294 results on '"Lein PJ"'
Search Results
2. Neurotoxicity
- Author
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Spencer, PS and Lein, PJ
- Abstract
Neurotoxicity refers to the direct or indirect effect of chemicals that disrupt the nervous system of humans or animals. Numerous chemicals can produce neurotoxic diseases in humans, and many more are used as experimental tools to probe molecular and cellular mechanisms of physiology and pathophysiology in the nervous system of animal tissues in vivo and in vitro, and in human neural progenitor cell lines. Some chemicals act directly on neural cells, others interfere with metabolic processes on which the nervous system is especially dependent. Emerging evidence suggests that toxic effects on physiological systems outside the brain, in particular the endocrine system, immune system and gut microbiome, may also adversely impact the nervous system. Some neurotoxic chemicals disrupt neural function, others alter normal developmental trajectories of the brain or cause damage to the adult nervous system. Perturbations may appear and disappear rapidly, evolve slowly over days or weeks and regress over months or years, or cause permanent deficits. Neurotoxicity is usually self-limiting after exposure ceases and rarely progressive in the absence of continued exposure, although there may be a significant delay between exposure and manifestation of neurotoxic effects.
- Published
- 2023
3. Effects Of Autism-Relevant Cytokines And Chemokines On Neurite Outgrowth And Toxicity In The Human LUHMES Neuronal Cell Line.
- Author
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Matelski, L, Grodzki, AC, Van de Water, JA, and Lein, PJ
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Environmental Sciences ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Toxicology - Published
- 2017
4. Mechanisms of Reduced Astrocyte Surface Coverage in Cortical Neuron-Glia Co-cultures on Nanoporous Gold Surfaces
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Chapman, CAR, Chen, H, Stamou, M, Lein, PJ, and Seker, E
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Nanostructure ,Cell-material interaction ,Nanoporous gold ,Soluble factors ,Cell attachment ,Neuron-glia co-culture ,Neuroengineering ,Gliosis - Abstract
© 2016, Biomedical Engineering Society. Nanoporous gold (np-Au) is a promising multifunctional material for neural electrodes. We have previously shown that np-Au nanotopography reduces astrocyte surface coverage (linked to undesirable gliosis) while maintaining high neuronal coverage in a cortical primary neuron-glia co-culture model as long as 2 weeks in vitro. Here, we investigate the potential influence of secreted soluble factors from cells grown on np-Au leading to the cell type-specific surface coverage on conventional tissue culture plastic. We then test the hypothesis that secretion of factors is responsible for inhibiting astrocyte coverage on np-Au. In order to assess whether factors secreted from cells grown on np-Au surfaces reduced surface coverage by astrocytes, we seeded fresh primary rat neuron-glia co-cultures on conventional polystyrene culture dishes, but maintained the cells in conditioned media from co-cultures grown on np-Au surfaces. After 1 week in vitro, a preferential reduction in astrocyte surface coverage was not observed, suggesting that soluble factors are not playing a role. In contrast, 4 h after cell seeding there were a significant number of non-adhered, yet still viable, cells for the cultures on np-Au surfaces. We hypothesize that the non-adherent cells are mainly astrocytes, because: (i) there was no difference in neuronal cell coverage between np-Au and pl-Au for long culture durations and (ii) neurons are post-mitotic and not expected to increase in number upon attaching to the surface. Overall, the results suggest that the np-Au topography leads to preferential neuronal attachment shortly after cell seeding and limits astrocyte-specific np-Au surface coverage at longer culture durations.
- Published
- 2016
5. Spatiotemporal patterns of GFAP upregulation in rat brain following acute intoxication with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)
- Author
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Liu, C, Li, Y, Lein, PJ, and Ford, BD
- Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the organophosphate diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) induced region-specific delayed neuronal injury in rat brain. The goal of this study was to examine the spatiotemporal pattern of the astroglial response after acute intoxication of rats with DFP. Rats were euthanized at varying times between 1 h to 7 days after DFP administration (9mg/kg, i.p.). The distribution of activated astrocytes in different brain regions was determined by immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic acid (GFAP). GFAP immunoreactivity increased in the hippocampus, and piriform/entorhinal cortex at 1 h, peaked between 4-8 h then decreased from 16 to 24 h. GFAP labeling in the amygdala gradually increased over the 24 h period. A large increase in GFAP labeling was seen at 3-7 days following DFP administration in the hippocampus, piriform/entorhinal cortex and dorsolateral thalamus. At 3 days post-DFP exposure, GFAP immunoreactivity was totally absent in central areas of the hippocampus, piriform/entorhinal cortex and dorsolateral thalamus that contained numerous FluoroJade B (FJB) labeled neurons. By 7 days, GFAP expression was highly upregulated in all areas of each brain region. The mRNA expression of GFAP in hippocampus slowly increased at 24 h following DFP administration then dramatically increased at 3 days. This study suggests that activation of glial cells may contribute to the early neuropathological changes and later neuronal repair/plasticity following acute DFP intoxication.
- Published
- 2012
6. Bone morphogenetic protein-5 (BMP-5) promotes dendritic growth in cultured sympathetic neurons.
- Author
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Beck, HN, Drahushuk, K, Jacoby, DB, Higgins, D, and Lein, PJ
- Subjects
Superior Cervical Ganglion ,Neuroglia ,Neurons ,Dendrites ,Sympathetic Nervous System ,Cells ,Cultured ,Animals ,Humans ,Rats ,Rats ,Sprague-Dawley ,Transforming Growth Factor beta ,Proteins ,Carrier Proteins ,Follistatin ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Trans-Activators ,Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ,Recombinant Fusion Proteins ,RNA ,Messenger ,Coculture Techniques ,Signal Transduction ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Developmental ,Phosphorylation ,Smad Proteins ,Smad1 Protein ,Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5 ,Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 ,Cells ,Cultured ,Sprague-Dawley ,RNA ,Messenger ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Developmental ,Neurology & Neurosurgery ,Neurosciences ,Cognitive Sciences ,Biochemistry and Cell Biology - Abstract
BackgroundBMP-5 is expressed in the nervous system throughout development and into adulthood. However its effects on neural tissues are not well defined. BMP-5 is a member of the 60A subgroup of BMPs, other members of which have been shown to stimulate dendritic growth in central and peripheral neurons. We therefore examined the possibility that BMP-5 similarly enhances dendritic growth in cultured sympathetic neurons.ResultsSympathetic neurons cultured in the absence of serum or glial cells do not form dendrites; however, addition of BMP-5 causes these neurons to extend multiple dendritic processes, which is preceded by an increase in phosphorylation of the Smad-1 transcription factor. The dendrite-promoting activity of BMP-5 is significantly inhibited by the BMP antagonists noggin and follistatin and by a BMPR-IA-Fc chimeric protein. RT-PCR and immunocytochemical analyses indicate that BMP-5 mRNA and protein are expressed in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) during times of initial growth and rapid expansion of the dendritic arbor.ConclusionsThese data suggest a role for BMP-5 in regulating dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons. The signaling pathway that mediates the dendrite-promoting activity of BMP-5 may involve binding to BMPR-IA and activation of Smad-1, and relative levels of BMP antagonists such as noggin and follistatin may modulate BMP-5 signaling. Since BMP-5 is expressed at relatively high levels not only in the developing but also the adult nervous system, these findings suggest the possibility that BMP-5 regulates dendritic morphology not only in the developing, but also the adult nervous system.
- Published
- 2001
7. Autonomic and Enteric Neurons: Cell Culture ☆
- Author
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Lein, PJ and Fryer, AD
- Subjects
Neurosciences ,Stem Cell Research - Abstract
© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Sympathetic cell culture is widely used for mechanistic studies of neurodevelopment, plasticity and neurotransmission. Other than chick ciliary ganglia, parasympathetic and enteric cultures are not as widely used, and have largely focused on electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of these cells. New procedures for culturing primary human autonomic neurons, and for co-culturing autonomic neurons with target tissue cells will increase the power of these models for addressing significant gaps in understanding of the cell biology and pharmacology of these neurons, the impact of which is underscored by the importance of autonomic nervous systems in regulating all major organ systems in vertebrates.
- Published
- 2019
8. The NC1 domain of type IV collagen promotes axonal growth in sympathetic neurons through interaction with the alpha 1 beta 1 integrin.
