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Anurans show a wide variety of anti-predator mechanisms, and the species of the Neotropical clade Leiuperinae display several of them. Most species of Edalorhina, Physalaemus and Pleurodema show eyespots, hidden bright colours, macroglands in a inguinal/lumbar position, defensive behaviours and/or chemical defence. We conducted a histological analysis of dorsal and lumbar skin and revised the colour patterns, defensive behaviours and glandular secretions to study the diversity and evolution of anti-predator mechanisms associated with macroglands. We describe 17 characters and optimize these in a phylogenetic hypothesis of Leiuperinae. In the most recent common ancestor of Edalorhina + Engystomops + Physalaemus + Pleurodema, a particular type of serous gland (the main component of macroglands) evolved in the lumbar skin, along with the absence of the Eberth–Katschenko layer. A defensive behaviour observed in leiuperines with macroglands includes four displays (‘crouching down’ behaviour, rear elevation, body inflation and eye protection), all present in the same ancestor. The two elements associated with aposematism (hidden bright colours and eyespots) evolved independently in several species. Our results provide phylogenetic evidence for the startle-first hypothesis, which suggests that behavioural displays arise as sudden movements in camouflaged individuals to avoid predatory attacks, before the origin of bright coloration.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 In recent years, the taxonomic knowledge of Pseudopaludicola has increased and it is currently possible to elucidate aspects of the species within this genus such as their geographic distributions. Here we accessed new data on geographic distribution of P. boliviana and three long-legged species of the P. saltica group (P. saltica, P. murundu, and P. jaredi). Based on morphometric, acoustic and genetic data, we accessed the specific status of long-legged specimens from Chapada dos Veadeiros highlands and attributed them to the P. murundu. We also performed a phylogenetic analysis including several populations of the three species. Based on this novel dataset, we discussed the geographical distributions of P. saltica, P. murundu, and P. jaredi, providing new records for them. Pseudopaludicola boliviana is one of the five species of the P. pusilla group and it is thought to be a widely distributed species based on its morphology. Hence, we evaluated the geographic distribution of P. boliviana, using novel acoustic data of specimens from Argentina, Northern Brazil, and Bolivia. Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP Laboratório de Taxonomia e Sistemática de Anuros Neotropicais (LTSAN) Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro Laboratório de Citogenética Animal Departamento de Biologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro Laboratorio de Herpetología Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro Laboratório de Citogenética Animal Departamento de Biologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro

