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Background: Hypothermic neonates need to be promptly rewarmed but there is no strong evidence to support a rapid or a slow pace of rewarming. This study aimed to investigate the rewarming rate and its associations with clinical outcomes in hypothermic neonates born in a low-resource setting., Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the rewarming rate of hypothermic inborn neonates admitted to the Special Care Unit of Tosamaganga Hospital (Tanzania) in 2019-2020. The rewarming rate was calculated as the difference between the first normothermic value (36.5-37.5°C) and the admission temperature, divided by the time elapsed. Neurodevelopmental status at 1 month of age was assessed using the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination., Results: Median rewarming rate was 0.22°C/h (IQR: 0.11-0.41) in 344/382 (90%) hypothermic inborn infants, and was inversely correlated to admission temperature (correlation coefficient -0.36, p  < 0.001). Rewarming rate was not associated with hypoglycemia ( p  = 0.16), late onset sepsis ( p  = 0.10), jaundice ( p  = 0.85), respiratory distress ( p  = 0.83), seizures ( p  = 0.34), length of hospital stay ( p  = 0.22) or mortality ( p  = 0.17). In 102/307 survivors who returned at follow-up visit at 1 month of age, rewarming rate was not associated with a potential correlate of cerebral palsy risk., Conclusions: Our findings did not show any significant association between rewarming rate and mortality, selected complications or abnormal neurologic exam suggestive of cerebral palsy. However, further prospective studies with strong methodological approach are required to provide conclusive evidence on this topic., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Rossi, Maziku, Leluko, Guadagno, Brasili, Azzimonti, Putoto, Pietravalle, Cavallin and Trevisanuto.)

Background: Accurate gestational age (GA) determination allows correct management of high-risk, complicated or post-date pregnancies and prevention or anticipation of prematurity related complications. Ultrasound measurement in the first trimester is the gold standard for GA determination. In low- and middle-income countries elevated costs, lack of skills and poor maternal access to health service limit the availability of prenatal ultrasonography, making it necessary to use alternative methods. This study compared three methods of GA determination: Last Normal Menstrual Period recall (LNMP), New Ballard Score (NBS) and New Ballard Score corrected for Birth Weight (NBS + BW) with the locally available standard (Ultrasound measurement in the third trimester) in a low-resource setting (Tosamaganga Council Designated Hospital, Iringa, Tanzania)., Methods: All data were retrospectively collected from hospital charts. Comparisons were performed using Bland Altman method., Results: The analysis included 70 mother-newborn pairs. Median gestational age was 38 weeks (IQR 37-39) according to US. The mean difference between LNMP vs. US was 2.1 weeks (95% agreement limits - 3.5 to 7.7 weeks); NBS vs. US was 0.2 weeks (95% agreement limits - 3.7 to 4.1 weeks); NBS + BW vs. US was 1.2 weeks (95% agreement limits - 1.8 to 4.2 weeks)., Conclusions: In our setting, NBS + BW was the least biased method for GA determination as compared with the locally available standard. However, wide agreement bands suggested low accuracy for all three alternative methods. New evidence in the use of second/third trimester ultrasound suggests concentrating efforts and resources in further validating and implementing the use of late pregnancy biometry for gestational age dating in low and middle-income countries., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: The poor quality of care received by mothers and neonates in many limited-resource countries represents a main determinant of newborn mortality. Small and sick hospitalized newborns are the highest-risk population, and they should be one of the prime beneficiaries of quality-of-care interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the impact on neonatal mortality of quality improvement interventions which were implemented at Tosamaganga Council Designated Hospital, Iringa, Tanzania, between 2016 and 2020., Methods: A retrospective comparison between pre- and post-intervention periods was performed using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Effect sizes were reported as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals., Results: The analysis included 5742 neonates admitted to the Special Care Unit (2952 in the pre-intervention period and 2790 in the post-intervention period). A decrease in mortality among infants with birth weight between 1500 and 2499 g (overall: odds ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.87; inborn: odds ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.93) was found. The analysis of cause-specific mortality showed a decrease in mortality for asphyxia (odds ratio 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.87) among inborn infants with birth weight between 1500 and 2499 g., Conclusions: A quality improvement intervention was associated with decreased mortality among infants with birth weight between 1500 and 2499 g. Further efforts are needed to improve prognosis in very-low-birth-weight infants.

Background: Deviations from normothermia affect early mortality and morbidity, but the impact on neurodevelopment of the survivors is unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationship between neonatal temperature at admission and the risk of cerebral palsy (CP) at one month of age in a low-resource setting., Methods: This retrospective study included all inborn neonates admitted to the Special Care Unit of Tosamaganga Hospital (Tanzania) between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2020. The neurological examination at one month of age was performed using the Hammersmith method. The relationship between the admission temperature and the risk of CP was investigated using logistic regression models, with temperature modeled as the non-linear term., Results: High/moderate risk of CP was found in 40/119 (33.6%) of the neonates at one month of age. A non-linear relationship between the admission temperature and moderate/high risk of CP at one month of age was found. The lowest probability of moderate/high risk of CP was estimated at admission temperatures of between 35 and 36 °C, with increasing probability when departing from such temperatures., Conclusions: In a low-resource setting, we found a U-shaped relationship between the admission temperature and the risk of CP at one month of life. Expanding the analysis of the follow-up data to 12-24 months of age would be desirable in order to confirm and strengthen such findings.