- Author
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Lein, PJ, Higgins, D, Turner, DC, Flier, LA, and Terranova, VP
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Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Neurosciences ,Underpinning research ,1.1 Normal biological development and functioning ,Neurological ,Animals ,Axons ,Cell Division ,Cells ,Cultured ,Collagen ,Culture Techniques ,Extracellular Matrix Proteins ,Immunohistochemistry ,Integrins ,Laminin ,Neurons ,Rats ,Sympathetic Nervous System ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Developmental Biology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences - Abstract
We have examined the effects of collagen IV on the morphological development of embryonic rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. In short-term (less than or equal to 24 h) culture, collagen IV accelerated process outgrowth, causing increases in the number of neurites and total neuritic length. Analysis of proteolytic fragments of collagen IV indicated that the NC1 domain was nearly as active as the intact molecule in stimulating process outgrowth; in contrast, the 7S domain and triple helix-rich fragments of collagen IV were inactive. Moreover, anti-NC1 antiserum inhibited neuritic outgrowth on collagen IV by 79%. In long-term (up to 28 d) cultures, neurons chronically exposed to collagen IV maintained a single axon but failed to form dendrites. Thus, the NC1 domain of collagen IV can alter neuronal development by selectively stimulating axonal growth. Comparison of collagen IV's effects to those of laminin revealed that these molecules exert quantitatively different effects on the rate of initial axon growth and the number of axons extended by sympathetic neurons. Moreover, neuritic outgrowth on collagen IV, but not laminin, was blocked by cycloheximide. We also observed differences in the receptors mediating the neurite-promoting activity of these proteins. Two different antisera that recognize beta 1 integrins each blocked neuritic outgrowth on both collagen IV and laminin; however, an mAb (3A3) specific for the alpha 1 beta 1 integrin inhibited collagen IV but not laminin-induced process growth in cultures of both sympathetic and dorsal root neurons. These data suggest that immunologically distinct integrins mediate the response of peripheral neurons to collagen IV and laminin.
- Published
- 1991
9. Developmental toxicity within the central cholinergic nervous system
- Author
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Jett, DA, Guignet, M, Supasai, S, and Lein, PJ
- Abstract
Neurons that use acetylcholine in the developing brain make up an extremely important network that helps guide other systems during critical time periods of cell proliferation and differentiation. This important function and the variety of molecular targets for developmental neurotoxicants makes the central cholinergic system vulnerable to neurodevelopmental abnormalities that can result in functional deficits later in life. The alteration of brain development by toxicants, such as anticholinesterase pesticides, lead (Pb), nicotine, and others is supported by many studies that demonstrate concomitant changes in a variety of cholinergic targets, which provide clues to potential underlying mechanisms for their neurodevelopmental toxicity. This chapter discusses the role of the cholinergic system in brain development, special vulnerabilities related to brain region and developmental time periods, and human, animal, and mechanistic data on the neurodevelopmental toxicity of pesticides and other environmental chemicals.
- Published
- 2018
10. Apoptosis as a mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity
- Author
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Lein, PJ, Supasai, S, and Guignet, M
- Abstract
Apoptosis is a tightly controlled physiological process in which individual cells die without damaging neighboring healthy cells. Apoptosis is crucial for normal neurodevelopment, and altered patterns of apoptotic cell death of neurons and glial cells during development are associated with functional deficits. Experimental and clinical evidence has established that neurological insults, including chemical exposures, can induce aberrant apoptosis in the developing nervous system. This chapter will discuss chemical-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity. The goals are as follows: (1) provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and its role in the normally developing nervous system, (2) discuss the evidence implicating inappropriate apoptosis in adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, and (3) illustrate mechanisms by which neurotoxic chemicals modulate apoptosis using pediatric anesthesia, developmental exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls, and zinc dyshomeostasis as examples.
- Published
- 2018
11. Cardiovascular and core temperature responses to acute organophosphate intoxication in rats
- Author
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Pan, S, Pan, S, Bruun, DA, Lein, PJ, Chen, C, Pan, S, Pan, S, Bruun, DA, Lein, PJ, and Chen, C
- Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Organophosphates (OP) are cholinesterase inhibitors that are used as pesticides in agriculture and as nerve agents in chemical warfare. Surprisingly, we have limited information on the time course of cardiovascular responses to acute OP intoxication at doses that cause cholinergic crisis in humans. OP-induced QT prolongation has been shown to lead to fatal ventricular arrhythmia and delayed death, however, not all cardiac failures are associated with QT prolongation. METHODS: Rats were implanted with a BP/ECG telemetry device and 14 d later, acutely intoxicated with the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, 4 mg/kg, sc) followed 1 min later by atropine sulfate (2 mg/kg, im) and pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, im) to block peripheral cholinergic toxicity. BP/ECG data were grouped based on the rat's survival time: <15 min (n=11, group A), >15 min and <17 hours (n=9, group B), and >17 hours (n=4, group C). RESULTS: In conscious, freely moving rats, DFP injection significantly increased BP (+87±10 mmHg), HR (+177±32 bpm), core temperature (+4.0±0.7 °C), and occurrences of premature ventricular complexes (PVC). These increases were similar in all three groups. Around the peak pressor response, group A had abrupt drops in BP and HR (cardiovascular collapse) that was triggered by supra-ventricular events (sinus bradycardia and/or AV blocks). A similar pattern of cardiovascular collapse was observed in group B, hours after DFP injections. Furthermore, after the initial pressor response, half of the rats in group B had significant lower pulse pressure and BP despite a maintained HR. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that DFP-induced cardiovascular collapse may be centrally mediated and that compromised cardiac function may also contribute to the cardiovascular collapse in delayed death.
- Published
- 2022
12. Autonomic and enteric neurons: Cell culture
- Author
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Lein, PJ and Fryer, AD
- Abstract
Sympathetic cell culture is widely used for mechanistic studies of neurodevelopment, plasticity and neurotransmission. Other than chick ciliary ganglia, parasympathetic and enteric cultures are not as widely used, and have largely focused on electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of these cells. New procedures for culturing primary human autonomic neurons, and for co-culturing autonomic neurons with target tissue cells will increase the power of these models for addressing significant gaps in understanding of the cell biology and pharmacology of these neurons, the impact of which is underscored by the importance of autonomic nervous systems in regulating all major organ systems in vertebrates.
- Published
- 2016
13. Overview of the Role of Environmental Factors in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Author
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Lein, PJ
- Abstract
Evidence implicates environmental factors in the pathogenesis of diverse complex neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the identity of specific environmental chemicals that confer risk for these disorders, and the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals interact with genetic susceptibilities to influence adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes remain significant gaps in our understanding of the etiology of most neurodevelopmental disorders. It is likely that many environmental chemicals contribute to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders but their influence depends on the genetic substrate of the individual. Research into the pathophysiology and genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders may inform the identification of environmental susceptibility factors that promote adverse outcomes in brain development. Conversely, understanding how low-level chemical exposures influence molecular, cellular, and behavioral outcomes relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders will provide insight regarding gene-environment interactions and possibly yield novel intervention strategies.
- Published
- 2015
14. Neurotoxicity
- Author
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Spencer, PS and Lein, PJ
- Subjects
Neurosciences ,Pediatric Research Initiative ,Neurological - Abstract
Neurotoxicity refers to the direct or indirect effect of chemicals that disrupt the nervous system of humans or animals. Numerous chemicals can produce neurotoxic diseases in humans, and many more are used as experimental tools to disturb or damage the nervous system of animals. Some act directly on neural cells, others interfere with metabolic processes on which the nervous system is especially dependent. Some disrupt neural function, others induce maldevelopment or damage to the adult nervous system. Perturbations may appear and disappear rapidly, evolve slowly over days or weeks and regress over months or years, or cause permanent deficits. Neurotoxicity is usually self-limiting after exposure ceases and rarely progressive in the absence of continued exposure, although there may be a significant delay between exposure and manifestation of neurotoxic effects.
- Published
- 2014
15. Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine
- Author
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Banks, CN, Yang, D, Lein, PJ, and Rogawski, MA
- Subjects
Biodefense ,Vaccine Related ,Prevention - Abstract
Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (CAS 80-12-6), commonly referred to as TETS, was first synthesized in 1933 as a condensation product of sulfamide and formaldehyde. TETS was subsequently used as a rodenticide until banned worldwide in 1991. TETS is, however, still available illegally, primarily in rural China, and is responsible for accidental and intentional poisonings that cause a significant number of human deaths annually. TETS induces convulsive seizures mediated by antagonism of γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA)-mediated chloride channels. There are no known antidotes for TETS poisoning, and in cases of severe TETS intoxication that progress to status epilepticus, prognosis is poor even with aggressive anti-convulsant treatment.
