ecuador and Kadaster International together with Faculty ITC University of Twente from the Netherlands, Latin America Land Administration Network - LALAN was established. Representatives from seven countries from Latin American continent, Spain and the Netherlands were present at the workshop. The objective of this network is to: perform activities that can support capacity development and sharing knowledge in both fit-for-purpose and responsible land administration within the Latin America Land Administration Network of education institutions. This paper presents the process of establishment of LALAN, the network’s objective and planned activities for the coming period.

The role of entrepreneurship in land administration remains relatively unexplored. Whilst the opportunity for the private sector is understood, with Statement 5 of Cadastre 2014 being a notable example, amongst other reports on the role of public-private partnerships (PPPs), the scale and impact of cadastral entrepreneurs is not always widely acknowledged. Cadastral literature tends to have a ‘top-down’ focus, closely examining the role and activities of the public sector. A ‘bottom-up’ viewpoint, driven by non-for-profits and civil society organizations, is also evident, tending to critique the activities of the former. However, in many jurisdictions, private sector actors increasingly complete large amounts of cadastral work – and behind these SMEs sit cadastral entrepreneurs, or ‘cadastrepreneurs’. Core activities including cadastral adjudication, surveying, demarcation and mapping may be entirely privatized – with the public sector concentrating on policy, law, monitoring, and enforcement. Recognizing the importance of cadastral entrepreneurs seems important in emerging market-based economies, particularly those seeking to establish underpinning and sustainable land administration systems – where scaling and sustaining initiatives remain challenging, even in the era of fit-forpurpose. If services are intended to be delivered via the market, including cadastral services, then enabling policies, laws, fiscal controls, and educational offerings, for cadastral entrepreneurs and SMEs to prosper within, require fostering in parallel. In the 30-50 countries maintaining complete cadastres, good evidence of these enabling environments exists. However, such environments must be implemented responsibly, avoiding the (re)creation of privatized monopolies and rent seeking behavior. In other contexts, development projects have arguably not been sustainable due to a focus on government, and the failure to inspire and enable cadastral entrepreneurs – towards the common good. This paper seeks to ignite debate on the opportunities, challenges, and limitations of cadastral entrepreneurship – and to set an agenda for how to better incorporate the benefits of cadastral entrepreneurship into sustainable land administration.

The 3rd FIG 3D-Cadastres Questionnaire was conducted and distributed by the end of 2018, with an extended deadline of 15th of January 2019. The questionnaire survey is a part of the FIG working group 3D-Cadastres activities for the period of 2018-2022. The purpose of this survey is to prepare a comprehensive inventory of the current (2018) state of 3D Cadastres worldwide, to explore the near future (2022) plans and expectations in the field and to evaluate the progress during the past four years. Sharing and dissemination of this information, enable to improve cooperation, to learn from each other and to support future developments as well as to encourage collaboration between various countries and jurisdictions. As can be determined from the title, this is the third time that the questionnaire on 3D-Cadastres is being carried out. The first version was administered in 2010 in order to document the status of 2010 3D Cadastres and of the then upcoming 2014 expectations. This was followed by a second questionnaire in 2014 (with status of 2014 and ambitions for 2018). The previous responses (van Oosterom et al., 2011; van Oosterom et al., 2014) were analyzed and reported at earlier FIG events (Working Weeks and workshops). The structure of the 3rd questionnaire has remained rather similar. All of the sections and the numbering of the questions were preserved to allow straightforward comparison with the earlier questionnaires and identification of potential trends. A few questions have been refined for clarification and several new questions have been added at the end of the sections. In this paper the main results of the analysis of the submitted 2018-2022 questionnaire are presented together with an analogy drawn between the past and present responses.

