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2. After-use of cutover peatland from the perspective of landowners: Future effects on the national greenhouse gas budget in Finland

Author

Laasasenaho, K., Lauhanen, R., Räsänen, A., Palomäki, A., Viholainen, I., Markkanen, T., Aalto, T., Ojanen, P., Minkkinen, K., Jokelainen, L., Lohila, A., Siira, O.-P., Marttila, H., Päkkilä, L., Albrecht, E., Kuittinen, S., Pappinen, A., Ekman, E., Kübert, A., Lampimäki, M., Lampilahti, J., Shahriyer, A.H., Tyystjärvi, V., Tuunainen, A.-M., Leino, J., Ronkainen, T., Peltonen, L., Vasander, H., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.

Published
2023
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6. Grammatik:Themen, Darstellung und Übungen in den Deutschlehrbüchern Licht an! 2 und Echt! 2

Author

Leino, J. (Josefiina) and Leino, J. (Josefiina)

Abstract

Das Ziel dieser Pro-Gradu-Arbeit war herauszufinden, welche Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten es bei der Darstellung von Grammatik in zwei Deutschlehrbüchern, die auf der Basis von verschiedenen Lehrplänen verfasst wurden, gibt. In den finnischen Lehrplänen werden größere Änderungen alle zehn Jahre gemacht und die Lehrbücher werden deswegen ebenfalls erneuert. Weil die Grammatik von den Lernenden oft als schwer gesehen wird, ist es wichtig, die Änderungen in Hinblick auf die Grammatik zwischen den Büchern zu untersuchen. Die Methoden des Fremdsprachenunterrichts stehen in einem Zusammenhang mit den Lehrbüchern und es ist deshalb möglich, die Lehrpläne und die Bücher mit den Methoden zu vergleichen, was auch hier gemacht wurde. In dieser Pro-Gradu-Arbeit wurden die Deutschlehrbücher Licht an! 2 und Echt! 2 untersucht. Das Buch Licht an! 2 wurde für den Lehrplan aus dem Jahr 2014 gemacht und Echt! 2 für den Lehrplan aus dem Jahr 2004. Beide Bücher werden in der achten Klasse beim Lernen der A2-Sprache verwendet. In den qualitativen Teilen der Untersuchung wurden die Themen der Grammatikbeschreibungen, die Grammatikdarstellungen und -übungen analysiert. Obwohl die Grammatik das Hauptthema dieser Arbeit ist, wurden die Bücher auch in ihrer Ganzheit verglichen. In den quantitativen Teilen der Untersuchung wurde dann die Anzahl der Grammatikdarstellungen und -übungen erhoben. In der Arbeit wurde die Grammatikdarstellung in den Büchern miteinander, aber auch mit den Lehrplänen und Methoden des Fremdsprachenunterrichts verglichen. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse zeigen, dass die Modernisierung der Lehrpläne ein wichtiger Faktor bei den Unterschieden zwischen den Büchern ist. Bei den Grammatikdarstellungen gibt es große Unterschiede, weil das Buch Echt! 2 keine induktiven Darstellungen der Grammatik gibt, sondern mehr deduktive. Das Lehrbuch Licht an! 2 gibt dagegen keine deduktiven Darstellungen, sondern mehr induktive. Die Grammatikübungen zeigen ebenfalls die Modernisi

Published
2023

7. Initial Results of the Relative Humidity Observations by MEDA Instrument Onboard the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover.

Author

Polkko, J., Hieta, M., Harri, A.‐M., Tamppari, L., Martínez, G., Viúdez‐Moreiras, D., Savijärvi, H., Conrad, P., Zorzano Mier, M. P., De La Torre Juarez, M., Hueso, R., Munguira, A., Leino, J., Gómez, F., Jaakonaho, I., Fischer, E., Genzer, M., Apestigue, V., Arruego, I., and Banfield, D.

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC boundary layer, HYDROLOGIC cycle, MARS (Planet), ATMOSPHERIC temperature, SOIL air, HUMIDITY
Abstract