- Published
- 2014
16. Morphometric Analysis of Axons and Dendrites as a Tool for Assessing Neurotoxicity
- Author
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Morgan, RK, Morgan, RK, Schmuck, M, Grodzki, AC, Bruun, DA, Matelski, LE, Lein, PJ, Morgan, RK, Morgan, RK, Schmuck, M, Grodzki, AC, Bruun, DA, Matelski, LE, and Lein, PJ
- Abstract
Chemical perturbation of the temporal or spatial aspects of axonal or dendritic growth is associated with neurobehavioral deficits in animal models, and structural changes in axons and dendrites are thought to contribute to clinical symptoms associated with diverse neurologic diseases. Consequently, axonal and dendritic morphology are often quantified as functionally relevant endpoints of neurotoxicity. Here, we discuss methods for visualizing and quantifying axonal and dendritic morphology of neurons from the peripheral or central nervous systems in in vitro and ex vivo preparations. These methods include visualization of neuronal cytoarchitecture by immunostaining axon- or dendrite-selective antigens, transfecting cells with cDNA encoding fluorescent proteins, or labeling cells using membrane permeable small molecules that distribute throughout the cytoplasm, Golgi staining or Diolistics, as well as quantifying axonal and dendritic morphology using semi-automated or fully automated image analysis.
- Published
- 2021
17. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Targeted Effects of Ethanol on Cell Proliferation and Survival
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Mooney, SM, Lein, PJ, and Miller, MW
- Published
- 2013
18. Chapter 28 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Targeted Effects of Ethanol on Cell Proliferation and Survival
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Mooney, SM, Lein, PJ, and Miller, MW
- Published
- 2013
19. MUTATIONS IN RYANODINE RECEPTOR INCREASE NONCOPLANAR PCB 95 MEDIATED CALCIUM OSCILLATIONS IN PRIMARY CORTICAL NEURONS.: P-75
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Bose, DD, Chen, H, Maxwell, SC, Lein, PJ, and Pessah, IN
- Published
- 2012
20. Reference compounds for alternative test methods to indicate developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) potential of chemicals: Example lists & criteria for their selection & use
- Author
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Aschner, M, Ceccatelli, S, Daneshian, M, Fritsche, E, Hasiwa, N, Hartung, T, Hogberg, HT, Leist, M, Li, A, Mundy, WR, Padilla, S, Piersma, AH, Bal-Price, A, Seiler, A, Westerink, RH, Zimmer, B, and Lein, PJ
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Neurons ,Male ,Neurotoxins ,Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ,Congresses as Topic ,Animal Testing Alternatives ,Hazardous Substances ,Pregnancy ,Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ,Toxicity Tests ,Animals ,Humans ,Neurotoxicity Syndromes ,Female - Abstract
There is a paucity of information concerning the developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) hazard posed by industrial and environmental chemicals. New testing approaches will most likely be based on batteries of alternative and complementary (non-Animal) tests. As DNT is assumed to result from the modulation of fundamental neurodevelopmental processes (such as neuronal differentiation, precursor cell migration or neuronal network formation) by chemicals, the first generation of alternative DNT tests target these processes. The advantage of such types of assays is that they capture toxicants with multiple targets and modes-of-Action. Moreover, the processes modelled by the assays can be linked to toxicity endophenotypes, i.e., alterations in neural connectivity that form the basis for neurofunctional deficits in man. The authors of this review convened in a workshop to define criteria for the selection of positive/negative controls, to prepare recommendations on their use, and to initiate the setup of a directory of reference chemicals. For initial technical optimization of tests, a set of > 50 endpoint-specific control compounds was identified. For further test development, an additional "test" set of 33 chemicals considered to act directly as bona fide DNT toxicants is proposed, and each chemical is annotated to the extent it fulfills these criteria. A tabular compilation of the original literature used to select the test set chemicals provides information on statistical procedures, and toxic/non-Toxic doses (both for pups and dams). Suggestions are provided on how to use the > 100 compounds (including negative controls) compiled here to address specificity, adversity and use of alternative test systems.
- Published
- 2017
21. 1639d Preclinical model of chlorpyrifos exposures and effects documented in egyptian pesticide applicators
- Author
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Lein, PJ, primary
- Published
- 2018
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22. BMP7-induced dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons requires p75NTRsignaling
- Author
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Courter, LA, Shaffo, FC, Ghogha, A, Parrish, DJ, Lorentz, CU, Habecker, BA, and Lein, PJ
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p75NTR ,animal structures ,sympathetic neuron ,nervous system ,BMP7 ,neuronal connectivity ,dendrite - Abstract
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dendritic morphology is a critical determinant of neuronal connectivity, and in postganglionic sympathetic neurons, tonic activity correlates directly with the size of the dendritic arbor. Thus, identifying signaling mechanisms that regulate dendritic arborization of sympathetic neurons is important to understanding how functional neural circuitry is established and maintained in the sympathetic nervous system. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) promote dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons; however, downstream signaling events that link BMP receptor activation to dendritic growth are poorly characterized. We previously reported that BMP7 upregulates p75NTRmRNA in cultured sympathetic neurons. This receptor is implicated in controlling dendritic growth in central neurons but whether p75NTRregulates dendritic growth in peripheral neurons is not known. Here, we demonstrate that BMP7 increases p75NTRprotein in cultured sympathetic neurons, and this effect is blocked by pharmacologic inhibition of signaling via BMP type I receptor. BMP7 does not trigger dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons dissociated from superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of p75NTRnullizygous mice, and overexpression of p75NTRin p75NTR−/− neurons is sufficient to cause dendritic growth even in the absence of BMP7. Morphometric analyses of SCG from wild-type versus p75NTRnullizygous mice at 3, 6, and 12 to 16 weeks of age indicated that genetic deletion of p75NTRdoes not prevent dendritic growth but does stunt dendritic maturation in sympathetic neurons. These data support the hypotheses that p75NTRis involved in downstream signaling events that mediate BMP7-induced dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons, and suggest that p75NTRsignaling positively modulates dendritic complexity in sympathetic neurons in vivo. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1003–1013, 2016.
- Published
- 2016
23. Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls influence stroke outcome in adult rats.
- Author
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Dziennis S, Yang D, Cheng J, Anderson KA, Alkayed NJ, Hurn PD, and Lein PJ
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: The 'developmental origins of adult disease' hypothesis was originally derived from evidence linking low birth weight to cardiovascular diseases including stroke. Subsequently, it has been expanded to include developmental exposures to environmental contaminants as risk factors for adult onset disease. OBJECTIVE: Our goal in this study was to test the hypothesis that developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) alters stroke outcome in adults. METHODS: We exposed rats to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (A1254) at 0.1 or 1 mg/kg/day in the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced at 6-8 weeks of age via middle cerebral artery occlusion, and infarct size was measured in the cerebral cortex and striatum at 22 hr of reperfusion. PCB congeners were quantified in brain tissue by gas chromatography with microelectron capture detection, and cortical and striatal expression of Bcl2 and Cyp2C11 were quantified by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Developmental exposure to A1254 significantly decreased striatal infarct in females and males at 0.1 and 1 mg/kg/day, respectively. Predominantly ortho-substituted PCB congeners were detected above background levels in brains of adult females and males exposed to A1254 at 1 but not 0.1 mg/kg/day. Effects of developmental A1254 exposure on Bcl2 and Cyp2C11 expression did not correlate with effects on infarct volume. CONCLUSION: Our data provide proof of principle that developmental exposures to environmental contaminants influence the response of the adult brain to ischemic injury and thus represent potentially important determinants of stroke susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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24. Significant metabolic alterations in mouse dams exposed to an environmental mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) during gestation and lactation: Insights into PCB and metabolite profiles.
- Author
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Li X, Suh YP, Wilson RJ, Lein PJ, Cui JY, and Lehmler HJ
- Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their metabolites are linked to developmental neurotoxicity, but their levels in the gestational and lactational environment remain unexplored. This study investigated the effects of dietary exposure to the Fox River Mixture (FRM) on serum levels of PCBs and their metabolites in female C57BL/6 J mice. Mice were exposed to 0.1, 1.0, or 6.0 mg/kg body weight/day of FRM beginning two weeks before mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Serum samples collected from the dams at weaning were analyzed using gas chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry and nontarget liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Results showed complex and dose-dependent differences in PCB and metabolite profiles. Untargeted metabolomics revealed alterations in metabolites involved in glucuronidation. Network analysis suggested disturbances in heme and amino acid metabolism associated with higher chlorinated PCBs. These findings suggested that PCBs and metabolites present in the gestational and lactation environment of mice may contribute to developmental neurotoxicity in rodents., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Pamela J. Lein reports a relationship with Friedman Rubin (Seattle, WA) that includes: paid expert testimony. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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25. Placental-brain axis in females detected within broadly impacted metabolic gene networks protects against prenatal PCB exposure.