This article is part of a series of studies that have been conducted regarding the process of systematic registration of land rights in Mozambique, both for communities and individual occupants. The methodology adopted to support the systematic registration, combines the delimitation of community lands and the registration of individual parcels. According to the proposed methodology, the outline of community boundaries must be established before individual rights are captured, and that must be the result of a consultative and participatory process. It is known that various conflicts between neighboring communities and individual users result from boundary disputes. Furthermore, when considering the concepts of “continuum of rights” and “bundle of rights” (UN-HABITAT, 2008), provision should be made for overlapping and sharing of rights in the same parcel (Agustinus & Lemmen, 2011). If not taken care of, systematic land rights recordation can lead to an increase of conflict situations. Therefore, one of the main challenges requiring solutions through the methodology is that of boundaries: administrative, inter-communities and inter-parcels. These potentially conflicting situations occur more frequently in border areas, where there is no correspondence between the administrative division and community circumscription. While some discrepancies arise from the technical cartographic process or in relation to both reliability and precision of representation, with different sources, there are real uncertainties and overlaps, generally not covered by field staff and their data collection instruments. Field staff, also generally, does not allow for the possibility of the same area being adjudicated to two communities or individuals simultaneously. The solution proposed by the authors is to explicitly incorporate the knowledge of these discrepancies, particularly those rooted in history since the commencing of the colonial regime and, with that, the consultative process, into the programs of systematic registration of community and individual lands, by introducing a category of areas of potential overlap and or uncertainty as to rights and users.

In the article we will describe several examples of fit for purpose land dministration methodologies in different continents of the world based on the recent experiences of Kadaster. We will briefly describe initiatives from Latin America, Africa and Asia and discuss more in detail the FFP methodologies that are being implemented and the lessons learned from practice. Lessons learned, that result in innovations of methodology, technology and approaches. There is an urgent need for the administration of property and land use rights worldwide as a basis for inclusive social and economic growth. The advantages of a well-organized land administration are many fold. It provides legal security to people. It attracts investments and is a condition for land governance. Legal security is an important incentive for people to invest further in their property. Private parties will not easily invest in property when the ownership status is unclear, or when unknown limitations are imposed on the property. Without legal proof of ownership, access to credit to enable investments is often hard to attain. Land administration is a basic condition for good land governance. It is a vital infrastructure for a government: not only to raise taxesand thus increase the much needed income for the government, but also in support of policy and decision making for sustainable development.

Utilising a participatory land registration approach, this paper argues how nclusive and gender aware land titling, involving local community teams, can lead to faster, affordable and more socially anchored land registration. Coupled with building support across authorities such as village chiefs, district heads and government agencies, allows for a both bottom up and top down approach, capturing interest and concerns of all key stakeholders in the process. The paper also demonstrates, that if not taken seriously, these stakeholders can pose serious risks to the success of the project. By using a local village community land rights committee that with strong representation of women, the land registration process had a high acceptance rate and support in the communities worked in. We also show that developing a software application that guides such a process, being easy to use for village members, while compliant with government regulations and requirements, is essential.

This white paper provides an overview of the land administration domain and proposes actions needed for design and development of implementation standards this domain. A close cooperation between the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and ISO is expected to accelerate those developments. A huge task is waiting: the establishment of land rights for all: young and old, rich and poor, male and female. Data on many millions of parcels, spatial units, (use-) rights, persons, and parties have to be collected, linked, maintained, and published. Land Administration Systems (LAS) should be designed for maintenance of the dynamic relations between people and land. Existing land administrations require extensions: such as 3D and 4D functionality and datasets, blockchain for transparent transactions, generic processes and integration with remote sensing, and processes to support conversion from social to legal tenure. A broad range of geospatial technologies and applications are available. They range from satellite and drone imaging and mapping, to geodesy, precise positioning, geo‐information science, cartography, spatial data infrastructure, and many surveying sub‐disciplines. The scientific and professional disciplines in the geospatial community design, develop, and apply those technologies. Apart from this technical component, a land administration also has a social and legal component. This makes land administration an arena where, apart from the geospatial community, many different scientific and professional disciplines meet. Depending on the stage of development and the level of societal acceptance of the land administration, those disciplines involved may be different.