The Mars 2020 mission rover "Perseverance", launched on 30 July 2020 by NASA, landed successfully 18 February 2021 at Jezero Crater, Mars (Lon. E 77.4509° Lat. N 18.4446°). The landing took place at Mars solar longitude Ls = 5.2°, close to start of the northern spring. Perseverance's payload includes the relative humidity sensor MEDA HS (Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer Humidity Sensor), which operations, performance, and the first observations from sol 80 to sol 410 (Ls 44°–210°) of Perseverance's operations we describe. The relative humidity measured by MEDA‐HS is reliable from late night hours to few tens of minutes after sunrise when the measured humidity is greater than 2% (referenced to sensor temperature). Data delivered to the Planetary Data System include relative humidity, sensor temperature, uncertainty of relative humidity, and volume mixing ratio (VMR). VMR is calculated using the MEDA‐PS pressure sensor values. According to observations, nighttime absolute humidity follows a seasonal curve in which release of water vapor from the northern cap with advancing northern spring and summer is visible. At ground level, frost conditions may have been reached a few times during this season (Ls 44°–210°). Volume mixing ratio values show a declining diurnal trend from the midnight toward the morning suggesting adsorption of humidity into the ground. Observations are compared with an adsorptive single‐column model, which complies with observations and confirms adsorption. The model allows estimating daytime VMR levels. Short‐term subhour timescales show large temporal fluctuations in humidity, which suggest vertical and spatial advection. Plain Language Summary: The Mars 2020 mission rover "Perseverance" landed successfully on 18 February 2021 at Jezero Crater, Mars. The rover's payload includes a versatile instrument suite which includes a relative humidity sensor, whose observations for the first 410 Martian days are described here. The observations show how the lowest level of atmosphere is generally dry but still exceeding saturation is feasible because of cold nights. Sensor operations and accuracy estimates are presented. Relative humidity together with MEDA pressure and air temperature observations allow calculating absolute water vapor content of air at the sensor level at nighttime. Humidity observations are also compared with models describing water vapor adsorption and desorption into and out from soil. The results show how atmospheric humidity at the rover's site experiences large subhour variability. Humidity observations help to understand interchange of humidity between the soil and the atmosphere. Water is mandatory for life, such as on earth, thus understanding these water cycle processes better are important for evaluating possibilities of past and current habitability of Mars. Perseverance is also collecting samples which maybe returned to Earth one day. Knowledge of the conditions at the times when samples were collected maybe useful. Key Points: Humidity observations in Mars by M2020 Perseverance rover during the first 410 sols of operation are shown and discussedHumidity sensor MEDA‐HS operations and sensor accuracy are explainedAdsorptive single column model is tested and compared with humidity observations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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8. Grammatik:Themen, Darstellung und Übungen in den Lehrbüchern Voilà! 3 und KURZ UND GUT 3

Author

Leino, J. (Josefiina)

Abstract

In dieser Arbeit werden Grammatikthemen, -darstellung und -übungen in dem französischen Lehrbuch Voilà! 3 und in dem deutschen Lehrbuch KURZ UND GUT 3 analysiert. Diese Untersuchung hat das Ziel herauszufinden, wie man die Grammatik in diesen Lehrbüchern vermittelt. Die größten Unterschiede zwischen den Büchern werden analysiert und die Bücher werden auch mit den Methoden des Fremdsprachenunterrichts verbunden. Grammatik ist ein wichtiger Teil der Sprachen, der oft als schwer und langweilig empfunden wird. Als Lehrende ist es sehr wichtig, verschiedene Unterrichtsmethoden zu benutzen und Grammatik interessanter unterrichten zu können. In dieser Arbeit werden Grammatik und pädagogische Methoden verbunden. Die Bücher werden in Finnland in der gymnasialen Oberstufe verwendet und deswegen muss man das finnische Schulsystem vorstellen. Die Bedeutung und verschiedene Aspekte der Grammatik werden auch behandelt. Sodass man die Bücher mit den verschiedenen Methoden des Fremdsprachenunterrichts verbinden kann, muss man sie auch vorstellen. Bei der Analyse wurde herausgefunden, dass das Buch Voilà! 3 die Grammatik sehr deduktiv darstellt, während das Buch KURZ UND GUT 3 Darstellungen, die eine Mischung von deduktiv und induktiv sind, bevorzugt. Das französischen Buch hat viel mehr wiederholte Grammatik, aber es ist möglich, dass die Unterschiede auch etwas mit der Schwierigkeit der Sprache zu tun haben. Die Bücher haben ähnliche Übungstypen, aber es gibt Unterschiede zwischen der Anzahl der verschiedenen Übungen. Das französische Buch hat mehr traditionelle Merkmale, die man auch mit der Grammatik-Übersetzungsmethode verbinden kann. Das deutsche Buch hat andere Merkmale der Methoden und man kann es leichter zum Beispiel mit der direkten Methode verbinden. Es ist jedoch unmöglich, die Lehrbücher nur in eine Methode zu klassifizieren, da beide Merkmale von verschiedenen Methoden haben.

Published
2021

10. Insensitive load balancing in data networks

Author

Leino, J. and Virtamo, J.

