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Submitted by Arnaldina Baeta (arnaldina.baeta@esg.ipsantarem.pt) on 2019-05-22T10:47:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Studies 120_3_LEITAO_1812.pdf: 466847 bytes, checksum: 07169b960b5e1a5a2a007bbfd9fa8987 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-05-22T10:51:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Studies 120_3_LEITAO_1812.pdf: 466847 bytes, checksum: 07169b960b5e1a5a2a007bbfd9fa8987 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The consequences of climate change heavily influence the Mediterranean region. However, the Portuguese CO2 emission shows a decreasing tendency, the evolution of livestock and animal production have significantly increased its level in agriculture. The article investigates the role of the agricultural output and energy consumption in the environmental pollution in Portugal. It explores the short and long-run cointegration between carbon dioxide emissions and agricultural activities such as crop production, livestock production, and agricultural land use applying Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), Granger causality, Newey-West Standard Errors regression, as well as ARIMA model for the period of 1960-2015. The causality relation between CO2 emissions and agriculture is also analyzed. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root tests suggest that all variables are stationary. ARDL model demonstrates a long-run relationship between CO2 emissions, agriculture, and energy consumption. Results indicate that agricultural activities and energy use have a positive effect on environmental pollution; therefore, the Portuguese agriculture needs to achieve a higher level of sustainable development, with reducing the impact of animal husbandry and intensive crop production.

The climate change has inspired the interest of the academic community in the most diverse areas of knowledge. This study tests and revisited the environmental Kuznets curve assumptions for Portugal. The econometric strategy used in this research is time series (ARIMA model, OLS estimator, ARCH regression, VAR model, and Granger causality) for the time period 1980-2013.The econometric results show that the income per capita and squared income per capita are according to the expected signs, i.e. a positive impact of income per capita on carbon dioxide emissions, and a negative effect of squared income per capita on carbon dioxide emissions. The empirical study also demonstrates that Portugal presents a dependence on energy consumption. The openness trade and foreign direct investment are negatively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions.

This text was developed based on three chapters, namely: fragmentation and outsourcing, in the second chapter we emphasize foreign direct investment and the gravity model and finally the demand for tourism. Throughout the three chapters are used explanatory models that test underlying theoretical hypotheses using econometric models (panel data and time series). The book that is published is a result of the research of the last years. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between economic growth, globalization and trade. The manuscript uses the assumptions of the economic growth exogenous and endogenous models. It introduces new proxies for explain the economic growth as in intra-industry trade, foreign direct investment and globalization index. The results indicate that economic growth is a dynamic process. The intra-industry has a positive impact on economic growth. This paper confirms relevant theoretical hypothesis as foreign direct investment and globalization promotes the economic growth. The good results obtained with GMM system estimator suggest that the building of dynamic theoretical models will be of interest to academic researchers.

Usually the tourism flows are explained by demand, economic growth, and revealed comparative advantage (neoclassic trade theory). This manuscript examines the link between intra-industry trade and international tourism flows. We have examined the Portuguese intra-industry trade in this sector. The analysis apply the static (Grubel and Lloyd) and dynamic index (Brülhart). Our results show that the tourism services are important for a small economy such as Portugal. The intra-industry trade is very significant between Portugal and the following countries: Spain, USA, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Canada.

This study examines the foreign direct investment (FDI) attractiveness for Greece as a host country in the period 1998-2007. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of variables, such as market size, labour costs, trade openness, taxes, inflation and economic stability. The manuscript applies a panel data approach (Fixed Effects estimator and GMM system estimator). In contrast to previous studies, this paper used a dynamic panel data to solve the problems of serial correlation and endogeneity. The empirical results indicate that the market size, trade openness, and labour costs are significant factors to explain inward FDI to Greece. These results indicate that the FDI attracting will be influenced by market size. Our results also show that Greece has some problems of macroeconomic stability, which discourages the investors.