- Author
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Chau K, Neier K, Valenzuela AE, Schmidt RJ, Durbin-Johnson B, Lein PJ, Korf I, and LaSalle JM
- Abstract
Background: Neurodevelopmental disorders have a strong male bias that is poorly understood. Placenta is a rich source of molecular information about environmental interactions with genetics (including biological sex), that affect the developing brain. We investigated placental-brain transcriptional responses in an established mouse model of prenatal exposure to a human-relevant mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)., Results: To understand sex, tissue, and dosage effects in embryonic (E18) brain and placenta by RNAseq, we used weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to create correlated gene networks that could be compared across sex or tissue. WGCNA revealed that expression within most correlated gene networks was significantly and strongly associated with PCB exposures, but frequently in opposite directions between male-female and placenta-brain comparisons. In both WGCNA and differentially expressed gene analyses, male brain showed more PCB-induced transcriptional changes than male placenta, but the reverse pattern was seen in females. Furthermore, non-monotonic dose responses to PCBs were observed in most gene networks but were most prominent in male brain. The transcriptomic effects of low dose PCB exposure were significantly reversed by dietary folic acid supplementation across both sexes, but these effects were strongest in female placenta. PCB-dysregulated and folic acid-reversed gene networks were commonly enriched in functions in metabolic pathways involved in energy usage and translation, with female-specific protective effects enriched in PPAR, thermogenesis, glycerolipids, and O-glycan biosynthesis, as opposed to toxicant responses in male brain., Conclusions: The female protective effect in prenatal PCB exposures appears to be mediated by dose-dependent sex differences in transcriptional modulation of metabolism in placenta.
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- 2024
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26. Developmental exposure to the Fox River PCB mixture modulates behavior in juvenile mice.
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Wilson RJ, Suh YP, Dursun I, Li X, da Costa Souza F, Grodzki AC, Cui JY, Lehmler HJ, and Lein PJ
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- Animals, Female, Male, Mice, Pregnancy, Behavior, Animal drug effects, Social Behavior, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Polychlorinated Biphenyls toxicity, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects chemically induced
- Abstract
Developmental exposures to PCBs are implicated in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). This observation is concerning given the continued presence of PCBs in the human environment and the increasing incidence of NDDs. Previous studies reported that developmental exposure to legacy commercial PCB mixtures (Aroclors) or single PCB congeners found in Aroclors caused NDD-relevant behavioral phenotypes in animal models. However, the PCB congener profile in contemporary human samples is dissimilar to that of the legacy Aroclors, raising the question of whether human-relevant PCB mixtures similarly interfere with normal brain development. To address this question, we assessed the developmental neurotoxicity of the Fox River Mixture (FRM), which was designed to mimic the congener profile identified in fish from the PCB-contaminated Fox River that constitute a primary protein source in the diet of surrounding communities. Adult female C57BL/6 J mouse dams (8-10 weeks old) were exposed to vehicle (peanut oil) or FRM at 0.1, 1.0, or 6.0 mg/kg/d in their diet throughout gestation and lactation, and neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed in their pups. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and measures of general development were quantified at postnatal day (P) 7, while performance in the spontaneous alternation task and the 3-chambered social approach/social novelty task was assessed on P35. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were quantified in serum collected from the dams when pups were weaned and from pups on P28 and P35. Developmental exposure to FRM did not alter pup weight or body temperature on P7, but USVs were significantly decreased in litters exposed to FRM at 0.1 or 6.0 mg/kg/d in the maternal diet. FRM also impaired male and female pups' performance in the social novelty task. Compared to sex-matched vehicles, significantly decreased social novelty was observed in male and female pups in the 0.1 and 6.0 mg/kg/d dose groups. FRM did not alter performance in the spontaneous alternation or social approach tasks. FRM increased serum T3 levels but decreased serum T4 levels in P28 male pups in the 1.0 and 6.0 mg/kg/d dose groups. In P35 female pups and dams, serum T3 levels decreased in the 6.0 mg/kg/d dose group while T4 levels were not altered. Collectively, these findings suggest that FRM interferes with the development of social communication and social novelty, but not memory, supporting the hypothesis that contemporary PCB exposures pose a risk to the developing brain. FRM had sex, age, and dose-dependent effects on serum thyroid hormone levels that overlapped but did not perfectly align with the FRM effects on behavioral outcomes. These observations suggest that changes in thyroid hormone levels are not likely the major factor underlying the behavioral deficits observed in FRM-exposed animals., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Pamela J. Lein was hired as an expert witness by lawyers representing a group of plaintiffs alleging they were harmed by exposure to PCBs in school air. In that capacity, she testified as an expert witness on PCB neurotoxicity. The defendant was Pharmacia, a successor company to Monsanto., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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27. A longitudinal MRI and TSPO PET-based investigation of brain region-specific neuroprotection by diazepam versus midazolam following organophosphate-induced seizures.
- Author
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Hobson BA, Rowland DJ, Dou Y, Saito N, Harmany ZT, Bruun DA, Harvey DJ, Chaudhari AJ, Garbow JR, and Lein PJ
- Subjects
- Rats, Animals, Diazepam pharmacology, Midazolam pharmacology, Midazolam therapeutic use, Isoflurophate pharmacology, Organophosphates, Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Neuroprotection, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Brain metabolism, Benzodiazepines pharmacology, Positron-Emission Tomography, Carrier Proteins metabolism, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Atrophy pathology, Status Epilepticus chemically induced, Status Epilepticus diagnostic imaging, Status Epilepticus drug therapy, Brain Injuries metabolism
- Abstract
Acute poisoning with organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors (OPs), such as OP nerve agents and pesticides, can cause life threatening cholinergic crisis and status epilepticus (SE). Survivors often experience significant morbidity, including brain injury, acquired epilepsy, and cognitive deficits. Current medical countermeasures for acute OP poisoning include a benzodiazepine to mitigate seizures. Diazepam was long the benzodiazepine included in autoinjectors used to treat OP-induced seizures, but it is now being replaced in many guidelines by midazolam, which terminates seizures more quickly, particularly when administered intramuscularly. While a direct correlation between seizure duration and the extent of brain injury has been widely reported, there are limited data comparing the neuroprotective efficacy of diazepam versus midazolam following acute OP intoxication. To address this data gap, we used non-invasive imaging techniques to longitudinally quantify neuropathology in a rat model of acute intoxication with the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) with and without post-exposure intervention with diazepam or midazolam. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor neuropathology and brain atrophy, while positron emission tomography (PET) with a radiotracer targeting translocator protein (TSPO) was utilized to assess neuroinflammation. Animals were scanned at 3, 7, 28, 65, 91, and 168 days post-DFP and imaging metrics were quantitated for the hippocampus, amygdala, piriform cortex, thalamus, cerebral cortex and lateral ventricles. In the DFP-intoxicated rat, neuroinflammation persisted for the duration of the study coincident with progressive atrophy and ongoing tissue remodeling. Benzodiazepines attenuated neuropathology in a region-dependent manner, but neither benzodiazepine was effective in attenuating long-term neuroinflammation as detected by TSPO PET. Diffusion MRI and TSPO PET metrics were highly correlated with seizure severity, and early MRI and PET metrics were positively correlated with long-term brain atrophy. Collectively, these results suggest that anti-seizure therapy alone is insufficient to prevent long-lasting neuroinflammation and tissue remodeling., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Pamela J Lein reports financial support was provided by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke CounterACT program. Brad A. Hobson reports financial support was provided by a T32 training program awarded to the University of California, Davis by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and by a scholarship from the ARCS Foundation of Northern California., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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28. Quantitative T 2 mapping-based longitudinal assessment of brain injury and therapeutic rescue in the rat following acute organophosphate intoxication.
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Almeida AJD, Hobson BA, Saito N, Bruun DA, Porter VA, Harvey DJ, Garbow JR, Chaudhari AJ, and Lein PJ
- Subjects
- Rats, Male, Animals, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Isoflurophate toxicity, Organophosphates, Cholinesterase Inhibitors pharmacology, Brain, Midazolam pharmacology, Organophosphate Poisoning drug therapy, Organophosphate Poisoning pathology, Brain Injuries chemically induced
- Abstract
Acute intoxication with organophosphate (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors poses a significant public health risk. While currently approved medical countermeasures can improve survival rates, they often fail to prevent chronic neurological damage. Therefore, there is need to develop effective therapies and quantitative metrics for assessing OP-induced brain injury and its rescue by these therapies. In this study we used a rat model of acute intoxication with the OP, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), to test the hypothesis that T
2 measures obtained from brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans provide quantitative metrics of brain injury and therapeutic efficacy. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were imaged on a 7T MRI scanner at 3, 7 and 28 days post-exposure to DFP or vehicle (VEH) with or without treatment with the standard of care antiseizure drug, midazolam (MDZ); a novel antiseizure medication, allopregnanolone (ALLO); or combination therapy with MDZ and ALLO (DUO). Our results show that mean T2 values in DFP-exposed animals were: (1) higher than VEH in all volumes of interest (VOIs) at day 3; (2) decreased with time; and (3) decreased in the thalamus at day 28. Treatment with ALLO or DUO, but not MDZ alone, significantly decreased mean T2 values relative to untreated DFP animals in the piriform cortex at day 3. On day 28, the DUO group showed the most favorable T2 characteristics. This study supports the utility of T2 mapping for longitudinally monitoring brain injury and highlights the therapeutic potential of ALLO as an adjunct therapy to mitigate chronic morbidity associated with acute OP intoxication., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Pamela J. Lein has patent Mitigation of epileptic seizures by combination therapy using benzodiazepines and neurosteroids issued to The Regents of the University of California., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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29. Fully automated whole brain segmentation from rat MRI scans with a convolutional neural network.
