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Paedophilia is a paraphilia characterised by behaviour, drives or sexual fantasies that are intense and recurring and that generally involve children. This sexual deviation is often linked to personal distress, to a significant alteration of personal, family, professional and social life, in a general sense. In our modern Western societies, paedophilia and the perversions associated with it are punishable by law. Paedophilia is a concept that is very ancient, complex and particularly diverse in its many clinical presentations. Its societal impact is very important and contrasts with the real knowledge of this issue among non-specialists, or even among specialists. In this second part of the article, the authors will develop the aetiologies of paedophilia, the therapeutic options and the forensic aspects.

Paedophilia is a paraphilia characterised by behaviour, drives or sexual fantasies that are intense and recurring and that involve children, in a general sense. This sexual deviation is often linked to personal distress, to a significant alteration of personal, family, professional and social life, in a general sense. In our modern Western societies, paedophilia and the perversions associated with it are punishable by law. Paedophilia is a concept that is very ancient, complex and particularly diverse in its many clinical presentations. Its societal impact is very important and contrasts with the real knowledge of this issue among non-specialists, or even among specialists. Based on expert clinical experience gathered at the courts and on an exhaustive review of current literature on the subject, the authors propose an update of the concept of paedophilia. In the first part of this work, the authors will discuss several aspects such as the historical background and the clinical aspects and nosography of paedophilia. This literature review will be accompanied by short clinical vignettes, based on the authors' clinical experience.

Forensic psychiatry is a medical (sub-) speciality covering a variety of different fields, such as general psychiatry, criminology, law, anthropology and sociology. Experts in forensic psychiatry are required to have a base of specific training, eclectic knowledge and correct ethical and professional practice. The cross-disciplinary nature of forensic psychiatry means that it demands flexibility, procedural rigour and a continuous dialogue between the medical field and the legal profession. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the evolution in this field, which is very specific and also essential to today's democracy. Indeed, forensic psychiatry can be traced all the way back to Antiquity, but it has undergone profound changes in the last few years, with the field gaining recognition and its practices becoming increasingly professionalised. This is indeed excellent news.

Objectives: Theories of religion are essential for understanding current trends in terrorist activities. The aim of this work is to clarify religion's role in facilitating terror and outline in parallel with recent theoretical developments on terrorism and human behaviour., Methods: Several databases were used such as PubCentral, Scopus, Medline and Science Direct. The search terms "terrorism", "social psychology", "religion", "evolution", and "cognition" were used to identify relevant studies in the databases., Results: This work examines, in a multidimensional way, how terrorists employ these features of religion to achieve their goals. In the same way, it describes how terrorists use rituals to conditionally associate emotions with sanctified symbols that are emotionally evocative and motivationally powerful, fostering group solidarity, trust, and cooperation. Religious beliefs, including promised rewards in the afterlife, further serve to facilitate cooperation by altering the perceived payoffs of costly actions, including suicide bombing. The adolescent pattern of brain development is unique, and young adulthood presents an ideal developmental stage to attract recruits and enlist them in high-risk behaviors., Conclusions: This work offers insights, based on this translational analysis, concerning the links between religion, terrorism and human behavior., (Copyright © 2017 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: This retrospective and observational study is based on the hypothesis that sex offenders have experienced trauma and/or educational dysfunction which have a responsibility in theirs crimes of sexual type. The purpose of this study is to highlight these disturbances, develop a typology of sex offenders and offer a reflection on elements which allowed their acting out., Methods: Two groups were selected. A group of 31 patients having committed criminal offences or murders and having been determined as mentally irresponsibles of their act (" Défense Sociale " in Belgium). This group was compared to a group of 31 patients consulting a general practitioner. A survey and a personal interview were used. Most of this questions came from Thomas Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (this questionnaire highlight psychiatric disorders or pathological behaviors in childhood). The inclusion criteria were: male patients major in social defense; single or series rape(s) (accompanied or not by murder); incest; pedophilia; intelligence quotient greater than or equal to 80 (determined by the scale WAIS)., Results: The anova test results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p ⟨ 0,00063). Several different profiles of rapists were established., Conclusion: Indeed, patient group shows more trauma such as sexual abuse (9.8 times more) and physical abuse (3.1 times more) than the control group. Three factors were identified as a condition to an achieved rape: a pathological family dynamic, impaired impulse control and an empathic deficit.