Information on people to land relationships - documented in a land administration system - is crucial in any natural disaster response. This work explores how Fit-For-Purpose approaches and interventions in Land Administration (FFP LA) can be used in the process of earthquake recovery, to improve the community resilience. Four affected communities from the April 2015 earthquake in the Dolakha district of Nepal are considered. The massive 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal on 25 April 2015 and was followed by subsequent aftershocks, larger than magnitude 4. Due to landslides, ruptures and destabilization almost five hundred settlements are considered in the need for relocation. The Nepal Government experiences problems in the recovery and reconstruction assistance to the earthquake victims. This concerned housing affected communities, especially people without any land documents. Therefore, innovative land tools are used in the post-earthquake context to support the recordation and management of customary and informal land rights for communities. A case study method is applied in three communities in the Dolakha region to see if such FFP LA approaches on the ground support rebuilding efforts. The FFP LA approach involved participatory mapping through and with the community by identifying visible boundaries on high-resolution satellite imagery. The approach is successful and proves to be efficient and effective mapping land rights in the context of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) – because urgently required data on people to land relationships for reconstruction grants and decision making are available quickly and with the agreement of the citizens. Information gathered by grassroot surveyors in the project area revealed that one third of the earthquake victims cannot access the grants because the land title is missing. Currently not all land rights are recognized nor recorded in the Land Administration System (LAS) in Nepal and this is delaying the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction processes. For this reason, tenure rights of the poor and vulnerable have to be secured and access to land has to be guaranteed. The Nepalese government reacted and developed a FFP LA strategy and also made changes in the requirements to access the reconstruction grants.

Recently in The Netherlands, there are many examples of changes in the functionalities of buildings over time. Tracking these changes could be challenging when the building geometry will change as well; for example a change from administrative to residential use of the space, or merging two spaces in the building without updating the functionality. To record the changes, a common practice is to use 2D plans for subdivisions and to assign new rights, restrictions and responsibilities for the changes in a building. In the meantime, with the advances of 3D data collection techniques, the benefits of 3D models in various forms are increasingly being researched. The current work explores the opportunities of using the point clouds to establish a link between spatial changes and 3D Cadastre in indoor environments. We investigate the changes over time in the geometry of the building that can be automatically detected from point clouds to update the 3D indoor cadastre. The permanent changes (e.g., walls, rooms) are automatically distinguished by dynamic changes (e.g., human, furniture) and will be associated with the space subdivisions. Finally, the results will be linked to the spatial units in a Land Administration Domain Model (LADM).

Systematic land cadastre is still an expensive and time-consuming endeavour in Mozambique. Government adopted the approach of systematic land cadastre, launching the "Terra Segura" Programme, to cover 4 thousand communities and 5 million rural parcels, out of an estimated total universe of circa 12 million parcels and plots. The initial exercises to attend this massive registration utilized traditional methods of land tenure regularization, resulting in being either too expensive or time-consuming initiatives, with serious problems of data quality. New approaches were designed and tested to create an effective sustainable cadastre, proposing an holistic approach to register the land. However, because strong evidence must be presented with regards to this holistic approach, there is a need to scale up the tests. The end goal of this scaling up exercise is to learn and disseminate lessons in local capacity development and improve the methodology and tools of the Terra Segura programme. Key Words

Processes and transactions in Land Administration are outside the scope of the Land Administration Domain Model Edition I published in 2012. Reason is that processes were considered to be country specific. Generic processes would be too difficult to model. This view needs reconsideration – given developments as Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration, Apps and blockchain. In many countries different organizations have their own responsibilities in data maintenance and supply, but may communicate on the basis of standardised administrative and technical update processes. Operationalisation and implementation of LADM requires attention to this aspect - at least at conceptual level (not prescriptive). This will an issue in the development of LADM Edition II and this is the issue that is explored in this paper.

