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The production of T cell receptor αβ+ ( TCRαβ+) T lymphocytes in the thymus is a tightly regulated process that can be monitored by the regulated expression of several surface molecules, including CD4, CD8, c Kit, CD25 and the TCR itself, after TCR genes have been assembled from discrete V, D (for TCR-β) and J gene segments by a site-directed genetic recombination. Thymocyte differentiation is the result of a delicate balance between cell death and survival: developing thymocytes die unless they receive a positive signal to proceed to the next stage. This equilibrium is altered in response to various physiological or physical stresses such as ionizing radiation, which induces a massive p53-dependent apoptosis of CD4+ CD8+ double-positive ( DP) thymocytes. Interestingly, these cells are actively rearranging their TCR-α chain genes. To unravel an eventual link between V( D) J recombination activity and thymocyte radio-sensitivity, we analysed the dynamics of thymocyte apoptosis and regeneration following exposure of wild-type and p53-deficient mice to different doses of γ-radiation. p53-dependent radio-sensitivity was already found to be high in immature CD4− CD8− (double-negative, DN) c Kit+ CD25+ thymocytes, where TCR-β gene rearrangement is initiated. However, TCR-αβ− CD8+ immature single-positive thymocytes, an actively cycling intermediate population between the DN and DP stages, are the most radio-sensitive cells in the thymus, even though their apoptosis is only partially p53-dependent. Within the DP population, TCR-αβ+ thymocytes that completed TCR-α gene recombination are more radio-resistant than their TCR-αβ− progenitors. Finally, we found no correlation between p53 activation and thymocyte sensitivity to radiation-induced apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mist1 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that is highly expressed in the adult pancreas. In this study, we isolated the mouse Mist1 gene and established its primary DNA sequence and complete genomic structure. Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping located the Mist1 gene to the telomere of mouse chromosome 5 at position 5G2–5G3, an area which is syntenic to human chromosome 13q and which contains several additional pancreatic regulatory genes including IPF1 and CDX2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One goal of automated driving is to mitigate risks by minimising human intervention. However, widespread acceptance of automated vehicles hinges on their perceived ease of use, particularly during takeover scenarios. This online survey investigates the perceived difficulty of takeover in Level 3 Automated Vehicles, focusing on factors influencing takeover performance such as duration of automated mode and traffic density, as well as Non-Driving-Related Tasks like listening to music or engaging in conversation. Using Anderson's experimental protocol based on Integrated Information Theory, 235 drivers aged 18-72 rated takeover difficulty across 32 realistic scenarios varying in these factors. Results indicate significant impacts of all factors on takeover perception, identifying three distinct driver profiles: takeover averse, adaptive, and confident. Findings underscore implications for vehicle acceptance and risk management in automated driving.

In the context of high-level driving automation (SAE levels 4-5), several studies have shown that a personalized automated driving style, i.e., mimicking that of the human behind the wheel, can improve his experience. The objective of this simulator study was to examine the potential transfer of these benefits in the context of intermediate-level driving automation (SAE levels 2-3), focusing on driving speed personalization. In the first phase of the study, the driving speed of 52 participants was recorded. In the second phase, the same participants were driven by an automated car on a highway twice, and sometimes had to takeover during the drive because of a stationary vehicle on the lane. On these two drives, the automated car drove either at the same speed as them (personalized) or 20 km/h faster. The results showed that using a personalized speed driving style led to higher comfort, and that this effect was fully mediated by automated driving perceived safety. Although driving speed predicted automated driving perceived safety, this effect was actually moderated by trust in automated cars. Regarding takeover performance, the results showed that the brake use and maximum force were lower with the personalized speed driving style, leading to lower resulting maximum negative longitudinal acceleration and speed variability. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the benefits of automated driving style personalization in terms of speed extend to SAE levels 2-3. In addition to the experience benefits, this personalization approach could also improve traffic flow and safety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Gambling is a field of study that has grown since the 2000s. Much research has focused on adolescents and youth as a vulnerable population. The rate of aging gamblers is increasing; however, evidence-based knowledge of this population is still too sparse. After introducing the issue (1), this article provides a narrative review of older adults' gambling through three sections: (2) older adult gamblers (age, characteristics, and motivations), (3) gambling as a risky decision-making situation, and (4) gambling disorder related to older adults. By drawing on the existing literature from a problematization perspective, this type of review can highlight complex and original research topics and provoke thought and controversy to generate avenues for future research. This narrative review provides an overview of the existing literature on gambling among older adults and offers perspectives on how aging can affect decision-making and thus gambling for this population. Older adults are a specific population, not only in terms of the consequences of gambling disorders but also in terms of the motivations and cognitions underlying gambling behaviors. Studies on behavioral science focusing on decision-making in older adults could help in the development of public policy in terms of targeted prevention.