Subjects
Markov processes -- Analysis
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2005.09.009 Byline: J. Leino, J. Virtamo Keywords: Load balancing; Processor-sharing networks; Insensitivity; Balanced fairness Abstract: In this paper, we extend and summarize our earlier work on optimal insensitive load balancing. Based on the insensitivity results by Bonald and Proutiere, we study insensitive load balancing in data networks executed either at packet or flow level. When insensitive load balancing is used, the flow size distribution does not affect the state distribution or performance of the system. The most efficient capacity allocation policy can be determined recursively when packet-level balancing is used. The flow-level balancing problem is analyzed using the theory of Markov decision processes. By using the linear programming formulation of MDP theory, the optimal routing policy can be solved either separately or jointly with the capacity allocation. Performance of the different methods is compared in a toy network. Packet-level balancing performs best of the insensitive policies. The performance of flow-level balancing is improved if capacity allocation and routing are jointly balanced and optimized. However, the requirement of insensitivity still implies some performance penalty in comparison with the best sensitive policy. Author Affiliation: Networking Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland

Published
2006

11. Skandinaavinen kapselihotelli

Author

Leino, J. (Juhana)

Abstract

Tiivistelmä. Tietoisuus ilmaston lämpenemisestä on tehnyt energiatehokkuudesta rakennussuunnittelun globaalin megatrendin. Energian käytön vähentämiseen pyritään myös tilatehokkuutta parantamalla. Majoitusrakentamisessa tilatehokkaimpia ratkaisuja edustaa alkuperältään japanilainen kapselihotelli, jonka tilaideologiaa on tällä vuosikymmenellä alettu levittää myös muualle maailmaan. Kapselihotelleita on perustettu myös Eurooppaan ja Pohjoismaihin. Tyyliltään ja tila-ajattelultaan ne muistuttavat kuitenkin usein varsin suoraan japanilaista alkuperäänsä. Diplomityössäni esittelen suunnittelemani kapselihotellikonseptin, jossa olen japanilaista alkuperää kehitellyt edelleen sopimaan skandinaavisiin oloihin ja kulttuuriin. Tarkoitukseni on keskittyä erityisesti majoituskapseliin, jota voisi samankaltaisena tuotteena käyttää niin uudisrakennuksissa, korjauskohteissa kuin tilapäismajoituksessakin. Esittelen suunnitelman uudisrakennuksesta, jonka keskeinen tavoite on luoda kiinnostavaa ja elämyksellistä majoitustilaa ja joka kilpailee perinteisen hotellimajoituksen kanssa laadulla ja monipuolisuudella. Tämä opinnäytetyö on suunnitelmapainotteinen konseptisuunnitelma, joka sijoittuu Ruotsin Luulajan alueelle. Konseptin pohjatyönä olen kartoittanut toteutettuja kapselihotelleja Japanissa ja Euroopassa. Selvitän, mihin tarkoitukseen kapselihotellit on kehitetty ja miten niitä käytetään alkuperämaassaan Japanissa. Tutkin, onko käyttö samanlaista myös muualla toteutetuissa kapselihotelleissa. Esittelen myös rakennustyypin trendejä ja mihin suuntaan konsepti on kehittymässä. Rakennussuunnittelun pohjatyönä olen tutustunut Luulajan kaupungin ympäristöön ja arkkitehtuuriin. Tavoitteeni on suunnitella paikkaansa sopiva ja ympäristöään kunnioittava rakennus. Olen tutustunut myös Ruotsin rakennusmääräyksiin ja suunnitellut rakennuksen niin, että se on esimerkiksi palomääräyksiltään mahdollista toteuttaa konseptin puitteissa.Scandinavian capsule hotel. Abstract. Awareness of global warming has made energy efficiency a worldwide megatrend in building design. Efforts are also being made to reduce energy use by improving space efficiency. The most space-efficient solutions in accommodation construction are being represented in the Japanese capsule hotel. The space ideology of capsule hotels has begun to spread in hotels and hostels throughout the world in this decade. Capsule hotels have also been established in Europe and the Nordic countries. In terms of style and space, however, they are often quite directly reminiscent of their Japanese origins. In my Master’s thesis I present a capsule hotel concept that I have designed to match the Scandinavian conditions and culture. My main focus is specifically on the capsule module, which could be used in new buildings, renovations and transient accommodation. I present a plan for a new building that focuses on creating interesting and adventurous quarters that competes with traditional hotel accommodation for quality and variety. This thesis is a plan-oriented concept plan located in the Luleå region of Sweden. As preliminary work I examined completed capsule hotels in Japan and Europe. I studied how the first capsule hotels came to be and how they are used in their country of origin. I examine whether the use is similar elsewhere. I will also present the trends of the building type and the direction in which the concept is developing. In the beginning of construction design I familiarized myself with Luleå city environment and architecture. My goal is to design a building that is appropriate for its location and respectful of its surroundings. I have designed the building so that it meets with the Swedish building regulations and construction can be carried out within the framework of the concept.