Monitoring parameters for anorexia nervosa include clinical, biological and psychological factors. Many research groups are currently trying to identify parameters more likely to predict the severity or the evolution of the illness. Body composition has been proposed as one of those parameters. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate that measures of body composition are more accurate and efficient than the use of body composition index (BMI). We also aim to show that body composition could be used as a prognostic factor in the long-term evolution of patients with anorexia nervosa. It's a retrospective study investigating body composition and BMI in 44 patients treated in a specialized unit for eating disorder. Measures of body composition and BMI were gathered at the time of admission and again 3 months after refeeding onset. Data was correlated to the EDI-2 questionnaire scores. BMI and %FM where found to be increased (P < 0.05) between admission and after 3 months refeeding. The double objective of reaching a BMI value > or = 20 kg/m2 and a %FM value > or = 2% was achieved by 22% of patients. No significant correlation was found between EDI-2 scores and measures of BMI and %FM either on admission or after the 3 months refeeding period. In conclusion, results of our study don't allow concluding for a prognostic superiority of %FM. Nonetheless, BMI currently used as a reference for the monitoring of eating disorders patients seems to lack sensitivity where measures of body composition seem more informative regarding nutritional status. Furthermore, fat mass plays an important role in other clinical manifestations. In addition, measures of body composition should allow more individualised therapeutic support.

The law of June 26, 1990 (protection measure of the mental patients) has replaced the old law of collocation of 1850 (review in 1873). Conceived in the line of the principles of the European Convention of the Humans right, it constitutes an important reform of the involuntary treatment of the mental patients and recalls, without any doubt, that the patient is prone of right. The article describes the scope of application of the law of June 26, 1990, and the methods of initiation of a protection measure. Then, the measure in a hospital environment (ordinary procedure and urgent procedure), as well as the measure in a family environment are approached in their waning. Furthermore, the author discusses the networks between physicians and lawyers and the difficulty to communicate between these two worlds, such as Justice and Medicine.

Psychopathy is a personality disorder frequently associated with immoral behaviors. Previous behavioral studies on the influence of psychopathy on moral decision have yielded contradictory results, possibly because they focused either on judgment (abstract evaluation) or on choice of hypothetical action, two processes that may rely on different mechanisms. In this study, we explored the influence of the level of psychopathic traits on judgment and choice of hypothetical action during moral dilemma evaluation. A population of 102 students completed a questionnaire with ten moral dilemmas and nine non-moral dilemmas. The task included questions targeting both judgment ("Is it acceptable to … in order to …?") and choice of hypothetical action ("Would you … in order to …?"). The level of psychopathic traits of each participant was evaluated with the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) scale. Logistic regression fitted with the generalized estimating equations method analyses were conducted using responses to the judgment and choice tasks as the dependent variables and psychopathy scores as predictor. Results show that a high level of psychopathic traits, and more specifically those related to affective deficit, predicted a greater proportion of utilitarian responses for the choice but not for the judgment question. There was no first-order interaction between the level of psychopathic traits and other potential predictors. The relation between a high level of psychopathic traits and increased utilitarianism in choice of action but not in moral judgment may explain the contradictory results of previous studies where these two processes were not contrasted. It also gives further support to the hypothesis that choice of action endorsement and abstract judgment during moral dilemma evaluation are partially distinct neural and psychological processes. We propose that this distinction should be better taken into account in the evaluation of psychopathic behaviors.

Young women are at risk of mental problem during pregnancy and postpartum. It is particularly important that the mental health of childbearing women is stable. However, all psychotropic medications diffuse across the placenta and are excreted into breast milk. The fetus is thus at risk of teratogenicity and postnatal behavioural sequelae. Which are today the psychotropics that can take up the challenge of minimizing the risk for the foetus and at the same time limiting the impact of morbidity on the mother ? Medical literature of last ten years is reviewed. The safety issue of psychotropic's use during pregnancy and lactation is still unresolved. Little information is available concerning developmental outcome of children exposed to medication, especially about newer molecules even though recent case reports are encouraging. Larger standardized studies are still needed.