As pedagogues and childhood professionals, teachers must be aware of both implicit and explicit learning processes. They must also bear in mind that learners' performances may be influenced by the many emotions triggered by different situations at school (e.g., fear of failing, happiness upon succeeding, anger at leaving work unfinished). The objective of the present study was thus to analyze the efficiency of implicit learning among 8- to 11-year-old children and the impact of emotions on this type of learning. In order to analyze implicit learning, 65 elementary-school children performed a serial reaction time task in a laboratory context. Emotions were induced by asking the children to read six short emotional sentences and listen to classical music. Results showed a significant impact of the task condition (semi-random or fixed sequence) on reaction times. Moreover, the induction of happiness resulted in slightly longer reaction times compared with neutral induction. These results need to be deepened to better understand the interactions between emotions and implicit learning in children.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of a multimodal interface indicating the limits of automation in order to stimulate an appropriate level of attention and to induce accurate mode awareness and trust in partial driving automation. Participants drove in a driving simulator with partial driving automation and were confronted with surprising situations of suspension of driving automation systems in different contexts. They drove the simulator during three driving sessions, with either a multimodal interface indicating the limits of automation or a visual basic interface. Their driving performance, ocular behavior, and subjective evaluation of trust and workload were evaluated. The results revealed that the multimodal interface stimulates an appropriate level of attention and increases mode awareness and trust in automation, but these effects are context-dependent. The indications of the limits of automation improved the knowledge regarding automation, but this knowledge did not necessarily lead to improved driving performance. Design solutions are discussed to support the improvement of driving performance for take-overs in vehicles equipped with partial driving automation., Competing Interests: NM and SL were employed by the company Renault Technocentre. This study was funded by the CMI project, a collaborative project between industrials and universities. The SystemX Technological Research Institute is a public institute that provided a significant part of the physical, financial, and human resources. The industrial collaborators Renault Group, Valeo, and Saint Gobain provided human and financial resources. The University of Bordeaux and CLLE laboratory provided human resources in the form of researchers. The authors declare that this study received funding from Renault Group. The funder was involved in the study design. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Monsaingeon, Caroux, Langlois and Lemercier.)

Studies investigating the question of how automated cars (ACs) should drive converge to show that a personalized automated driving-style, i.e., mimicking the driving-style of the human behind the wheel, has a positive influence on various aspects of his experience (e.g., comfort). However, few studies have investigated the fact that these benefits might vary with respect to driver-related variables, such as trust in ACs, and contextual variables of the driving activity, such as weather conditions. Additionally, the context of intermediate levels of automation, such as SAE level 3, remains largely unexplored. The objective of this study was to investigate these points. In a scenario-based experimental protocol, participants were exposed to written scenarios in which a character is driven by a SAE level 3 AC in different combinations of conditions (i.e., types of roads, weather conditions and traffic congestion levels). For each condition, participants were asked to indicate how fast they would prefer their AC to drive and how fast they would manually drive in the same situation. Through analyses of variance and equivalence tests, results showed a tendency for participants to overall prefer a slightly lower AC speed than their own. However, a linear regression analysis showed that while participants with the lowest levels of trust preferred an AC speed lower than theirs, those with the highest levels preferred an AC speed nearly identical to theirs. Overall, the results of this study suggest that it would be more beneficial to implement a personalization approach for the design of automated driving-styles rather than a one for all approach., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Delmas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

In this study, we investigated the determinants of employees' intention to telework in a coworking space, with the assumption that employees' experience with the negative aspects of teleworking from home would impact their intention to telework in a coworking space in the future. A sample of 268 French teleworkers answered an online questionnaire measuring their experience of several negative aspects of teleworking from home (e.g., perceived social isolation), and their opinion toward teleworking in a coworking space (perceived usefulness, perceived feasibility, attitude and behavioral intention). Results indicate that perceived social isolation and perceived lack of working comfort when working from home directly impacted how useful participants perceived teleworking in a coworking space to be, and indirectly their intention to telework in a coworking space in the future. Budget, management agreement and job compatibility were, however, identified as factors mitigating participants' intention to telework in a coworking space, even if perceived as potentially beneficial., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Lescarret, Lemercier and Le Floch.)