The tourism industry has expanded in recent years due to internal and external environmental forces. These forces, income, trade, consumer price, and geographical distance are interconnected. Accounting for imperfect competition and increasing returns to scale, the new trade theory offers the explanation of dynamic gains from international trade. A large number of studies attempt to test the hypothesis that there is a link between trade and tourism. Most of the studies show that trade and tourism are positively correlated. This paper specifies static and dynamic panel demand models for tourism in Portugal and estimates demand equations using tourist inflow data for the period 1995-2006. We find that bilateral trade, immigration, border, and geographical distance between Portugal and countries of origin are the main determinants of tourism to Portugal. The dynamic panel data approach indicates that trade, population, and income are more important determinants than relative price.

Lusíada. Economia & empresa. - ISSN 1645-6750. - S. 2, n. 15 (2012). - p. 79-93. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar o impacto do comércio intra-indústria marginal sobre o crescimento econômico. Os resultados indicam que o crescimento é um processo dinâmico. A mudança do comércio intra-indústria tem um impacto positivo sobre o crescimento econômico. Este texto confirma a hipótese teórica relevante como o investimento estrangeiro direto e da globalização promover o crescimento econômico.

This research examines the determinants of bilateral trade between Portugal and European Union countries (EU-27) for the period 2000-2010, using a panel data. In this study we revisited the recent contribution as in Charoensukmongkol and Sexton (2011), Samy and Dehejia (2011), Serrano and Pinilla (2012), and Faustino and Proença (2011). The findings show that Portuguese trade flows are according the Linder hypothesis. The international trade is explained by Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. The empirical results demonstrate that geographical distance has a negative and significant effect on bilateral trade, i.e., there is a bilateral trade increase when trade partners are close. The economic dimension and common border are positively correlated with bilateral trade. Our results also support the hypothesis that physical capital endowment has a positive effect on bilateral trade.

This paper examines the India’s trade flows using a gravity model for the period 1998-2012. We selected the following major trade partners: China PRP, United Arab Emirates, United States, Saudi Arab, Switzerland, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Belgium, Kuwait, Korea RP, Nigeria, Australia, United Kingdom, Iran, South Africa, and Qatar. In this research we apply a static and dynamic panel. We find evidence that political globalization and cultural proximity have a positive influence in bilateral trade. We also introduce economic size and common border these proxies confirming a positive impact of bilateral trade. These results show that the gravity model can explain the pattern of bloc’s trade.

This study investigates the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and its relationship with economic growth, energy consumption and globalization over the period of 1990-2010. We apply a dynamic panel data (GMM-system estimator) using the data of selected 18 countries. This estimator permits to solve the problems of serial correlation, heteroskedasticity and endogeneity for some explanatory variables. The environmental consequences of economic growth are according to environmental Kuznets (EKC) hypothesis. Globalization seems to be a main engine that provides a way to enhance production intensively by utilizing abundant domestic resources efficiently. The energy consumption has positive impact on CO2 emissions. Urbanization improves environmental quality by lowering CO2 emissions, i.e an inverted-U shaped relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of financial development on economic growth applied to European Countries. The initial GDP per capita is negatively correlated with growth of real GDP per capita. Our study shows that there isconvergence within European Countries for the period 1990-2009. This paper confirms relevant theoretical hypothesis as international trade and saving enc ourage the economic growth. The inflation has a negative impact on economic growth as previous studies.

The objective of this study is to provide some empirical evidences on the existence of labor market adjustments according to smooth adjustment hypothesis (SAH) under the impact of intra-industry trade (IIT) considering the Portuguese case over a time span between 1995 and 2006. The main methodological issue of this study consists in showing that it is preferable to use the GMM-System approach with orthogonal transformation of data. The key outcome consists in highlighting a negative linkage between marginal intra-industry trade and the amplitude of employment changes for this particular market. In addition, we find a negative correlation between changes of employment and changes in domestic consumption. Moreover, the relationship between growth of productivity and market structure is according to smooth adjustment hypothesis.