portuguesEstrategias reprodutivas sao combinacoes de caracteristicas fisiologicas, morfologi-cas e comportamentais que interagem para aumentar o sucesso reprodutivo em cer-tas condicoes ambientais. Embora as estrategias reprodutivas do Leiuperinae sejam conhecidas, poucos estudos foram realizados sobre os comportamentos reprodutivos que as sustentam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi documentar as caracteristicas estru-turais dos micrositios de oviposicao, descrever o processo de construcao do ninho de espuma e registrar a presenca de comportamento agonistico e de coro em machos de Pleurodema tucumanum. Os ninhos foram encontrados proximos as margens de uma poca temporaria e a temperatura media dos ninhos de espuma esteve sem-pre proxima da temperatura media da agua. Nossas observacoes corroboram que as fases de construcao do ninho de espuma para P. tucumanum sao similares aquelas descritas para outros Leiuperinae, incluindo a dispersao e o batimento da espuma realizada pelos membros posteriores do macho. Tambem registramos pela primeira vez a observacao de encontros agonisticos entre machos de Pleurodema tucumanum. Palavras-chave: Anfibios, Chaco Seco, Interacoes entre machos, modo reprodutivo, sitio de oviposicao. EnglishReproductive strategies are the combination of physiological, morphological, and behavioural traits interacting to increase species reproductive success within a set of environmental conditions. While the reproductive strategies of Leiuperinae are known, few studies have been conducted regarding the reproductive behaviour that underlies them. The aim of this study was to document the structural characteristics of nesting microsites, to describe the process of foam nest construction, and to explore the presence of male agonistic and chorus behaviour in Pleurodema tucumanum. Nests were found close to the edge of a temporary pond and the mean temperature of the foam nests was always close to the mean temperature of the pond water. Our observations corroborate that the foam nest construction phases for P. tucumanum are similar to those described for other Leiuperinae, including dispersion and the beating of the foam, realized by male hind limbs. We also recorded the first scientific observations of male agonistic encounter in Pleurodema tucumanum.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-11-10 The genus Pseudopaludicola includes small-sized anurans, widely distributed throughout South America. Twenty-three out of the 25 species occur in Brazil. Although described more than a century ago, from mid-southern Mato Grosso state, central Brazil, Pseudopaludicola ameghini is poorly known. Here we describe the characteristics of reproductive site, amplexus, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of P. ameghini based on specimens and observations performed in the vicinities of the type locality. Pairs of P. ameghini reproduce in shallow and slow groundwater established on hydromorphic terrains, in open environments amidst the Brazilian Cerrado savanna. Reproductive activity occurred between 17:00 and 21:00 h at two sites studied from December 2013 to April 2014. Amplexus is axillary. Eggs are spherical, with a mean diameter of 5.1 mm (yolk plus jelly envelope). Oviposition occurs in shallow sites at a depth of nearly 2.0 cm. Females deposit their eggs one at a time, directly onto sediment at the bottom of waterbodies or attached to submerged vegetation. The tadpole body is oval in dorsal view and globular/depressed in lateral view; eyes are large and dorsally positioned. Nares are large, round, with a small apophysis on marginal rim, dorsally positioned, near the eyes. The spiracle is short, with posterodorsal opening. The oral disc is anteroventral, emarginated laterally, with one dorsal and two ventral gaps; the tooth row formula is 2(2)/2(1), and the upper jaw sheath is ‘arc’ shaped. Pseudopaludicola ameghini has a unique behaviour of oviposition among members of the genus. The differences in reproductive pattern and larval characteristics of P. mystacalis and P. ameghini reinforce the taxonomic validity of the latter, questioned until recently. Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) Graduação em Licenciatura Plena em Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal Laboratório de Zoologia Centro de Ciências Biológicas e de Saúde Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Laboratório de Herpetologia Centro de Referência da Biodiversidade Regional Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:23:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-04-03 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Physalaemus centralis is distributed over open areas of eastern South America. Herein, we perform an extensive review of occurrence records and propose a potential distribution based on ecological niche modeling. In order to confirm species identification, as well taxonomic status along its distribution, we provide morphological and molecular data from analysed specimens. To reach our goals, we compiled data available in the literature and from scientific collections, as well as unpublished data. We identified records of P. centralis in 123 localities, 86 of those records remain unpublished. Consequently, it is possible to extend its range of distribution to the state of Rondônia, Brazil, and also to the Caatinga formation. The Maxent algorithm provided a model of potential distribution consistent with the distribution proposed here. Results indicate that P. centralis has a large distribution associated to open areas of South America (Cerrado, Caatinga and Pantanal), with no evidence that this is a case of species complex. The multiple approach proposed herein, that combines occurrence data from different sources and molecular data to confirm species identification, provided consistent results. Therefore, we recommend that this framework be used as a protocol to assess species distribution in future studies, especially in the case of widely distributed species. Laboratório de Vertebrados. Av. Itália Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, km 8, Vila Carreiros Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av 24 A, 1515, Bela Vista, Caixa Postal 199 Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Instituto de Ciências Ambientais Químicas e Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Eldorado Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av 24 A, 1515, Bela Vista, Caixa Postal 199

We report the first record of Pseudopaludicola pocoto from Bahia state, Brazil. In addition to the new distributional record, which fill gaps in the species distribution, new data and brief comments on its advertisement call are also provided. We also provide a map of the localities reported in the literature.

The frog genus Physalaemus has almost 50 species with vocalizations that are mostly composed of a single note. This note tends to have a broad harmonic structure or a pulsed structure. The sister species P. lateristriga and P. olfersii have pulsed advertisement calls that have been described as a noisy and long-lasting warbling sound. We provide the first account of inclusion of tonal sounds as part of the vocal repertoire of these species. Pure tones can (1) be long and form the entire call; (2) form prefixes of variable length separated by silence from the advertisement call; (3) be brief and form the onset or the offset of the regular advertisement call. Tonal calls may be an evolutionary novelty and they are not known from other populations of P. olfersii and P. lateristriga. Identification of the mechanism of sound production and of the behavioural role of these unique calls may help elucidate the evolution of call complexity in frogs., Acta Herpetologica, Vol 14 No 1 (2019)