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Porter VA, Hobson BA, Foster B, Lein PJ, and Chaudhari AJ
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- Rats, Animals, Neural Networks, Computer, Brain diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Neuroimaging, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, Alzheimer Disease diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Background: Whole brain delineation (WBD) is utilized in neuroimaging analysis for data preprocessing and deriving whole brain image metrics. Current automated WBD techniques for analysis of preclinical brain MRI data show limited accuracy when images present with significant neuropathology and anatomical deformations, such as that resulting from organophosphate intoxication (OPI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and inadequate generalizability., Methods: A modified 2D U-Net framework was employed for WBD of MRI rodent brains, consisting of 27 convolutional layers, batch normalization, two dropout layers and data augmentation, after training parameter optimization. A total of 265 T
2 -weighted 7.0 T MRI scans were utilized for the study, including 125 scans of an OPI rat model for neural network training. For testing and validation, 20 OPI rat scans and 120 scans of an AD rat model were utilized. U-Net performance was evaluated using Dice coefficients (DC) and Hausdorff distances (HD) between the U-Net-generated and manually segmented WBDs., Results: The U-Net achieved a DC (median[range]) of 0.984[0.936-0.990] and HD of 1.69[1.01-6.78] mm for OPI rat model scans, and a DC (mean[range]) of 0.975[0.898-0.991] and HD of 1.49[0.86-3.89] for the AD rat model scans., Comparison With Existing Methods: The proposed approach is fully automated and robust across two rat strains and longitudinal brain changes with a computational speed of 8 seconds/scan, overcoming limitations of manual segmentation., Conclusions: The modified 2D U-Net provided a fully automated, efficient, and generalizable segmentation approach that achieved high accuracy across two disparate rat models of neurological diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None of the authors have a conflict of interest with the work presented., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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30. Acute intoxication with diisopropylfluorophosphate promotes cellular senescence in the adult male rat brain.
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Tsai YH, González EA, Grodzki ACG, Bruun DA, Saito NH, Harvey DJ, and Lein PJ
- Abstract
Acute intoxication with high levels of organophosphate (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors can cause cholinergic crisis, which is associated with acute, life-threatening parasympathomimetic symptoms, respiratory depression and seizures that can rapidly progress to status epilepticus (SE). Clinical and experimental data demonstrate that individuals who survive these acute neurotoxic effects often develop significant chronic morbidity, including behavioral deficits. The pathogenic mechanism(s) that link acute OP intoxication to chronic neurological deficits remain speculative. Cellular senescence has been linked to behavioral deficits associated with aging and neurodegenerative disease, but whether acute OP intoxication triggers cellular senescence in the brain has not been investigated. Here, we test this hypothesis in a rat model of acute intoxication with the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered DFP (4 mg/kg, s.c.). Control animals were administered an equal volume (300 µL) of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (s.c.). Both groups were subsequently injected with atropine sulfate (2 mg/kg, i.m.) and 2-pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, i.m.). DFP triggered seizure activity within minutes that rapidly progressed to SE, as determined using behavioral seizure criteria. Brains were collected from animals at 1, 3, and 6 months post-exposure for immunohistochemical analyses of p16, a biomarker of cellular senescence. While there was no immunohistochemical evidence of cellular senescence at 1-month post-exposure, at 3- and 6-months post-exposure, p16 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, amygdala, piriform cortex and thalamus, but not the CA1 region of the hippocampus or the somatosensory cortex. Co-localization of p16 immunoreactivity with cell-specific biomarkers, specifically, NeuN, GFAP, S100β, IBA1 and CD31, revealed that p16 expression in the brain of DFP animals is neuron-specific. The spatial distribution of p16-immunopositive cells overlapped with expression of senescence associated β-galactosidase and with degenerating neurons identified by FluoroJade-C (FJC) staining. The co-occurrence of p16 and FJC was positively correlated. This study implicates cellular senescence as a novel pathogenic mechanism underlying the chronic neurological deficits observed in individuals who survive OP-induced cholinergic crisis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Tsai, González, Grodzki, Bruun, Saito, Harvey and Lein.)
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- 2024
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31. The impact of continuous and intermittent ketogenic diets on cognitive behavior, motor function, and blood lipids in TgF344-AD rats.
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Rutkowsky JM, Roland Z, Valenzuela A, Nguyen AB, Park HH, Six N, Dursun I, Kim K, Lein PJ, and Ramsey JJ
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- Animals, Rats, Male, Rats, Inbred F344, Disease Models, Animal, 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid blood, Maze Learning, Motor Activity, Rats, Transgenic, Behavior, Animal, Diet, Ketogenic, Cognition physiology, Alzheimer Disease diet therapy, Alzheimer Disease blood, Lipids blood
- Abstract
Studies suggest that ketogenic diets (KD) may improve memory in mouse models of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study determined whether a continuous or intermittent KD (IKD) enhanced cognitive behavior in the TgF344-AD rat model of AD. At 6 months-old, TgF344-AD and wild-type (WT) littermates were placed on a control (CD), KD, or IKD (morning CD and afternoon KD) provided as two meals per day for 2 or 6 months. Cognitive and motor behavior and circulating β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), AD biomarkers and blood lipids were assessed. Animals on a KD diet had elevated circulating BHB, with IKD levels intermediate to CD and KD. TgF344-AD rats displayed impaired spatial learning memory in the Barnes maze at 8 and 12 months of age and impaired motor coordination at 12 months of age. Neither KD nor IKD improved performance compared to CD. At 12 months of age, TgF344-AD animals had elevated blood lipids. IKD reduced lipids to WT levels with KD further reducing cholesterol below WT levels. This study shows that at 8 or 12 months of age, KD or IKD intervention did not improve measures of cognitive or motor behavior in TgF344-AD rats; however, both IKD and KD positively impacted circulating lipids.
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- 2024
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32. Cardiovascular responses of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following acute organophosphate intoxication and post-exposure treatment with midazolam with or without allopregnanolone.
- Author
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Pan S, Bruun DA, Lein PJ, and Chen CY
- Subjects
- Humans, Rats, Male, Animals, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Pregnanolone pharmacology, Isoflurophate pharmacology, Organophosphates, Brain, Midazolam pharmacology, Midazolam therapeutic use, Organophosphate Poisoning drug therapy
- Abstract
Recent experimental evidence suggests combined treatment with midazolam and allopregnanolone is more effective than midazolam alone in terminating seizures triggered by acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication. However, there are concerns that combined midazolam and allopregnanolone increases risk of adverse cardiovascular events. To address this, we used telemetry devices to record cardiovascular responses in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats acutely intoxicated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Animals were administered DFP (4 mg/kg, sc), followed immediately by atropine (2 mg/kg, i.m.) and 2-PAM (25 mg/kg, i.m.). At 40 min post-exposure, a subset of animals received midazolam (0.65 mg/kg, im); at 50 min, these rats received a second dose of midazolam or allopregnanolone (12 mg/kg, im). DFP significantly increased blood pressure by ~ 80 mmHg and pulse pressure by ~ 34 mmHg that peaked within 12 min. DFP also increased core temperature by ~ 3.5 °C and heart rate by ~ 250 bpm that peaked at ~ 2 h. Heart rate variability (HRV), an index of autonomic function, was reduced by ~ 80%. All acute (within 15 min of exposure) and two-thirds of delayed (hours after exposure) mortalities were associated with non-ventricular cardiac events within 10 min of cardiovascular collapse, suggesting that non-ventricular events should be closely monitored in OP-poisoned patients. Compared to rats that survived DFP intoxication without treatment, midazolam significantly improved recovery of cardiovascular parameters and HRV, an effect enhanced by allopregnanolone. These data demonstrate that midazolam improved recovery of cardiovascular and autonomic function and that the combination of midazolam and allopregnanolone may be a better therapeutic strategy than midazolam alone., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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33. The α4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is Necessary for the Initiation of Organophosphate-Induced Neuronal Hyperexcitability.
