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Technological development has enabled the production of new value-added products from lignocellulosic residues such as lignin. This has allowed the forest industry to diversify its product portfolio and maximize the economic returns from feedstock, while simultaneously working towards sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based products. Although previous research has explored industrial-scale production opportunities, many challenges persist, including the cost of woody biomass and its supply chain reliability. While numerous studies have addressed these issues, their emphasis has traditionally been on bioenergy, with little focus on biochemical, biomaterials, and bioproducts. This review seeks to address this gap through a systematic study of the work recently reported by researchers. A lot of work has been published from United States and Canada with an emphasis on bioenergy production (84.8%), 4.6% of the work is focused on biomass to materials and chemicals, and 10.6% addressed both. Between 2012 and 2015, the majority of published research focused on biomass to materials and chemicals and both biomass to energy and biomass to materials and chemicals. This fact highlights recent interests in diversified biorefinery portfolios. However, further work concerning forest biomass supply chain optimization and new high-value bio-based materials and chemicals is necessary. Key words: biomass to energy, biomass to materials and chemicals, economic optimization, lignocellulosic residues, value-added bio-based products. Des avancees technologiques ont rendu possible la production de nouveaux produits a valeur ajoutee a partir de residus lignocellulosiques tels que la lignine. Cela a permis a l'industrie forestiere de diversifie sa gamme de produits et de maximiser les retombees economiques de la matiere premiere tout en travaillant simultanement a developper des alternatives durables aux produits abase de petrole. Bien que les travaux de recherche precedents aient explore les opportunites de production a l'echelle industrielle, plusieurs defis persistent, incluant le cout de la biomasse ligneuse et la fiabilite de sa chaine logistique. Alors que de nombreuses etudes se sont interessees a ces questions, l'accent a traditionnellement ete mis sur la bioenergie et tres peu sur les bioproduits: produits biochimiques et biomateriaux. Cette revue de litterature vise a combler cette lacune par le biais d'une etude systematique des travaux recemment publies par les chercheurs. Beaucoup de travaux publies aux Etats-Unis et au Canada mettent l'accent sur la production de bioenergie (84,8 %), 4,6 % des travaux portent sur la transformation de la biomasse en materiaux et produits chimiques et 10,6 % s'interessent aux deux sujets. La majorite des travaux de recherche publies entre 2012 et 2015 portent sur la transformation de la biomasse en materiaux et produits chimiques et sur les deux sujets, soit la transformation de la biomasse en energie, materiaux et produits chimiques. Cela met en evidence l'interet recent pour une gamme diversifiee de bioraffinage. Cependant, davantage de travaux portant sur l'optimisation de la chaine logistique de la biomasse forestiere et sur de nouveaux biomateriaux et produits biochimiques a valeur ajoutee sont necessaires. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : transformation de la biomasse en energie, transformation de la biomasse en materiaux et produits chimiques, optimisation economique, residus lignocellulosiques, bioproduits a valeur ajoutee., 1. Introduction Countries around the world are adopting laws or policies intended to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which results in an increasing interest in alternative renewable sources for producing [...]

Technological growth in production and efficient utilization of input factors are the two biggest contributors to total factor productivity (TFP). TFP of the four major forest industries (logging, pulp and paper, sawmill, and veneer and plywood industries) of Ontario are compared by analyzing their production structures using duality theory in production and costs. The study uses annual data of output and four inputs--labour, capital, energy and materials--from 1967 to 2003. Different restrictions on the translog cost function are applied to each industry to determine the cost function that best describes each industry's technology, which is further used to estimate Morishima elasticities of substitution, ownprice and cross-price elasticities, rate of technological change, and TFP. The production structure of sawmill and veneer and plywood industries is found to be linear homogeneous and homothetic, and that of logging and pulp and paper industries is non-homothetic. Further, Hicks neutral technological change for all four industries is rejected, indicating that the production structure in all four industries is biased in favour of certain inputs and against others. This suggests that policies that improve the efficiency of each industry should focus on input-saving factors of that industry, thereby improving its competitive position. Resume: Le progres technologique dans la production et l'utilisation efficace des intrants sont les deux elements qui contribuent le plus a la productivite globale des facteurs (PGF). La PGF de quatre grandes industries forestieres (exploitation forestiere, pates et papiers, sciage ainsi que placages et contreplaques) de l'Ontario est comparee en analysant leur structure de production et en utilisant la theorie de la dualite dans la production et les couts. L'etude utilise les donnees annuelles de production et de quatre intrants--la main-d'oeuvre, le capital, l'energie et les matieres premieres--de 1967 a 2003. La fonction de cout translog de chaque industrie est restreinte de differentes facons afin de determiner la fonction de cout qui decrit le mieux la technologie de chaque industrie. Cette fonction est ensuite utilisee pour evaluer les elasticite s de substitution de Morishima, les elasticites-prix et les elasticites-prix croises, le taux de changement technologique et la PGF. Les structures de production de l'industrie du sciage et de l'industrie des placages et contreplaques sont lineaires homogenes et homothetiques alors que celles de l'industrie de l'exploitation forestiere et de l'industrie des pates et papiers ne sont pas homothetiques. De plus, il n'y a pas de progres technique neutre au sens de Hicks dans les quatre industries, indiquant que leur structure de production favorise certains inputs et en neglige d'autres. Ces resultats indiquent que les politiques visant a ameliorer l'efficacite de chaque industrie devraient se concentrer sur les mesures d'economie specifiques aux intrants que privilegie chaque industrie et ainsi ameliorer leur position concurrentielle. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction With over 72 million hectares of forest land, representing 16% of Canada's total estimated forests, the province of Ontario is a critical contributor to Canada's forest products industries (Ontario [...]

This paper presents a techno-economic and risk analysis of a kraft lignin (KL) biorefinery (3000 tonne of KL·year-1 capacity), where KL is depolymerized to produce depolymerized kraft lignin (DKL) as a bio-substitute to polyol and phenol for the production of bio-based polymers (polyurethane and phenolic resins). Three scenarios were examined: (i) DKL as a phenol substitute, (ii) DKL as a polyol substitute, and (iii) oxypropylated depolymerized kraft lignin (Oxy-DKL) a polyol substitute. The Net Present Value was calculated to compare these scenarios. To address the uncertainty risks in feedstock and product price, a sensitivity analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation were performed. Results show that DKL and Oxy-DKL derived from the KL biorefinery are a feasible bio-substitute for petroleum- based polyols with a minimum selling price of 1440 and 1623 US$·t-1, respectively. However, DKL is likely not feasible when replacing phenol (minimum selling price of 1421 US$·t-1) due to the current low market price of phenol. The feasibility of the KL biorefinery is highly sensitive to the market prices of the products. Feedstock supply and market demand for lignin-derived biopolyols are still uncertain; therefore, a supply chain design model is necessary for decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]