The study of early development in Neotropical Leiuperinae frogs (Anura, Leptodactylidae) has been addressed by several works in recent times. However, a comparative develop- mental approach under a phylogenetic context was not available. Herein we analyzed the morphological and ontogenetic diversity of embryos belonging to 22 species of the three largest genera in Leiuperinae. We find that in most cases, variations fit with the phylogeny at the inter- and intrageneric levels. Embryo kyphosis and whitish color are synapomorphies for the clade grouping Physalaemus and Engystomops. The presence of a third lower tooth row on the oral disc is plesiomorphic for Leiuperinae, only changing in derived clades. The configurations and developmental trajectories of the lower lip are exceptionally diverse. The developmental sequences optimized on the phylogenetic tree recover an early differentiated first lower tooth row a synapomorphy of Pseudopaludicola and Physalaemus, and an early differentiated second row as synapomorphy of Pleurodema. On the other hand, few features are highly conserved in the subfamily, such as the adhesive glands universally present in a type-C configuration. Our results also suggest that the morphology and ontogeny of embryos is in some cases associated to the environment where they develop. A large body size, poorly developed transient respiratory structures, large yolk provision and delayed development of the digestive tract occur convergently in embryos inhabiting cold, oxygen- ated environments. Embryos that develop in warmer water bodies in xeric environments show more complex and persistent transient respiratory structures and an early onset of hind limbs development. Our survey highlights that morphology and early development of anurans can be a valuable source of information for phylogenetic studies, and provide fun- damental bases to explore and discuss how evolutionary changes can be shaped by envi- ronmental conditions. Fil: Grosso, Jimena Renee. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Cardozo, Dario Elbio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Kolenc, Francisco. Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Borteiro, Claudio. Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Uruguay Fil: Rodriguez de Oliveira, Mariana. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil Fil: Bonino, Marcelo Fabián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Barrasso, Diego Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; Argentina Fil: Vera Candioti, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina

Two new species of Pseudopaludicola from midwestern Brazil are described. One of them, distributed in Bolivian and Brazilian areas within the Upper Paraguay and Upper Guapore river basins, is characterized by the presence of a conspicuous conical tubercle on each heel, by T-shaped terminal phalanges, and so belongs to the formally recognized Pseudopaludicola pusilla group. The advertisement call is composed of a series of 14–720 notes with concatenated pulses—each lasting for 5–25 ms—and mean dominant frequency of 5071 ± 242 Hz. The second species, restricted to the southeastern-most region of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, is characterized mainly by a 2n = 18 karyotype, an advertisement call composed of series of 12–287 notes with concatenated pulses and mean dominant frequency of 4167.7 ± 287.5 Hz. A detailed description of the karyotype of this latter species is also provided.

Pseudopaludicola atragula is one of the most recently described species for the genus. Distributional records for this species were restricted to two muni­cipalities in northwestern São Paulo state. Herein, we extend its distribution range and report the first record of the species in Cerrado areas of the state of Goiás, central Brazil.

The genus of Neotropical frogs Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 includes 23 species, which occur throughout South America. Herein we describe a new species of Pseudopaludicola from the central region of the state of Minas Gerais (southeastern Brazil). This new species is distinguished by the adult morphology, the advertisement call, and molecular data. It is diagnosed mainly by its small size, terminal phalanges knobbed (lack of any expansion of the digital tips), proportionally short hind limbs, and its advertisement call composed of series of two-pulsed notes, emitted at a high repetition rate. In addition, we report the occurrence of the new species in the southern foothills of the Serra do Cipó National Park, at elevations lower than 800 m above sea level (a.s.l). The sister species of this new taxon is P. mineira Lobo, 1994, which occurs in rupestrian grasslands above 1200 m a.s.l. at the Serra do Cipó National Park and in Serra do Cabral, both in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We also redescribe the advertisement call of P. mineira based on recordings from topotypical males and compare it to calls of related species.