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Andrew PM, Feng W, Calsbeek JJ, Antrobus SP, Cherednychenko GA, MacMahon JA, Bernardino PN, Liu X, Harvey DJ, Lein PJ, and Pessah IN
- Abstract
Acute intoxication with organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors can produce seizures that rapidly progress to life-threatening status epilepticus. Significant research effort has been focused on investigating the involvement of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in OP-induced seizure activity. In contrast, there has been far less attention on nicotinic AChRs (nAChRs) in this context. Here, we address this data gap using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. Pharmacological antagonism and genetic deletion of α4, but not α7, nAChR subunits prevented or significantly attenuated OP-induced electrical spike activity in acute hippocampal slices and seizure activity in mice, indicating that α4 nAChR activation is necessary for neuronal hyperexcitability triggered by acute OP exposures. These findings not only suggest that therapeutic strategies for inhibiting the α4 nAChR subunit warrant further investigation as prophylactic and immediate treatments for acute OP-induced seizures, but also provide mechanistic insight into the role of the nicotinic cholinergic system in seizure generation.
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- 2024
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34. Rat primary cortical cell tri-culture to study effects of amyloid-beta on microglia function.
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Kim H, Le B, Goshi N, Zhu K, Grodzki AC, Lein PJ, Zhao M, and Seker E
- Abstract
Introduction: The etiology and progression of sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have been studied for decades. One proposed mechanism is that amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins induce neuroinflammation, synapse loss, and neuronal cell death. Microglia play an especially important role in Aβ clearance, and alterations in microglial function due to aging or disease may result in Aβ accumulation and deleterious effects on neuronal function. However, studying these complex factors in vivo , where numerous confounding processes exist, is challenging, and until recently, in vitro models have not allowed sustained culture of microglia, astrocytes and neurons in the same culture. Here, we employ a tri-culture model of rat primary neurons, astrocytes, and microglia and compare it to co-culture (neurons and astrocytes) and mono-culture enriched for microglia to study microglial function (i.e., motility and Aβ clearance) and proteomic response to exogenous Aβ., Methods: We established cortical co-culture (neurons and astrocytes), tri-culture (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia), and mono-culture (microglia) from perinatal rat pups. On days in vitro (DIV) 7 - 14, the cultures were exposed to fluorescently-labeled Aβ (FITC-Aβ) particles for varying durations. Images were analyzed to determine the number of FITC-Aβ particles after specific lengths of exposure. A group of cells were stained for βIII-tubulin, GFAP, and Iba1 for morphological analysis via quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Cytokine profiles from conditioned media were obtained. Live-cell imaging with images acquired every 5 minutes for 4 hours was employed to extract microglia motility parameters (e.g., Euclidean distance, migration speed, directionality ratio)., Results and Discussion: FITC-Aβ particles were more effectively cleared in the tri-culture compared to the co-culture. This was attributed to microglia engulfing FITC-Aβ particles, as confirmed via epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. Adding FITC-Aβ significantly increased the size of microglia, but had no significant effect on neuronal surface coverage or astrocyte size. Analysis of the cytokine profile upon FITC-Aβ addition revealed a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6) in tri-culture, but not co-culture. In addition, Aβ addition altered microglia motility marked by swarming-like motion with decreased Euclidean distance yet unaltered speed. These results highlight the importance of cell-cell communication in microglia function (e.g., motility and Aβ clearance) and the utility of the tri-culture model to further investigate microglia dysfunction in AD.
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- 2024
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35. Intraperitoneally injected d11-11(12)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid is rapidly incorporated and esterified within rat plasma and peripheral tissues but not the brain.
- Author
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Watanabe S, Souza FDC, Kusumoto I, Shen Q, Nitin N, Lein PJ, and Taha AY
- Subjects
- Animals, Male, Rats, Female, Esterification, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Liver metabolism, 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid metabolism, 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid analogs & derivatives, 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid blood, Brain metabolism
- Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EpETrEs) are bioactive lipid mediators of arachidonic acid cytochrome P450 oxidation. In vivo, the free (unbound) form of EpETrEs regulate multiple processes including blood flow, angiogenesis and inflammation resolution. Free EpETrEs are thought to rapidly degrade via soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH); yet, in many tissues, the majority of EpETrEs are esterified to complex lipids (e.g. phospholipids) suggesting that esterification may play a major role in regulating free, bioactive EpETrE levels. This hypothesis was tested by quantifying the metabolism of intraperitoneally injected free d11-11(12)-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (d11-11(12)-EpETrE) in male and female rats. Plasma and tissues (liver, adipose and brain) were obtained 3 to 4 min later and assayed for d11-11(12)-EpETrE and its sEH metabolite, d11-11,12-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (d11-11,12-diHETrE) in both the free and esterified lipid fractions. In both males and females, the majority of injected tracer was recovered in liver followed by plasma and adipose. No tracer was detected in the brain, indicating that brain levels are maintained by endogenous synthesis from precursor fatty acids. In plasma, liver, and adipose, the majority (>54 %) of d11-11(12)-EpETrE was found esterified to phospholipids or neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesteryl esters). sEH-derived d11-11,12-diHETrE was not detected in plasma or tissues, suggesting negligible conversion within the 3-4 min period post tracer injection. This study shows that esterification is the main pathway regulating free 11(12)-EpETrE levels in vivo., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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36. Evidence Implicating Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment in the Pathogenesis of Acquired Epilepsy following Acute Organophosphate Intoxication.
- Author
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Bernardino PN, Luo AS, Andrew PM, Unkel CM, Gonzalez MI, Gelli A, and Lein PJ
- Subjects
- Rats, Animals, Humans, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain pathology, Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Organophosphates, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Acute Disease, Epilepsy chemically induced, Organophosphate Poisoning
- Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning can trigger cholinergic crisis, a life-threatening toxidrome that includes seizures and status epilepticus. These acute toxic responses are associated with persistent neuroinflammation and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), also known as acquired epilepsy. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment has recently been proposed as a pathogenic mechanism linking acute OP intoxication to chronic adverse neurologic outcomes. In this review, we briefly describe the cellular and molecular components of the BBB, review evidence of altered BBB integrity following acute OP intoxication, and discuss potential mechanisms by which acute OP intoxication may promote BBB dysfunction. We highlight the complex interplay between neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction that suggests a positive feedforward interaction. Lastly, we examine research from diverse models and disease states that suggest mechanisms by which loss of BBB integrity may contribute to epileptogenic processes. Collectively, the literature identifies BBB impairment as a convergent mechanism of neurologic disease and justifies further mechanistic research into how acute OP intoxication causes BBB impairment and its role in the pathogenesis of SRS and potentially other long-term neurologic sequelae. Such research is critical for evaluating BBB stabilization as a neuroprotective strategy for mitigating OP-induced epilepsy and possibly seizure disorders of other etiologies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Clinical and preclinical studies support a link between blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and epileptogenesis; however, a causal relationship has been difficult to prove. Mechanistic studies to delineate relationships between BBB dysfunction and epilepsy may provide novel insights into BBB stabilization as a neuroprotective strategy for mitigating epilepsy resulting from acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication and non-OP causes and potentially other adverse neurological conditions associated with acute OP intoxication, such as cognitive impairment., (Copyright © 2024 by The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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37. Quantifying Dendritic Arbors In Vitro and In Vivo in Rodent Models.
- Author
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Wilson RJ, Badley JR, and Lein PJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Rats, Cells, Cultured, Neurons metabolism, Neurons cytology, Rodentia, Brain cytology, Brain metabolism, Dendrites metabolism
- Abstract
Dendritic arborization is a critical determinant of neuronal connectivity. The structure of a neuron's dendritic arbor determines the number of synaptic inputs a neuron can receive and how it processes synaptic input from other neurons. Here, we describe methods for visualizing and quantifying the dendritic arbor in primary cell cultures and in the intact rodent brain. These techniques can be used to answer significant scientific questions, such as the effects of disease processes, drugs, growth factors, and diverse environmental stressors on dendritogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo rodent models., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2024
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38. Dietary resistant starch supplementation increases gut luminal deoxycholic acid abundance in mice.