Published
2019

12. Automating three-dimensional osteoarthritis histopathological grading of human osteochondral tissue using machine learning on contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography

Author

Rytky, S. (S.J.O.), Tiulpin, A. (A.), Frondelius, T. (T.), Finnilä, M. (M.A.J.), Karhula, S. (S.S.), Leino, J. (J.), Pritzker, K. (K.P.H.), Valkealahti, M. (M.), Lehenkari, P. (P.), Joukainen, A. (A.), Kröger, H. (H.), Nieminen, H. (H.J.), Saarakkala, S. (S.), Rytky, S. (S.J.O.), Tiulpin, A. (A.), Frondelius, T. (T.), Finnilä, M. (M.A.J.), Karhula, S. (S.S.), Leino, J. (J.), Pritzker, K. (K.P.H.), Valkealahti, M. (M.), Lehenkari, P. (P.), Joukainen, A. (A.), Kröger, H. (H.), Nieminen, H. (H.J.), and Saarakkala, S. (S.)

Abstract

Summary Objective: To develop and validate a machine learning (ML) approach for automatic three-dimensional (3D) histopathological grading of osteochondral samples imaged with contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (CEμCT). Design: A total of 79 osteochondral cores from 24 total knee arthroplasty patients and two asymptomatic donors were imaged using CEμCT with phosphotungstic acid -staining. Volumes-of-interest (VOI) in surface (SZ), deep (DZ) and calcified (CZ) zones were extracted depth-wise and subjected to dimensionally reduced Local Binary Pattern -textural feature analysis. Regularized linear and logistic regression (LR) models were trained zone-wise against the manually assessed semi-quantitative histopathological CEμCT grades (diameter = 2 mm samples). Models were validated using nested leave-one-out cross-validation and an independent test set (4 mm samples). The performance was primarily assessed using Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Average Precision (AP, confidence intervals are given in square brackets). Results: Highest performance on cross-validation was observed for SZ, both on linear regression (MSE = 0.49, 0.69 and 0.71 for SZ, DZ and CZ, respectively) and LR (AP = 0.9 [0.77–0.99], 0.46 [0.28–0.67] and 0.65 [0.41–0.85] for SZ, DZ and CZ, respectively). The test set evaluations yielded increased MSE on all zones. For LR, the performance was also best for the SZ (AP = 0.85 [0.73–0.93], 0.82 [0.70–0.92] and 0.8 [0.67–0.9], for SZ, DZ and CZ, respectively). Conclusion: We present the first ML-based automatic 3D histopathological osteoarthritis (OA) grading method which also adequately perform on grading unseen data, especially in SZ. After further development, the method could potentially be applied by OA researchers since the grading software and all source codes are publicly available.

Published
2020

13. Automating Three-dimensional Osteoarthritis Histopathological Grading of Human Osteochondral Tissue using Machine Learning on Contrast-Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography

Author

Rytky, S.J.O., primary, Tiulpin, A., additional, Frondelius, T., additional, Finnilä, M.A.J., additional, Karhula, S.S., additional, Leino, J., additional, Pritzker, K.P.H., additional, Valkealahti, M., additional, Lehenkari, P., additional, Joukainen, A., additional, Kröger, H., additional, Nieminen, H.J., additional, and Saarakkala, S., additional

Published
2019
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14. AUTOMSv2 Results for OAEI 2012

Author

Konstantinos Kotis, Katasonov, A., and Leino, J.

Subjects
ontology alignment
Abstract

This paper presents AUTOMSv2 effort towards building a tool for the automated alignment of domain ontologies. The developed tool is a result of our motivation to rebuild AUTOMS tool (presented in OAEI 2006) by putting together a) a well-known, widely used and continuously evolving/maintained alignment framework b) the synthesis of state-of-the-art alignment methods, c) a modern approach of synthesizing methods using profiling and configuration strategies, and d) multilingual support. The aim of this experience was not to compete with other tools in precision and recall but to re-develop AUTOMS using the abovementioned technologies and methods. Nevertheless, AUTOMSv2 obtained satisfactory results when compared with tools of OAEI 2011 and 2011.5 campaigns.

Published
2012

21. Young uranium deposits in peat, Finland: an orientation study.

Author

Aikas O., Leino J., Seppanen H., Yli-Kyyny K., Aikas O., Leino J., Seppanen H., and Yli-Kyyny K.