The Neotropical genus Pseudopaludicola includes 21 species, which occur throughout South America. Recent studies suggested that the population of Andaraí, in the state of Bahia, is an undescribed species, related to P. pocoto. Herein we formally describe this new species from lowlands of eastern Brazil. Recognition of this new species is supported by adult morphology, advertisement call, karyotype, and molecular data. It is diagnosed mainly by its small size, terminal phalanges knobbed (lack any expansion of the digital tips), proportionally short hindlimbs, 11 pairs of chromosomes, and advertisement call composed of series of three-pulsed notes, emitted at a high rate. In addition, we report for the first time the presence of P. pocoto in the campo rupestre (rupestrian grasslands) of Chapada Diamantina, a population with a much darker dorsal coloration than the population from the type locality. We also redescribed the advertisement call of P. falcipes based on recordings from topotypic males.

We analyzed the reproductive pattern in males of Physalaemus riograndensis (n = 276). To identify the potential breeder males (n = 100), the presence of secondary sexual characters were recorded. These males were found mainly from September to April, and two peaks of abundance were observed. Breeding activity was positively correlated with temperature, but did not correlate with rainfall. As occurs with females of P. riograndensis, the fat bodies increased synchronously with the gametogenic activity, coinciding with the period of highest reproductive activity for the species (October to April). Therefore, these structures could be used as reserves of energy for reproduction in males.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Anuran testes have generally similar germinative and somatic anatomical components, but their morphology varies among species groups. However, little is known about how environmental and evolutionary factors influence testis shape and sperm quantity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the arrangement of both germinal compartment (seminiferous locules containing germ cells) and somatical compartment (interstitial fibers and somatic cells) differ between species with distinct reproductive modes and breeding activities. We compared the testes of eight species from two families of Neobatrachian anurans: Physalaemus centralis, Physalaemus cuvieri, Physalaemus marmoratus, Physalaemus olfersii, Pseudopaludicola sp. (aff. murundu) (Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Crossodactylus caramaschii, Hylodes cardosoi, and Hylodes sazimai (Hylodidae). We built a 3D model of the testis to visualize the morphology and arrangement of seminiferous locules. We measured locular diameter and area, thickness of reticular fiber bundles, and area of both collagen fibers and sperm bundles. Hylodids had the highest values for most characters, except for sperm and reticular fiber bundles. For example, their locular diameter was 50%, and locular area 20% larger than leiuperines, which usually had thicker reticular fibers bundles. These fibers provide greater stability to the large quantity of small, spherical seminiferous locules found in leiuperines. Conversely, hylodids had larger area of collagen fibers, which provides greater flexibility and resistance to a few large and flattened seminiferous loci. Our results can shed light on how testicular morphology is influenced by evolutionary processes and ecological strategies, such as breeding seasonality and reproductive modes in anurans. Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás CNPq post-doctoral fellow, Department of Biological and Envi-ronmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP)

In this paper, we provide an updated diagnosis for Pseudopaludicola giarettai based on the morphometric and acoustic variation observed with the assessment of new populations, plus an expansion of its distribution range. Our results support that all acoustic variation observed might be attributed to intraspecific variation. The variation in body size and dorsal stripe patterns observed for Pseudopaludicola giarettai reinforces that the distinctive whistling advertisement call pattern is the most reliable evidence line to diagnose it from its congeners, whereas morphological (robust body, glandular dorsum) and morphometric (body size) features vary considerably within and among populations so that they should no longer be employed as diagnostic features of Pseudopaludicola giarettai. Nesse trabalho, nós apresentamos uma diagnose atualizada para Pseudopaludicola giarettai a partir das variações morfométrica e acústica encontradas com a amostragem de novas populações, além da expansão de sua distribuição geográfica. Nossos resultados suportam que toda a variação acústica observada pode ser atribuída a variação intraespecífica. A variação em tamanho e padrão de faixas dorsais observada em Pseudopaludicola giarettai reforça que o padrão assobiado distintivo de canto de anúncio representa a linha de evidência mais confiável para diagnosticar a espécie de seus congêneres, enquanto as características morfológicas (corpo robusto, dorso glandular) e morfométricas (tamanho do corpo) variam consideravelmente dentro e entre populações de modo que não devem mais ser utilizadas como características diagnósticas para Pseudopaludicola giarettai.