- Author
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Reuter MA, Tucker M, Marfori Z, Shishani R, Bustamante JM, Moreno R, Goodson ML, Ehrlich A, Taha AY, Lein PJ, Joshi N, Brito I, Durbin-Johnson B, Nandakumar R, and Cummings BP
- Subjects
- Mice, Male, Female, Animals, Bile Acids and Salts, Dietary Supplements, Bacteria genetics, Deoxycholic Acid, Resistant Starch, Gastrointestinal Microbiome physiology
- Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are among the most abundant metabolites produced by the gut microbiome. Primary BAs produced in the liver are converted by gut bacterial 7-α-dehydroxylation into secondary BAs, which can differentially regulate host health via signaling based on their varying affinity for BA receptors. Despite the importance of secondary BAs in host health, the regulation of 7-α-dehydroxylation and the role of diet in modulating this process is incompletely defined. Understanding this process could lead to dietary guidelines that beneficially shift BA metabolism. Dietary fiber regulates gut microbial composition and metabolite production. We tested the hypothesis that feeding mice a diet rich in a fermentable dietary fiber, resistant starch (RS), would alter gut bacterial BA metabolism. Male and female wild-type mice were fed a diet supplemented with RS or an isocaloric control diet (IC). Metabolic parameters were similar between groups. RS supplementation increased gut luminal deoxycholic acid (DCA) abundance. However, gut luminal cholic acid (CA) abundance, the substrate for 7-α-dehydroxylation in DCA production, was unaltered by RS. Further, RS supplementation did not change the mRNA expression of hepatic BA producing enzymes or ileal BA transporters. Metagenomic assessment of gut bacterial composition revealed no change in the relative abundance of bacteria known to perform 7-α-dehydroxylation. P. ginsenosidimutans and P. multiformis were positively correlated with gut luminal DCA abundance and increased in response to RS supplementation. These data demonstrate that RS supplementation enriches gut luminal DCA abundance without increasing the relative abundance of bacteria known to perform 7-α-dehydroxylation.
- Published
- 2024
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39. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibits neuropilin-1 upregulation on IL-2-responding CD4 + T cells.
- Author
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Sandoval S, Malany K, Thongphanh K, Martinez CA, Goodson ML, Souza FDC, Lin LW, Sweeney N, Pennington J, Lein PJ, Kerkvliet NI, and Ehrlich AK
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Forkhead Transcription Factors metabolism, Ligands, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred NOD, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory metabolism, Up-Regulation, Interleukin-2 metabolism, Neuropilin-1 genetics, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon metabolism
- Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), a transmembrane protein expressed on CD4
+ T cells, is mostly studied in the context of regulatory T cell (Treg) function. More recently, there is increasing evidence that Nrp1 is also highly expressed on activated effector T cells and that increases in these Nrp1-expressing CD4+ T cells correspond with immunopathology across several T cell-dependent disease models. Thus, Nrp1 may be implicated in the identification and function of immunopathologic T cells. Nrp1 downregulation in CD4+ T cells is one of the strongest transcriptional changes in response to immunoregulatory compounds that act though the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. To better understand the link between AhR and Nrp1 expression on CD4+ T cells, Nrp1 expression was assessed in vivo and in vitro following AhR ligand treatment. In the current study, we identified that the percentage of Nrp1 expressing CD4+ T cells increases over the course of activation and proliferation in vivo . The actively dividing Nrp1+ Foxp3- cells express the classic effector phenotype of CD44hi CD45RBlo , and the increase in Nrp1+ Foxp3- cells is prevented by AhR activation. In contrast, Nrp1 expression is not modulated by AhR activation in non-proliferating CD4+ T cells. The downregulation of Nrp1 on CD4+ T cells was recapitulated in vitro in cells isolated from C57BL/6 and NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice. CD4+ Foxp3- cells expressing CD25, stimulated with IL-2, or differentiated into Th1 cells, were particularly sensitive to AhR-mediated inhibition of Nrp1 upregulation. IL-2 was necessary for AhR-dependent downregulation of Nrp1 expression both in vitro and in vivo . Collectively, the data demonstrate that Nrp1 is a CD4+ T cell activation marker and that regulation of Nrp1 could be a previously undescribed mechanism by which AhR ligands modulate effector CD4+ T cell responses., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Sandoval, Malany, Thongphanh, Martinez, Goodson, Souza, Lin, Sweeney, Pennington, Lein, Kerkvliet and Ehrlich.)- Published
- 2023
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40. Time- and region-dependent blood-brain barrier impairment in a rat model of organophosphate-induced status epilepticus.
- Author
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Bernardino PN, Hobson BA, Huddleston SL, Andrew PM, MacMahon JA, Saito NH, Porter VA, Bruun DA, Harvey DJ, Garbow JR, Gelli A, Chaudhari AJ, and Lein PJ
- Subjects
- Rats, Animals, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Organophosphates adverse effects, Organophosphates metabolism, Seizures metabolism, Brain metabolism, Blood-Brain Barrier pathology, Status Epilepticus metabolism
- Abstract
Acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication can trigger seizures that progress to status epilepticus (SE), and survivors often develop chronic morbidities, including spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). The pathogenic mechanisms underlying OP-induced SRS are unknown, but increased BBB permeability is hypothesized to be involved. Previous studies reported BBB leakage following OP-induced SE, but key information regarding time and regional distribution of BBB impairment during the epileptogenic period is missing. To address this data gap, we characterized the spatiotemporal progression of BBB impairment during the first week post-exposure in a rat model of diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced SE, using MRI and albumin immunohistochemistry. Increased BBB permeability, which was detected at 6 h and persisted up to 7 d post-exposure, was most severe and persistent in the piriform cortex and amygdala, moderate but persistent in the thalamus, and less severe and transient in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex. The extent of BBB leakage was positively correlated with behavioral seizure severity, with the strongest association identified in the piriform cortex and amygdala. These findings provide evidence of the duration, magnitude and spatial breakdown of the BBB during the epileptogenic period following OP-induced SE and support BBB regulation as a viable therapeutic target for preventing SRS following acute OP intoxication., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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41. Editorial: Advances in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative disease - The environment as a putative risk factor.
- Author
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Lavezzi AM, Colizzi M, and Lein PJ
- Abstract
Competing Interests: MC has been a consultant/advisor to GW Pharma Limited, GW Pharma Italy SRL, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Limited outside of this work. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
- Published
- 2023
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42. Gamma secretase activity modulates BMP-7-induced dendritic growth in primary rat sympathetic neurons.
- Author
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Karunungan K, Garza RH, Grodzki AC, Holt M, Lein PJ, and Chandrasekaran V
- Subjects
- Rats, Animals, Dendrites metabolism, Cells, Cultured, Neurons metabolism, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 metabolism, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 pharmacology, Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases metabolism, Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases pharmacology
- Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction has been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the effects of genes involved in AD on the peripheral nervous system are not well understood. Previous studies have shown that presenilin-1 (PSEN1), the catalytic subunit of the gamma secretase (γ-secretase) complex, mutations in which are associated with familial AD function, regulates dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons. In this study, we examined whether the γ-secretase pathway also influences dendritic growth in primary sympathetic neurons. Using immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry, molecules of the γ-secretase complex, PSEN1, PSEN2, PEN2, nicastrin and APH1a, were detected in sympathetic neurons dissociated from embryonic (E20/21) rat sympathetic ganglia. Addition of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), which induces dendrites in these neurons, did not alter expression or localization of γ-secretase complex proteins. BMP-7-induced dendritic growth was inhibited by siRNA knockdown of PSEN1 and by three γ-secretase inhibitors, γ-secretase inhibitor IX (DAPT), LY-411575 and BMS-299897. These effects were specific to dendrites and concentration-dependent and did not alter early downstream pathways of BMP signaling. In summary, our results indicate that γ-secretase activity enhances BMP-7 induced dendritic growth in sympathetic neurons. These findings provide insight into the normal cellular role of the γ-secretase complex in sympathetic neurons., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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43. Assessing CaMPARI as new approach methodology for evaluating neurotoxicity.
- Author
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Biechele-Speziale D, Camarillo M, Martin NR, Biechele-Speziale J, Lein PJ, and Plavicki JS
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Zebrafish, Neurons, Swimming, Brain, Mammals, Calcium metabolism, Neurotoxicity Syndromes etiology, Neurotoxicity Syndromes metabolism
- Abstract
Developmental exposure to environmental toxicants has been linked to the onset of neurological disorders and diseases. Despite substantial advances in the field of neurotoxicology, there remain significant knowledge gaps in our understanding of cellular targets and molecular mechanisms that mediate the neurotoxicological endpoints associated with exposure to both legacy contaminants and emerging contaminants of concern. Zebrafish are a powerful neurotoxicological model given their high degree sequence conservation with humans and the similarities they share with mammals in micro- and macro-level brain structures. Many zebrafish studies have effectively utilized behavioral assays to predict the neurotoxic potential of different compounds, but behavioral phenotypes are rarely able to predict the brain structures, cell types, or mechanisms affected by chemical exposures. Calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiometric integrator (CaMPARI), a recently developed genetically-encoded calcium indicator, undergoes a permanent green to red switch in the presence of elevated intracellular Ca
2+ concentrations and 405-nm light, which allows for a "snapshot" of brain activity in freely-swimming larvae. To determine whether behavioral results are predictive of patterns of neuronal activity, we assessed the effects of three common neurotoxicants, ethanol, 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95), and monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), on both brain activity and behavior by combining the behavioral light/dark assay with CaMPARI imaging. We demonstrate that brain activity profiles and behavioral phenotypes are not always concordant and, therefore, behavior alone is not sufficient to understand how toxicant exposure affects neural development and network dynamics. We conclude that pairing behavioral assays with functional neuroimaging tools such as CaMPARI provides a more comprehensive understanding of the neurotoxic endpoints of compounds while still offering a relatively high throughput approach to toxicity testing., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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44. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of intravenous allopregnanolone with and without midazolam pretreatment in two healthy dogs.