Abstract

From previous knowledge of their radioactivity or uranium contents, mires and springs in six eastern and northern areas were chosen for testing exploration methods and equipment. The mires were sampled with a Hiller or Russian-type sampler and in one case bulk density samples were taken with a piston sampler. Uranium contents were determined from the ashed samples by delayed neutron activation analysis and low-energy gamma ray spectroscopy, and Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, Mo and Fe contents by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Uranium contents from mires were up to 1% and from springs up to 5%. The most important factors in its deposition seemed to be the composition of the peat layers, permeability of the deposits and location of feeders pouring microgenic waters into the system. The samples showed radioactive disequilibrium to varying degrees: about 50% contained predominantly young uranium, but 10% contained only daughters. Cu and Co were enriched with uranium at some of the sites. The results suggest the implementation of stepwise exploration for young uranium. Targets should be suitable bedrock areas with anomalous but not necessarily high uranium contents in groundwater and one or more drainage basins containing organic deposits capable of binding uranium., From previous knowledge of their radioactivity or uranium contents, mires and springs in six eastern and northern areas were chosen for testing exploration methods and equipment. The mires were sampled with a Hiller or Russian-type sampler and in one case bulk density samples were taken with a piston sampler. Uranium contents were determined from the ashed samples by delayed neutron activation analysis and low-energy gamma ray spectroscopy, and Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, Mo and Fe contents by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Uranium contents from mires were up to 1% and from springs up to 5%. The most important factors in its deposition seemed to be the composition of the peat layers, permeability of the deposits and location of feeders pouring microgenic waters into the system. The samples showed radioactive disequilibrium to varying degrees: about 50% contained predominantly young uranium, but 10% contained only daughters. Cu and Co were enriched with uranium at some of the sites. The results suggest the implementation of stepwise exploration for young uranium. Targets should be suitable bedrock areas with anomalous but not necessarily high uranium contents in groundwater and one or more drainage basins containing organic deposits capable of binding uranium.

31. A thermodynamic model of a rapid compression expansion machine applied for the estimation of the flame speed of air/hydrogen mixtures

Author

Vincenzo De Bellis, Enrica Malfi, Fabio Bozza, Alberto Cafari, Gennaro Caputo, Jari Yvonnen, Antonino Di Miceli, Juha Leino, Viljam Grahn, De Bellis, V., Malfi, E., Bozza, F., Cafari, A., Caputo, G., Yvonnen, J., Di Miceli, A., Leino, J., and Grahn, V.

Subjects
Fuel Technology, General Chemical Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Published
2023

32. A two-step, user-centered approach to personalized tourist recommendations

Author

Valeria Orso, Giulio Jacucci, Anna Spagnolli, Jukka Leino, Salvatore Andolina, Stefano Rodaro, Alessandra Varotto, Luciano Gamberini, Orso V., Varotto A., Rodaro S., Spagnolli A., Jacucci G., Andolina S., Leino J., and Gamberini L.

Subjects
ta113, Settore ING-INF/05 - Sistemi Di Elaborazione Delle Informazioni, Tourist application, Engineering, User profile, Settore INF/01 - Informatica, Point (typography), Process (engineering), Computer Applications, business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, Recommender system, World Wide Web, Tourist applications, User validation, Human–computer interaction, 020204 information systems, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Generalizability theory, Relevance (information retrieval), business, Drawback
Abstract

Geo-localized, mobile applications can simplify a tourist visit, making the relevant Point of Interests more easily and promptly discernible to users. At the same time, such solutions must avoid creating unfitting or rigid user profiles that impoverish the users' options instead of refining them. Currently, user profiles in recommender systems rely on dimensions whose relevance to the user is more often presumed than empirically defined. To avoid this drawback, we build our recommendation system in a two-step process, where profile parameters are evaluated preliminarily and separately from the recommendations themselves. We describe this two-step evaluation process including an initial survey (N = 206), and a subsequent controlled study (N = 24). We conclude by emphasizing the benefit and generalizability of the approach

Published
2017
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33. Prognostic capacity of a clinically indicated exercise test for cardiovascular mortality is enhanced by combined analysis of exercise capacity, heart rate recovery and T-wave alternans.

Author

Minkkinen M, Nieminen T, Verrier RL, Leino J, Lehtimäki T, Viik J, Lehtinen R, Nikus K, Kööbi T, Turjanmaa V, and Kähönen M

Subjects
Action Potentials, Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases physiopathology, Cause of Death, Chi-Square Distribution, Female, Finland, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Proportional Hazards Models, Recovery of Function, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases diagnosis, Cardiovascular Diseases mortality, Electrocardiography, Exercise Test, Exercise Tolerance, Heart Conduction System physiopathology, Heart Rate
Abstract

Background: Exercise capacity, heart rate recovery and T-wave alternans are independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality. We tested whether these parameters contain supplementary prognostic information., Methods: A total of 3609 consecutive patients (2157 men) referred for a routine, clinically indicated bicycle exercise test were enrolled in the Finnish Cardiovascular Study (FINCAVAS). Exercise capacity was measured in metabolic equivalents, heart rate recovery as the decrease in heart rate from maximum to one minute post-exercise, and T-wave alternans by time-domain Modified Moving Average method., Results: During 57-month median follow-up (interquartile range 35-78 months), 96 patients died of cardiovascular causes (primary endpoint) and 233 from any cause. All three parameters were independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality when analysed as continuous variables. Adding metabolic equivalents (p < 0.001), heart rate recovery (p = 0.002) or T-wave alternans (p = 0.01) to the linear model improved its predictive power for cardiovascular mortality. The combination of low exercise capacity (<6 metabolic equivalents), reduced heart rate recovery (≤12 beats/min) and elevated T-wave alternans (≥60 μV) yielded the highest hazard ratio for cardiovascular mortality of 16.5 (95% confidence interval 4.0-67.7, p < 0.001). Harrell's C index was 0.719 (confidence interval 0.665-0.772) for cardiovascular mortality with previously defined cutpoints (<8 units for metabolic equivalents, ≤18 beats/min for heart rate recovery and ≥60 μV for T-wave alternans)., Conclusion: The prognostic capacity of the clinical exercise test is enhanced by combined analysis of exercise capacity, heart rate recovery and T-wave alternans., (© The European Society of Cardiology 2014.)