The Neotropical genus Pseudopaludicola includes 24 species distributed throughout South America. Herein, we formally describe the 25th member of this Neotropical clade as a new species: Pseudopaludicola jazmynmcdonaldae sp. nov. from an Amazon-Cerrado transitional zone in Brazil. The recognition of this new species is supported by adult morphology, advertisement call, and molecular data. It is diagnosed mainly by the following characters: small size; upper eyelids smooth, with no palpebral tubercles; heel smooth, with no enlarged conical tubercle; terminal phalanges knobbed, with no T-shaped terminal phalanges or expanded toe tips; relatively short hind limbs (tibiotarsal articulation just reaching the corner of the mouth); single, subgular, smooth, dark vocal sac in life, with no warty texture; and an advertisement call composed of regular series of short multipulsed notes, emitted at high rate.

A new species of Pseudopaludicola is described from the Cerrado of southeastern Brazil. Pseudopaludicola facureae sp. nov. is diagnosed from the P. pusilla species group by the absence of either T-shaped terminal phalanges or toe tips expanded, and distinguished from almost all recognized taxa currently assigned to Pseudopaludicola (except P. canga , P. giarettai , and P. hyleaustralis ) by possessing a non-pulsed advertisement call. However, the advertisement call of the new species consists of the emission of well-defined call series, whereas the advertisement call of P. giarettai is long (117–187 ms) and with an isolated emission pattern; respecting to P. canga , the new species emits very long notes series (up to 53 notes/advertisement call), compared to the short call series of P. canga (up to 9 notes/advertisement call); considering P. hyleaustralis , the new species has a shorter note duration (15–35 ms), higher note rate per minute (480–1860), and higher dominant frequency (4076–5108).

Rana lutea is one of the two anuran species described in 1782 by the Chilean born priest and naturalist Juan Ignacio Molina, and its nomenclatural history is confusing. After a detailed revision of the pertinent literature, we demonstrate that Bufo thaul Schneider, 1799, is a junior objective synonym of Rana lutea Molina, 1782, but based on the usage of both nomina, we revert the precedence and consider Rana lutea Molina, 1782 as a nomen oblitum whereas Bufo thaul Schneider, 1799 is a nomen protectum. Thus, the authorship of the species currently known as Pleurodema thaul (Lesson, 1826) changes to Pleurodema thaul (Schneider, 1799).

We described the buccal cavity, chondrocranium, and cranial muscles in tadpoles of two species of Pseudopaludicola: P. boliviana (P. pusilla species group) and P. falcipes. The two species share states of only three relevant and informative characters: (1) absence of m. levator mandibularis lateralis, (2) absence of m. levator mandibularis externus superficialis at advanced premetamorphic stages, and (3) presence of long lateral arena papillae of both the roof and floor of the buccal cavity. The larvae of P. falcipes is diagnosed by (states of P. boliviana between parentheses): (1) three lingual papillae (four), (2) one-two pairs of short and blunt infralabial papillae (single pair of multifid papillae), (3) low median ridge (tall), (4) distal connection between pars corpora and pars alaris of the cartilago suprarostralis present (absent), and (5) m. subarcualis rectus II-IV inserted at ceratobranchiale I (ceratobranchiale II insertion). The combination of a processus pseudopterygoideus together with proximal and distal connections on the cartilago suprarostralis occurs in most species of Pleurodema as well. Absence of m. levator mandibularis lateralis is also known for Physalaemus fernandezae and absence of m. levator mandibularis externus superficialis at advanced stages of development (Stage 39 onward) is shared with Edalorhina perezi and Pleurodema diplolister.

Here, we document the sympatric occurrence of Pseudopaludicola canga and P. jaredi. We also provide the first record of P. jaredi in the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, expanding this species' distribution by about 610 km southwestward from Serra das Flores, municipality of Viçosa do Ceará, state of Ceará. Furthermore, we fill the gap in the geographic distribution range of P. canga in the state of Maranhão, extending the distribution of this species by about 530 km southwestward from the municipality of Barreirinhas.