Effective land administration is an essential step on the road to peace in Colombia. The Colombian government plans to have a complete nation-wide land tenure coverage within seven years. The traditional approach to land administration in Colombia is not up to this policy challenge: the pace is too slow, the costs too high, the procedures too complex. Fast and effective land administration is essential for the implementation of the Reforma Rural Integral of the Peace Agreements, and to maintain public confidence in the peace process. The Netherlands contributes to the implementation of the peace agreements by focussing on fast and effective land administration, together with the Colombian institutions. This paper presents a methodology for a project where fit-for-purpose Land Administration is tested at scale – after a successful field test. The test will be done in two pilot areas. These are participatory and integrated pilots, leading to cadastral maps and, more important, to land titles whenever the legal framework and institutional cooperation allows for land regularization and adjudication.

Having land rights for all at the short term at affordable cost and with an acceptable quality is a clear ambition that has been defined by many national and international organizations worldwide. In speeding up the development of land registration, the knowledge and technology of tomorrow are key enablers. Innovation and the embracement of unforeseen developments are believed to be a prerequisite for success. Innovations in land administration sector should not only be seen as to be dependent on technology. Also process innovation is important as human, social and ethical criteria are dynamic factors as well as our (the understanding of the) physical environment we live in. Modern day technology also offers a lot of possibilities for the involvement of users. It is believed that a user demand driven development of land administration will result in higher sustainability. Besides the United Nations (UN GGIM and its Expert Group on Land Administration and Management), other global organised organisations play an important role in impelling the development of land administration worldwide. Examples are FIG, World Bank, ISO and OGC. As innovation is not a linear process nowadays, meeting the objectives is therefore dependent on the rate of innovation in our sector. In this assumption, the relevance of change, the influence of technology, the ability of land administrations to adapt (and perhaps show leadership) including the key role of users should be emphasized. It is believed that stakeholder involvement is crucial in sustainable development of land administration systems, which has many different aspects. Apart from technology also standardisation, societal constellation, partnerships (including finance and business models) and capacity building give opportunities for acceleration of developments.

A recently established joint working group under International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Commission 9 (Valuation and the Management of Real Estate) and FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management) has started the development of an information model for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities especially for property taxation. In this initiative, ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been taken as the basis for the development of a Valuation Information Model. A first version of the LADM Valuation Information Model was created based on international standards, literature survey and data gained from questionnaires replied by the national delegates of FIG Commission 9 and FIG Commission 7. The planned further works include (i) creating country profiles, and (ii) development of prototypes for the assessment of country profiles and conceptual model itself.This paper presents an overview of immovable property valuation conducted for taxation purposes in Turkey. Based on this overview, it also proposes a country profile of LADM Valuation Information Model in Turkey case. The country profile covers valuation activities for annually levied recurrent property taxes (i.e. Land Tax and Building Tax) in Turkey, characteristics and spatial aspects of valuation units used in property valuation, property valuation approaches employed for property taxation, transaction prices used in valuation procedures, parties involved in valuation practices, and information on taxes on immovable property. The profile also includes the content of code lists that detail administrative valuations in relation to property tax assessments in Turkey. The proposed profile is evaluated with Unified Modeling Language (UML) instance level diagrams in examples of property taxes on land and building in Turkey for assessing whether the profile fulfills the needs of information management aspects of valuation activities for property taxation. Towards