Published
2015
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34. Psychosocial problems in childhood and later alcohol consumption: a life course approach with historical information.

Author

Leino J, Kauhanen L, Hokkinen L, Kurl S, Toriola AT, Voutilainen S, Lynch JW, and Kauhanen J

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol-Related Disorders etiology, Alcohol-Related Disorders psychology, Child, Cohort Studies, Ethanol administration & dosage, Ethanol poisoning, Finland, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult, Alcohol Drinking psychology, Social Problems, Socioeconomic Factors
Abstract

Aims: Childhood psychosocial problems have been associated with poor alcohol habits in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate further the association in men by using information from historical health records., Methods: As part of the epidemiological FinDrink Study, we examined the association between childhood psychosocial problems and total ethanol consumption, binge drinking, and abstinence in later life among Finnish men. The participants were a sample from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD), a population-based cohort study in eastern Finland. The data on childhood psychosocial factors were collected from health records (n = 952, 35.5% of the entire study sample), mainly from the 1930s to the 1950s. Questionnaire data on alcohol consumption were obtained from the baseline examinations of the KIHD cohort in 1984-1989., Results: Controlling for age and examination year, the men who had been considered psychosocially disadvantaged by elementary school nurses had a 2.72-fold (95% confidence interval 1.30-5.65) risk of bingeing on fortified wine in later life. After adjustment for adulthood behavioural and socioeconomic factors the association (odds ratio 3.71, 95% confidence interval 1.56-8.84) appeared even stronger. Childhood psychosocial problems also contributed to abstinence, but did not appear to increase the total amount of ethanol consumed., Conclusions: Psychosocial problems observed in boys seem to contribute to different alcohol habits in later life. However, the factors eventually involved in the manifestation of problematic drinking patterns through the life course still require further research.

Published
2011
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35. Importance of regional specificity of T-wave alternans in assessing risk for cardiovascular mortality and sudden cardiac death during routine exercise testing.

Author

Leino J, Verrier RL, Minkkinen M, Lehtimäki T, Viik J, Lehtinen R, Nikus K, Kööbi T, Turjanmaa V, Kähönen M, and Nieminen T

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Arrhythmias, Cardiac physiopathology, Cardiovascular Diseases mortality, Cardiovascular Diseases physiopathology, Death, Sudden, Cardiac prevention & control, Electrocardiography, Ambulatory methods, Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac, Exercise Test, Female, Heart Conduction System physiopathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Risk Assessment, Cardiovascular Diseases diagnosis, Death, Sudden, Cardiac epidemiology
Abstract

Background: T-wave alternans (TWA) indicates increased risk for life-threatening arrhythmias. However, the regional distribution and predictivity of TWA among precordial leads remain unknown., Objective: We analyzed the magnitude and prognostic power of TWA in precordial leads separately and in combination during routine exercise stress testing in the largest TWA study conducted to date., Methods: The Finnish Cardiovascular Study (FINCAVAS) enrolled consecutive patients (n = 3,598, 56 ± 13 [mean ± standard deviation] years old, 2,164 men, 1,434 women) with a clinically indicated exercise test with bicycle ergometer. TWA was analyzed with the time-domain modified moving average method., Results: During a follow-up of 55 months (interquartile range of 35-78 months), 231 patients died; 97 deaths were cardiovascular, and 46 were classified as sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs). In Cox analysis after adjustment for common coronary risk factors, each 20-μV increase in TWA in leads V1-V6 multiplied the hazard ratio for cardiovascular mortality by 1.486-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.127-1.952; P = .005). Each 20-μV increase in TWA in lead V5 amplified the hazard ratio for cardiovascular mortality by 1.545 (95% CI 1.150-2.108; P = .004) and for SCD by 1.576 (95% CI 1.041-2.412; P = .033)., Conclusions: Maximum TWA monitored from anterolateral precordial lead V5 is the strongest predictor of cardiovascular mortality and SCD during routine exercise testing in our analysis. Higher TWA values indicate greater cardiovascular mortality and SCD risk, supporting the concept that quantification of TWA should receive more attention., (Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Published
2011
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36. Spring cleaning: rural water impacts, valuation, and property rights institutions.