Four species of Pseudopaludicola, Pseudopaludicolaboliviana, P. falcipes, P. mystacalis and P. ternetzi, areusually cited for Paraguay. However, after analyzing 407specimens assigned to this genus in herpetological collectionsof the country, we conclude that there are nospecimens of P. falcipes in Paraguayan collections orvouchers cited in the literature, and almost all individualsreferred to P. ternetzi are most probably P. ameghini.At the same time, a recently described species, P. motorzinho,is recorded for the first time in the country. Informationon the distribution of these and the remainingspecies of Pseudopaludicola in Paraguay (P. boliviana andP. mystacalis) is provided. Fil: Lavilla, Esteban Orlando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Caballero Gini, Aandrea. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Paraguay Fil: Bueno Villafañe, Diego. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; Paraguay Fil: Cardozo, Dario Elbio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina

Pseudopaludicola atragula is one of the most recently described species for the genus. Distributional records for this species were restricted to two muni­cipalities in northwestern São Paulo state. Herein, we extend its distribution range and report the first record of the species in Cerrado areas of the state of Goiás, central Brazil.

Fil: Cardozo, Dario Elbio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico (Nordeste). Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Fil: Cardozo, Dario Elbio. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Química y Naturales. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Fil: Cardozo, Dario Elbio. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Química y Naturales. Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva; Argentina. Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico (Nordeste). Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Química y Naturales. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Fil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Química y Naturales. Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva; Argentina. Fil: Pupin, Nadya. Universidad Estatal Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho. Instituto de Biociencias. Departamento de Zoología y Centro de Aquicultura; Brasil. Fil: Gasparini, João Luiz. Universidad Federal de Espíritu Santo. Laboratorio de Vertebrados Terrestres; Brasil. Fil: Haddad, Célio Fernando Baptista. Universidad Estatal Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho. Instituto de Biociencias. Departamento de Zoología y Centro de Aquicultura; Brasil. We describe a new anuran species of the genus Pseudopaludicola that inhabits sandy areas in resting as associated to the Atlantic Forest biome in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The new species is characterized by: SVL 11.7–14.6 mm in males, 14.0–16.7 mm in females; body slender; fingertips knobbed, with a central groove; hindlimbs short; abdominal fold complete; arytenoid cartilages wide; prepollex with base and two segments; prehallux with base and one segment; frontoparietal fontanelle partially exposed; advertisement call with one note composed of two isolated pulses per call; call dominant frequency ranging 4,380–4,884 Hz; diploid chromosome number 22; and Ag-NORs on 8q subterminal. In addition, its 16S rDNA sequence shows high genetic distances when compared to sequences of related species, which provides strong evidence that the new species is an independent lineage.

Fornecemos novos registros e um mapa de distribuição geográfica atualizado de Pseudopaludicola pocoto Magalhães, Loebmann, Kokubum, Haddad & Garda, 2014 para os estados brasileiros do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte e Pernambuco. O presente trabalho auxilia a preencher lacunas na distribuição desta espécie descrita para o domínio Caatinga, o que pode ser útil em futuros planos de conservação.Palavras chave: Amphibia, Caatinga, neotrópicos, Semi-árido.Abstract: We provide new records and an updated geographic distribution map of Pseudopaludicola pocoto Magalhães, Loebmann, Kokubum, Haddad & Garda, 2014 for the Brazilian states of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco. The present work helps to fill gaps in distribution of this recently described species in Caatinga Biome, which can be useful in future conservation plans.Key words: Amphibia, Caatinga, neotropics, Semiarid.

The dwarf swamp frogs, genus Pseudopaludicola, include 21 species, which occur throughout South America (Frost 2016). Pseudopaludicola is recognized as monophyletic, supported by a set of osteological, morphological, and molecular characters (Veiga-Menoncello et al. 2014, and cites therein). Veiga-Menoncello et al. (2014) recognized a clade (“clade II” there), which included two species that share karyotypes with 2n = 20: P. ameghini (Cope, 1887) and P. ternetzi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937. However, historically these two sister species have undergone many taxonomic changes and so far they do not have a clear taxonomic diagnosis one from the other (Haddad & Cardoso 1987; Lobo 1996; Fávero et al. 2011; Pansonato et al. 2013; Cardozo & Toledo 2013, and cites therein).