Dense urbanisation has led to an increasing demand and pressure for land development, resulting in the partition of 3D space in to different owners sharing delimited property interests on, above or below the land surface. Consequently, cadastral spatial unit s range from simple, but most common, 2D, to complex 3D collections of spaces worldwide, that are more difficult to handle in terms of surveying, storing in a database, maintaining, visualising, etc. Subsequently, this asks for the categorization and organization of the different types of spatial units that are physically identified and legally recognised in various jurisdictions worldwide. In the context of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM ) ( ISO 19152, 2012), the “level” concept (LA_Level class) provides a framework for organising the different types of spatial units. Based on that, five levels of encoding are defined in ISO19152, providing a framework of categorisation of 2D spatial units, represented by five spatial profiles included in Annex E of ISO 19152. Six years after the publication of the first edition of LADM as ISO standard, a lot of research has been carried out by experts from all over the world, and today, the ground seems to be mature for the LADM ( edition I ) revision, which started in May 2018, as a joint activity with many stakeholders involved ( ISO TC211, OGC, FIG, etc. ). One of the goals of the revision, among others, is to improve LADM’s current 3D support. This can be achieve d through the design of new 3D spatial profiles for the different types of spatial units that are recognised by cadastral authorities in various jurisdictions. New and different 3D spatial units’ types may be considered for inclusion in the standard. To this end, the aim of this paper is to investigate, examine and review - in the context of LADM revision - the different types of real - world spatial units, as they have initially been organised by Thompson et al (2015). Based on the revised taxonomy, spatial profiles for the spatial units’ categories are introduced and (several) are further explored and designed. Hence, the focus on this paper lies on two levels: the taxonomy and the spatial profiles, while the level of encoding is not included in the scope of this paper. However, the investigation of the technical encodings that will be used for the implementation of the 3D spatial profiles is introduced at the paper as future work, underlying its importance. Within this concept, the scope and ambition of LADM revision are discussed.

Property valuation is a process of estimating value of an immovable property. The legal, geometric, physical and environmental characteristics of the immovable property together with the economic indicators are taken into consideration during this process. Traditional cadastral systems only provide two-dimensional (2D) legal and geometric information about property units. However, today’s complex valuation practices (e.g. computer aided mass appraisal) would benefit significantly from three dimensional (3D)information on not only property units but also their physical counterparts (e.g. buildings, building parts). Moreover, 2D and 3D environmental information is needed for determining environmental conditions about immovable properties to better estimate the values of them. A collaborative research initiative has proposed an international valuation information model that extends the LADM for specifying semantics of valuation registries maintained by public authorities. The current version of the LADM Valuation Information Model, however, does not include detailed specification for the environmental characteristics of immovable properties(e.g. presence of views, level of visibility and distance to amenities) which can be derived with 2D and 3D geospatial analyses by means of various data sources. The purpose of this paper is to examine which geospatial analyses, especially 3D analyses, can be used to provide information about immovable properties including environmental and locational characteristics for property valuation activities. Furthermore, it is investigated that how property valuation can benefit from data sources including semantically rich 3D building, city and cadastral models for deriving environmental and locational characteristics of property units. To achieve these objectives, the data sources and geospatial analyses are initially investigated in the context of property valuation. Then, the paper focuses more on viewshed analysis. By using open topography, building and height datasets of the Netherlands and 3D GIS analysis, a viewshed analysis is presented to show how it can be utilized using different data sources for better understanding and explanation of values of the properties. The paper is concluded with a discussion to what extent it is possible and meaningful to include (derived) environmental characteristics of properties in the LADM Valuation Information Model.

This paper presents the first and incomplete draft text for the revision of IS 19152:2012 ‘Geographic information — Land Administration Domai n Model (LADM)’ within ISO TC211 in the form of a New Working Item Proposal (N WIP). This ‘two-page NWIP’ text aims to describe the scope of proposed project to r evise, and also provides the purpose and justification behind this revision of LADM. The Int ernational Federation of Surveyors (FIG) also submitted to ISO the NWIP for the current vers ion of LADM (IS 19152:2012). As for the revision the ambition is now to go beyond just a co nceptual model by providing steps towards implementations (e.g. more specific profiles, techn ical model in various encodings, etc.), it is the intention that the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) is heavily involved in the revision and that the result is a joint ISO/OGC sta ndard. For this purpose the recent draft OGC White Paper is added as Appendix 1 to this pape r to provide more detail background information. It is further noted that the complete NWIP for Edit ion II of LADM also ‘Preparatory work’ should be attached; e.g. a draft of the new version of the standard. In the case of the revised LADM standard of course this is based on the IS 191 52:2012, but will contain also contain collected materials from the LADM2017 and LADM2018 workshop.