Purpose- This manuscript examines the determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) in the tourism services by Portugal. The trade in this sector between Portugal and 17 countries was examined between 2002 and 2009. Design/methodology/approach- The paper formulates theoretical hypothesis that may explain the intra-industry trade in the tourism services. These hypotheses are tested using a dynamic panel data analysis. Findings- The result show that intra-industry trade occurs more frequently among countries that are similar in terms of factor endowments. The economic dimension and border confirm the positive impact in IIT. Our results also show that intra-industry trade increases if transportation costs decrease. Originality of the research-This article confirms relevant theoretical hypotheses on the causes of intra-industry trade. The results obtained with the Arellano and Bond GMM system estimator suggest that the building of dynamic theoretical models will be of interest to academic researchers in tourism services.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of marginal intra-industry trade on economic growth. The manuscript questions the economic growth exogenous models. It introduces new proxies to explain the economic growth as in marginal intra-industry trade, foreign direct investment and globalization index. The results indicate that economic growth is a dynamic process. The change of intra-industry has a positive impact on economic growth. This paper confirms relevant theoretical hypothesis as foreign direct investment and globalization promote the economic growth. The good results obtained with GMM system estimator suggest that the building of dynamic theoretical models will be of interest to academic researchers the link between marginal intra-industry trade and economic growth.

The objective of this research is to investigate labour market adjustment in Australian manufacturing industry over the period 1992–2000, a time of significant adjustment in the country’s trade pattern. Specifically, the focus is on the so-called smooth adjustment hypothesis, which posits that, compared with inter-industry trade, intra-industry trade (IIT) expansion is associated with relatively lower factor adjustment costs. A dynamic panel data approach(GMM-System) is employed. We find that there is a negative correlation between changes in employment and increased IIT. This result provides support for the smooth adjustment hypothesis. Given the rise in IIT as a proportion of Australia’s overall trade during the period under review, the resulting traderelated adjustment in labour markets is likely to have been less than otherwise expected.

A presente investigação examina a relação entre o crescimento económico e a globalização aplicado ao caso português, utilizando dados em painel para o período temporal de 1995 a 2008. Na década de 1980 e 1990 muito se escreveu acerca da globalização (Ohmae, 1995; Oman 1994; Dunning 1993). As recentes mudanças da economia internacional permitem explicar o crescimento económico através da globalização, do investimento direto estrangeiro e do comércio internacional. Stiglitz (2002) demonstra que a globalização pode ser vista como grande desilusão. A obra de Stiglitz ilustra que a globalização acentua as desigualdades em termos da repartição do rendimento per capita. Na verdade, os estudos empíricos evidenciam que as assimetrias entre os países do Norte e do Sul aumentam com a globalização. Nos últimos anos temos assistido a um debate na literatura sobre a convergência versus divergência nos modelos de crescimento económico. As estimativas que obtivemos demonstram que existem divergências entre Portugal e os seus parceiros comerciais, o que corrobora com os estudos empíricos (Kai e Hamori 2009). O nosso estudo comprova que existe uma correlação positiva entre a globalização e o crescimento económico. Por seu turno, o comércio bilateral promove o crescimento económico. A taxa de crescimento esta positivamente correlacionada com o investimento direto estrangeiro e com a tecnologia. Os fluxos migratórios não se revelam como determinantes dos fatores de crescimento.

This paper aims to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment and the globalization. The Portuguese economy has been a net recipient of FDI. Understanding the main determinants of FDI inflows is important to take the macroeconomic policy decisions. The manuscript analyses the determinants of FDI in Portugal for the period 1990- 2008. Instrumental variable estimation of a dynamic panel model within a system generalized methods moments framework allows us to control for potential correlation issues and endogeneity bias. The results show that the market size and globalization have a positive impact on FDI. Openness trade and urban population are also statistically significant. The paper confirms some relevant theoretical hypotheses on the causes of the FDI. The good results obtained with the GMM system estimator suggest that the building of dynamic theoretical model will be of interest to academic researches in FDI theory.

This paper provides an empirical test of the SAH (smooth adjustment hypothesis) using the data on Portugal. According to the SAH, intra-industry trade leads to relatively lower adjustment costs in comparison to inter-industry trade. The paper tests the SAH by using a dynamic panel data analysis that takes into account lagged effects of changes in the MIIT (marginal intra-industry trade) index. The regressions use the absolute change in the total employment in a given industry as a proxy for trade adjustment costs. The main results imply that a higher MIIT leads to lower adjustment costs in the same year. More specifically, the coefficients of the MIIT index are negative and statistically significant in all the regressions. These results provide support for the SAH.