Rana lutea is one of the two anuran species described in 1782 by the Chilean born priest and naturalist Juan Ignacio Molina, and its nomenclatural history is confusing. After a detailed revision of the pertinent literature, we demonstrate that Bufo thaul Schneider, 1799, is a junior objective synonym of Rana lutea Molina, 1782, but based on the usage of both nomina, we revert the precedence and consider Rana lutea Molina, 1782 as a nomen oblitum whereas Bufo thaul Schneider, 1799 is a nomen protectum. Thus, the authorship of the species currently known as Pleurodema thaul (Lesson, 1826) changes to Pleurodema thaul (Schneider, 1799). Fil: Ferraro, Daiana Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina Fil: Lavilla, Esteban Orlando. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Zoología. Instituto de Herpetología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán; Argentina

We provide the first record of Pseudopaludicola boliviana from the state of Amapá (municipality of Macapá), northern Brazil. It is also the species easternmost record, extending its known geographic distribution in Brazil about 1,260 km from the state of Roraima, northern Brazil. Additionally, we also provide a call description for this population of P. boliviana and make comparisons with the available acoustic data for the species from Bolivia and Argentina. This new record fills a gap in the distribution of P. boliviana in northern Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T05:37:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-10-23 A new species of Pseudopaludicola is described from the state of Mato Grosso, western Brazil. The new species inhabits the transition zone between Brazilian Cerrado and Amazon rainforest in northern Mato Grosso, and is characterized by its medium size (snout-vent length 12-17 mm), lack of T-shaped terminal phalanges, toe tips not expanded laterally, presence of two antebrachial tubercles, and smooth upper eyelids. The advertisement call of the new species consists of a series composed of 11-74 non-pulsed notes. Mean dominant frequency is 3938 Hz. Each note presents a slight ascendant frequency modulation in its first half, and another ascendant modulation in its last half. We also present new data on the distribution and conservation status of Pseudopaludicola canga. Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press. Biologia Animal Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Parasitologia, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, s/n., 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo Universidade Regional do Cariri Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Pimenta, Rua Cel. Antonio Luiz, 1161, Bairro do Pimenta, 63105-100, Crato, Ceará Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperanca, 78060-900, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso Departamento de Ciências Básicas e Produção Animal Faculdade de Agronomia Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060-900, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso Laboratório de Zoologia Instituto Básico de Biociências Universidade de Taubaté (UNITAU), Av. Tiradentes, 500, 12030-180, Taubaté, São Paulo Biologia Animal Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Parasitologia, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, s/n., 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo

A new species of Pseudopaludicola is described from human-altered areas originally covered by Semideciduous Forest in northwestern state of Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Morphologically, the new species differs from four species belonging to the P. pusilla group by the absence of either T-shaped terminal phalanges or toe tips expanded, and from all other congeners except P. canga and P. facureae by possessing an areolate vocal sac, with dark reticulation. The higher duration (300-700 ms) of each single, pulsed note (9-36 nonconcatenated pulses) that compose the call in the new species distinguishes it from all other 14 species of Pseudopaludicola with calls already described (10-290 ms). Absence of harmonics also differ the advertisement call of the new species from the call of its sister species P. facureae, even though these two species presented unexpected low genetic distances. Although we could not identify any single morphological character distinguishing the new species from P. facureae, a PCA and DFA performed using 12 morphometric variables evidenced significant size differences between these two species.