Despite numbers of publications and effort to try to establish the definition, the classification, the epidemiology, the clinical aspects and the psychopathology of serial killers, a universal consensus seems to say the least. Crime, though reduced in some countries, appears to impact more and more consistent worldwide, generating controversial ideas and a multitude of possible explanations. The serial killer usually presents as a caucasian man, aged between 20 and 40 years, often embedded socially and in his family, but with serious psychiatric, personal and especially family history. Usually acting alone, the serial killer plans a crime well in advance, but sometimes within the scope of impulsivity for a minority, the victim not being previously selected. In the latter case, an actual mental illness like psychosis is found. It is clear from numerous psychopathological studies conducted so far that most serial killers are defined as psychopathic sexual sadists, whose childhood was difficult, if not flouted, punctuated by physical and psychological violence situations. In addition, pervasive fantasies combined with thoughts of death, sex and violence are as much in common with the original acts of which they are the instigators. Beyond a relentless media that is constantly watering the public with stories and pictures depicting them as such, serial killers remain an enigma. We can therefore attempt to answer the various questions raised by this phenomenon, the way these people operate and how we can curb the rise, thanks to the neurobiological and neurophysiological approaches that science offers us.

Psychopathy related research has traditionally focused on males. Today, numerous evidences testify to the existence of the disorder in women. Nevertheless the possibility to transpose this concept unchanged to women is debated, as it was initially developed in male populations. Current researches didn't notice major gender differences in the structure of the disorder. Nevertheless, one note differences in the prevalence measurement and in the mean score of psychopathy according to usual diagnostic scales. The prevalence rates are generally lower among women, and men seem to have higher mean scores on psychopathy measures. Furthermore, man and woman share most of interpersonal and affective traits as well as psychopathic behaviours, but they may rely on different tactics to achieve the same goals. Considering these differences, the increase of the female criminality speaks to the need for understanding more the construct of the disorder in women, for validating results already obtained with larger samples and for developing objective and adapted evaluating instruments to predict reliably reoffends, institutional structures and treatment response. Secondly it would be interesting to enlighten early factors that may affect, predict or moderate the expression of the disorder, in a preventive goal.

Although psychopathy has traditionally been cited as a disorder of personality, confusion arises as the term is used interchangeably with the terms antisocial personality disorder of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV TR) or dissocial personality disorder, both of which are largely behaviorally based. This paper aims to provide a clinical and scientific overview of the literature on the topic of psychopathy, which examines this conundrum. This article begins with a wee bit of history about Hervey Cleckley's work, The Mask of Sanity, and then presents the definitions and nosography of psychopathy, focusing on the distinction between the antisocial psychopath and the successful psychopath. The discussion will then lead on the epidemiological aspects and diagnosis, especially psychometric and measurement tools used to assess psychopathy in the individual: Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), as this is the most frequently used and validated measure of psychopathy. The second section of the article reviews several studies dealing with structural and functional neuroimaging in psychopaths. The final part of this overview considers the treatment and interventions that are available to psychopathic offenders and the implications for future research, especially in terms of prevention. This review demonstrates that studies and further research are still required in psychopathy, particularly using functional neuroimaging techniques, as fMRI and magnetoencephalography, that can describe the functional neuroanatomy of human emotion. Today, cognitive and social neurosciences constitute one of the most promising way to study psychopathy.

Nowadays, a high percentage of the population in modern societies suffers from various kinds of sleep disturbances, in part due to the impact of increased socio-cultural stress factors. The most common sleep complaint is insomnia. Psychophysiological insomnia is one of the most frequent forms of sleep disturbances. It is a type of conditioned or learned insomnia that is presumably derived from two sources. The first involves the conditioning of sleep-preventing habits in which repeated pairing of sleeplessness and situational, temporal, or behavioural stimuli normally associated with sleep leads to conditional arousal that impairs sleep. The second involves somatised tension believed to result from the internalisation of psychological conflicts and excessive worrying about sleep, which are incompatible with sleep. Quantitative EEG approach, particularly with spectral analysis, has recently refined the analysis of the EEG in sleep. These EEG quantification techniques are now very useful to understand the neurophysiological basis of a lot of sleep disorders, particularly in the case of psychophysiological insomnia.