Author

Kremer M, Leino J, Miguel E, and Zwane AP

Subjects
Government Programs economics, Government Programs education, Government Programs history, Government Programs legislation & jurisprudence, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Kenya ethnology, Water Pollutants economics, Water Pollutants history, Financing, Government economics, Financing, Government history, Financing, Government legislation & jurisprudence, Public Facilities economics, Public Facilities history, Public Facilities legislation & jurisprudence, Public Health economics, Public Health education, Public Health history, Public Health legislation & jurisprudence, Water Supply economics, Water Supply history, Water Supply legislation & jurisprudence
Abstract

Using a randomized evaluation in Kenya, we measure health impacts of spring protection, an investment that improves source water quality. We also estimate households' valuation of spring protection and simulate the welfare impacts of alternatives to the current system of common property rights in water, which limits incentives for private investment. Spring infrastructure investments reduce fecal contamination by 66%, but household water quality improves less, due to recontamination. Child diarrhea falls by one quarter. Travel-cost based revealed preference estimates of households' valuations are much smaller than both stated preference valuations and health planners' valuations, and are consistent with models in which the demand for health is highly income elastic. We estimate that private property norms would generate little additional investment while imposing large static costs due to above-marginal-cost pricing, private property would function better at higher income levels or under water scarcity, and alternative institutions could yield Pareto improvements.

Published
2011
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37. Adverse childhood experiences and risk of binge drinking and drunkenness in middle-aged finnish men.

Author

Kauhanen L, Leino J, Lakka HM, Lynch JW, and Kauhanen J

Abstract

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between adverse childhood experiences and binge drinking and drunkenness in adulthood using both historical and recalled data from childhood. Methods. Data on childhood adverse experiences were collected from school health records and questionnaires completed in adulthood. Adulthood data were obtained from the baseline examinations of the male participants (n = 2682) in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD) in 1984-1989 from eastern Finland. School health records from the 1930s to 1950s were available for a subsample of KIHD men (n = 952). Results. According to the school health records, men who had adverse childhood experiences had a 1.51-fold (95% CI 1.05 to 2.18) age- and examination-year adjusted odds of binge drinking in adulthood. After adjustment for socioeconomic position in adulthood or behavioural factors in adulthood, the association remained unchanged. Adjustment for socioeconomic position in childhood attenuated these effects. Also the recalled data showed associations with adverse childhood experiences and binge drinking with different beverages. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that childhood adversities are associated with increased risk of binge drinking in adulthood.

Published
2011
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38. Exercise-test-related heart rate variability and mortality: the Finnish Cardiovascular Study.

Author

Leino J, Virtanen M, Kähönen M, Nikus K, Lehtimäki T, Kööbi T, Lehtinen R, Turjanmaa V, Viik J, and Nieminen T

Subjects
Cardiovascular Diseases diagnosis, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology, Disease Progression, Electrocardiography, Female, Finland epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Survival Rate trends, Cardiovascular Diseases physiopathology, Exercise Test, Heart Rate physiology
Published
2010
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39. Atrioventricular conduction and cardiovascular mortality: assessment of recovery PR interval is superior to pre-exercise measurement.

Author

Nieminen T, Verrier RL, Leino J, Nikus K, Lehtinen R, Lehtimäki T, Minkkinen M, Kööbi T, Turjanmaa V, Viik J, and Kähönen M

Subjects
Cardiovascular Diseases pathology, Electrocardiography instrumentation, Electrocardiography methods, Ergometry, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Prognosis, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Adaptation, Physiological, Atrioventricular Node pathology, Cardiovascular Diseases mortality, Exercise, Exercise Test, Heart Conduction System pathology
Abstract

Background: A prolonged electrocardiographic PR interval at rest has been considered a benign phenomenon until recently., Objective: We hypothesized that measurement of the PR interval during recovery from physical exertion could improve cardiovascular mortality risk stratification because it would track the dynamic influences of homeostatic mechanisms controlling atrioventricular (AV) conduction., Methods: A total of 1,979 consecutive patients (1,244 men and 735 women) with clinically indicated bicycle ergometer tests enrolled in FINCAVAS (the Finnish Cardiovascular Study) were included in the study. The PR interval was measured at 1 min before and at 2 min after exercise., Results: During the mean follow-up period of 47 months (interquartile range: 37 to 59 months), 50 cardiovascular deaths (end point) were registered. The unadjusted hazard ratios (HR) in Cox regression analyses were significant for both continuous PR interval and first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block for pre- and post-exercise phases. After adjustment for standard markers, the PR interval for 20-ms increments (HR: 1.17, P = .117) and first-degree AV block (HR: 1.85, P = .138) during the pre-exercise phase were not prognostic. However, during recovery from exercise, prolonged AV conduction achieved significance both in continuous (HR: 1.29, P = .006) and dichotomized analyses (HR: 2.41, P = .045)., Conclusion: The PR interval before exercise is not a robust risk stratifier for cardiovascular death during 4-year follow-up. Post-exercise assessment of AV conduction may offer improved prediction because of functional abnormalities that become manifest only during this physiologic challenge to the heart., (Copyright (c) 2010 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2010
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40. Combined assessment of heart rate recovery and T-wave alternans during routine exercise testing improves prediction of total and cardiovascular mortality: the Finnish Cardiovascular Study.