Pleurodema guayapae is a species that inhabits saline environments and semidesert zones from cen- tral Argentina. To date, the knowledge about the reproductive biology of this species is very poor, and our aim is to contribute to its knowledge with the description of some important reproductive aspects. For this, field work was undertaken in an area near to Patquia, La Rioja province. Sampling was undertaken during three summer periods (2006-2007; 2007-2008; 2008-2009) in Chamical-Patquia area, where we could find reproductively active populations. We observed and described breeding sites, type of clutch, process of foam nest construction, clutch and egg number and sizes, and hatching time and stage. Behaviour observations were performed from the time that males began to call until the pairs ended up the foam nests building, and layed the eggs. Additionally, one amplected pair was observed and filmed in the process of foam nest construction, and four amplectant pairs were collected and separatelly placed in plastic containers, for nests observations in the laboratory. Hatching time was based on three different foam nests of known age. We found that P. guayapae populations were acousti- cally active only after a rainfall. Its breeding sites were represented by ephemeral ponds of fresh water, product of rains. The males emitted their calls inside or outside these ponds. A detailed description of the foam nest construction process by both females and males was made. The clutches were in dome-shaped foam nest type of 6-9cm in diameter and 1-3cm in height, some of which were in communal nests. The nests had an average of 1 137 pigmented eggs. This species showed a short hatching time. Our results allow us to conclude that this species should be considered an extreme explosive breeder. Our results are discussed with others obtained for related species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (1): 173-181. Epub 2014 March 01.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-01 We describe a new species of Pseudopaludicola endemic to the Caatinga ecoregion of northeastern Brazil. The new species is characterized morphologically by small size, lack of T-shape terminal phalanges, smooth upper eyelids, presence of abdominal and vocal sac folds, light cream-colored vocal sac, and short hind limbs with tibia-tarsal articulation reaching the eye. The tadpole has a globular body shape, low tail fins, and a ventral oral disc bordered by a single row of marginal papillae with a wide anterior gap and two ventrolateral gaps; oral formula: 2(2)/2(1). The advertisement call consists of a well-defined sequence of notes comprising three nonconcatenated pulses, each with long interpulse intervals (111 ± 21 ms) and average note duration of 238 ± 31 ms. The mean dominant frequency is 5636 ± 300 Hz, and increases from the first to the last pulse in each note. The advertisement call easily distinguishes the new species from all other congeners for which calls are known. Departamento de Botânica, Ecologia e Zoologia (DBEZ) Laboratório de Anfíbios e Répteis (LAR) Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa-Nova, 59078-970, Natal, RN Laboratório de Vertebrados Terrestres Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália, km 8, Vila Carreiros 96.203-900, Rio Grande, RS Laboratório de Herpetologia Unidade Academica de Ciencias Biologicas e Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias Florestais CSTR/Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), CEP 58708-110, Patos, PB Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Avenida 24 A, 1515, Bairro Bela-Vista, 13506-970, Rio-Claro, SP DBEZ Centro de Biociências Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa-Nova, 59078-970, Natal, RN

Pseudopaludicola riopiedadensis was described by Mercadal de Barrio and Barrio (1994) based on two adult females collected by Luiz Dino Vizotto in 1963 from Rio Piedade, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. This taxon was differentiated from P. ternetzi based on a series of qualitative and morphometric characters. Nevertheless, the original description and the type material of P. ternetzi were not considered by Mercadal de Barrio and Barrio, and the morphological variation of P. ternetzi was not documented. This work reviews the sample collected by Vizotto in P. riopiedadensis type locality, evaluates the advertisement calls obtained from such population, the two vouchers assigned to P. riopiedadensis , and a large data set, including type specimens of P. ternetzi to document the morphological variation along its known distribution. Results indicate that P. riopiedadensis was described on the basis of highly variable characters applied to a small sample and share the unique P. ternetzi autapomorphy, a robust body structure with immaculate belly. The lack of differentiation in both advertisement call and morphology rejects the status of P. riopiedadensis as distinct species, and we therefore suggest to formally consider P. riopiedadensis as junior synonym of P. ternetzi.

A new species of Pseudopaludicola from western Piauf State, Brazil, in the Cerrado domain is described. Pseudopaludicola parnaiba sp. nov. is a member of the genus Pseudopaludicola, on the basis of the presence of one hypertrophied antebrachial tubercle, posterolateral process of the hyoid outlined and epicoracoid cartilages slightly overlapped. The new species is characterized by an advertisement call composed of 6-46 non-pulsed notes per call and dominant frequency of 4794 ± 296 Hz, which supports an independent lineage. Additionally, the small size, body slender, toe tips knobbed with central groove, abdominal fold complete, tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the posterior border of the eye, and prepollex and prehallux composed of base and one element are character states that distinguish P. parnaiba from all the members of Pseudopaludicola. We provide its formal description with regard to external morphology, osteological characters and advertisement call.

We describe here a new species of Pseudopaludicola (P. murundu sp. nov.) that is found in the central portion of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This new species is related to P. saltica, from which it distinguishes by the presence of a single, dark, and subgular vocal sac with dark longitudinal folds in males, immaculate to light brown nuptial pads in males that cover the external part of the finger I, from the wrist to the second phalanx, and 11 pairs of chromosomes without heteromorphic sex chromosomes. From all other species of the genus it distinguishes by presenting very long hindlimbs, with tibio-tarsal articulation reaching beyond the end of the snout, and absence of T-shaped terminal phalanges. Tadpoles, advertisement call, and the karyotype are described as well.