Author

Leino J, Minkkinen M, Nieminen T, Lehtimäki T, Viik J, Lehtinen R, Nikus K, Kööbi T, Turjanmaa V, Verrier RL, and Kähönen M

Subjects
Bicycling physiology, Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology, Cardiovascular Diseases physiopathology, Ergometry, Female, Finland epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Prognosis, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk, Risk Factors, Stroke Volume, Ventricular Function, Left, Adaptation, Physiological, Cardiovascular Diseases mortality, Exercise Test, Heart Rate
Abstract

Background: Identification of individuals who are at risk for cardiovascular death remains a pressing public health challenge. Derangements in autonomic function acting upon an electrically unstable substrate are thought to be critical elements in triggering cardiovascular events., Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze heart rate recovery (HRR) in combination with T-wave alternans (TWA) to improve risk assessment., Methods: The Finnish Cardiovascular Study (FINCAVAS) enrolled consecutive patients (N = 1,972 [1,254 men and 718 women], age 57 +/- 13 years [mean +/- SD]) with a clinically indicated exercise test using bicycle ergometer. TWA was analyzed continuously with the time-domain modified moving average method. Maximum TWA at heart rates <125 bpm was derived., Results: During 48 +/- 13 months of follow-up (mean +/- SD), 116 patients died; 55 deaths were cardiovascular. In multivariable Cox analysis after adjustment for common coronary risk factors, high exercise-based TWA (> or =60 microV) and low HRR (< or =18 bpm) yielded relative risks for all-cause mortality of 5.0 (95% confidence 2.1-12.1, P <.01) and for cardiovascular mortality of 12.3 (95% confidence interval 4.3-35.3, P <.01). High recovery-based TWA (> or =60 microV) and low HRR (< or =18 bpm) yielded relative risks for all-cause death of 6.1 (95% confidence interval 2.8-13.2, P <.01) and for cardiovascular mortality of 8.0 (95% confidence interval 2.9-22.0, P <.01). Prediction by HRR and TWA, both singly and in combination, exceeded that of standard cardiovascular risk factors., Conclusion: Reduced HRR and heightened TWA powerfully predict risk for cardiovascular and all-cause death in a low-risk population. This novel approach could aid in screening of general populations during routine exercise protocols as well as improve insights into pathophysiology.

Published
2009
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41. Impaired exercise capacity predicts sudden cardiac death in a low-risk population: enhanced specificity with heightened T-wave alternans.

Author

Minkkinen M, Nieminen T, Verrier RL, Leino J, Lehtimäki T, Viik J, Lehtinen R, Nikus K, Kööbi T, Turjanmaa V, and Kähönen M

Subjects
Arrhythmias, Cardiac mortality, Female, Finland epidemiology, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Survival Rate trends, Time Factors, Arrhythmias, Cardiac physiopathology, Death, Sudden, Cardiac epidemiology, Electrocardiography, Exercise Test methods, Exercise Tolerance physiology, Population Surveillance
Abstract

Aims: Because sudden cardiac death (SCD) is due to cardiac electrical instability, we postulated that prediction of this mode of death by exercise capacity will be enhanced by combined assessment with T-wave alternans (TWA), an index of repolarization abnormality., Material and Methods: The Finnish Cardiovascular Study enrolled consecutive patients (n=2,044) with a routine clinically indicated exercise test. Exercise capacity was measured in metabolic equivalents (METs) and TWA by time-domain modified moving average method., Results: During 47.2+/-12.8-month follow-up (mean+/-SD) 120 patients died; 58 were cardiovascular deaths, and 29 were SCD. In multivariate analysis after adjustment for sex, age, smoking, use of beta-blockers, as well as other common coronary risk factors, the relative risk of patients whose exercise capacity was depressed (MET < 8) was 8.8 (95% CI 2.0-38.9, P=0.004) for SCD. The combination of low exercise capacity (MET < 8) and elevated TWA (> or =65 microV) yielded relative risks for SCD of 36.1 (6.3-206.0, P<0.001), for cardiovascular mortality of 21.1 (6.7-66.2, P<0.001), and for all-cause mortality of 7.8 (3.5-17.4, P<0.001) over patients with neither factor., Conclusions: Reduced exercise capacity, particularly in combination with heightened TWA, indicating enhanced cardiac electrical instability, powerfully predicts risk for SCD in patients referred for exercise testing.

Published
2009
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