- Author
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Bruun DA, Ma B, Chen YJ, Wu CY, Aleman M, Zolkowska D, Smiley-Jewell SM, Rogawski MA, and Lein PJ
- Subjects
- Dogs, Animals, Pregnanolone therapeutic use, Administration, Intravenous, Midazolam therapeutic use, Status Epilepticus drug therapy
- Abstract
The neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) is under investigation as a treatment for benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus (SE). Here, we assess the cardiopulmonary safety of intravenous ALLO by itself and after a clinically recommended dose of midazolam (MDZ) in two healthy adult beagles. Each dog received ALLO (1 mg/kg, IV), and after a washout period of 2 weeks, each dog was dosed with MDZ (0.2 mg/kg, IV) followed 10 minutes later by ALLO. Behavioral state, vital signs, arterial blood gases, blood chemistries, and plasma ALLO concentrations were monitored for up to 6 hours after dosing. The dogs appeared sleepy but were fully responsive after both treatments. No depression of mean arterial pressure or respiratory rate was noted. Blood gas measurements failed to show evidence of drug-induced acute respiratory acidosis. Estimated maximum plasma ALLO concentrations were in the range of 1500 to 3000 ng/ml. The results indicate that intravenous ALLO can be used safely to treat benzodiazepine-refractory SE, even when administered shortly after a benzodiazepine., (© 2023 The Authors. Epilepsia Open published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.)
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- 2023
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45. Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) causes seizure activity in larval zebrafish via antagonism of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α1β2γ2.
- Author
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Mundy PC, Werner A, Singh L, Singh V, Mendieta R, Patullo CE, Wulff H, and Lein PJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Male, Larva, Triazines toxicity, Receptors, GABA-A, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Receptors, GABA, Zebrafish
- Abstract
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, or Royal Demolition Explosive (RDX), is a major component of plastic explosives such as C-4. Acute exposures from intentional or accidental ingestion are a documented clinical concern, especially among young male U.S. service members in the armed forces. When ingested in large enough quantity, RDX causes tonic-clonic seizures. Previous in silico and in vitro experiments predict that RDX causes seizures by inhibiting α1β2γ2 γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA
A ) receptor-mediated chloride currents. To determine whether this mechanism translates in vivo, we established a larval zebrafish model of RDX-induced seizures. After a 3 h of exposure to 300 µM RDX, larval zebrafish exhibited a significant increase in motility in comparison to vehicle controls. Researchers blinded to experimental group manually scored a 20-min segment of video starting at 3.5 h post-exposure and found significant seizure behavior that correlated with automated seizure scores. Midazolam (MDZ), an nonselective GABAA R positive allosteric modulator (PAM), and a combination of Zolpidem (α1 selective PAM) and compound 2-261 (β2/3-selective PAM) were effective in mitigating RDX-triggered behavioral and electrographic seizures. These findings confirm that RDX induces seizure activity via inhibition of the α1β2γ2 GABAA R and support the use of GABAA R-targeted anti-seizure drugs for the treatment of RDX-induced seizures., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
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46. Rebuttal to Correspondence on "Machine Learning-Assisted Identification and Quantification of Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Animal Samples".
- Author
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Zhang CY, Li X, Keil Stietz KP, Sethi S, Yang W, Marek RF, Ding X, Lein PJ, Hornbuckle KC, and Lehmler HJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Hydroxylation, Polychlorinated Biphenyls metabolism
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Developmental Neurotoxicity Screen of Psychedelics and Other Drugs of Abuse in Larval Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ).
- Author
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Tombari RJ, Mundy PC, Morales KM, Dunlap LE, Olson DE, and Lein PJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Zebrafish, Larva, Models, Animal, Hallucinogens toxicity, Ketamine
- Abstract
In recent years, psychedelics have garnered significant interest as therapeutic agents for treating diverse neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the potential for these compounds to produce developmental neurotoxicity has not been rigorously assessed, and much of the available safety data is based on epidemiological studies with limited experimental testing in laboratory animal models. Moreover, the experimental safety data available thus far have focused on adult organisms, and the few studies conducted using developing organisms have tested a limited number of compounds, precluding direct comparisons between various chemical scaffolds. In the present study, 13 psychoactive compounds of different chemical or pharmacological classes were screened in a larval zebrafish model for teratological and behavioral abnormalities following acute and chronic developmental exposures. We found that the psychedelic tryptamines and ketamine were less neurotoxic to larval zebrafish than LSD and psychostimulants. Our work, which leverages the advantage of using zebrafish for higher throughput toxicity screening, provides a robust reference database for comparing the neurotoxicity profiles of novel psychedelics currently under development for therapeutic applications.
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- 2023
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48. Networks of placental DNA methylation correlate with maternal serum PCB concentrations and child neurodevelopment.
- Author
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Mouat JS, Li X, Neier K, Zhu Y, Mordaunt CE, La Merrill MA, Lehmler HJ, Jones MP, Lein PJ, Schmidt RJ, and LaSalle JM
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Humans, Child, Female, Pregnancy, Placenta chemistry, DNA Methylation, Maternal Exposure adverse effects, Polychlorinated Biphenyls analysis, Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Abstract
Background: Gestational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with elevated risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Placental epigenetics may serve as a potential mechanism of risk or marker of altered placental function. Prior studies have associated differential placental DNA methylation with maternal PCB exposure or with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, sequencing-based placental methylomes have not previously been tested for simultaneous associations with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes., Objectives: We aimed to identify placental DNA methylation patterns associated with maternal PCB levels and child neurodevelopmental outcomes in the high-risk ASD MARBLES cohort., Methods: We measured 209 PCB congeners in 104 maternal serum samples collected at delivery. We identified networks of DNA methylation from 147 placenta samples using the Comethyl R package, which performs weighted gene correlation network analysis for whole genome bisulfite sequencing data. We tested placental DNA methylation modules for association with maternal serum PCB levels, child neurodevelopment, and other participant traits., Results: PCBs 153 + 168, 170, 180 + 193, and 187 were detected in over 50% of maternal serum samples and were highly correlated with one another. Consistent with previous findings, maternal age was the strongest predictor of serum PCB levels, alongside year of sample collection, pre-pregnancy BMI, and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. Twenty seven modules of placental DNA methylation were identified, including five which significantly correlated with one or more PCBs, and four which correlated with child neurodevelopment. Two modules associated with maternal PCB levels as well as child neurodevelopment, and mapped to CSMD1 and AUTS2, genes previously implicated in ASD and identified as differentially methylated regions in mouse brain and placenta following gestational PCB exposure., Conclusions: Placental DNA co-methylation modules were associated with maternal PCBs and child neurodevelopment. Methylation of CSMD1 and AUTS2 could be markers of altered placental function and/or ASD risk following maternal PCB exposure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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49. A systematic evidence map for the evaluation of noncancer health effects and exposures to polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures.
- Author
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Carlson LM, Christensen K, Sagiv SK, Rajan P, Klocke CR, Lein PJ, Coffman E, Shaffer RM, Yost EE, Arzuaga X, Factor-Litvak P, Sergeev A, Toborek M, Bloom MS, Trgovcich J, Jusko TA, Robertson L, Meeker JD, Keating AF, Blain R, Silva RA, Snow S, Lin C, Shipkowski K, Ingle B, and Lehmann GM
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Carcinogens, Mammals, Uncertainty, Polychlorinated Biphenyls toxicity
- Abstract
Assessing health outcomes associated with exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is important given their persistent and ubiquitous nature. PCBs are classified as a Group 1 carcinogen, but the full range of potential noncancer health effects from exposure to PCBs has not been systematically summarized and evaluated. We used systematic review methods to identify and screen the literature using combined manual review and machine learning approaches. A protocol was developed that describes the literature search strategy and Populations, Exposures, Comparators, and Outcomes (PECO) criteria used to facilitate subsequent screening and categorization of literature into a systematic evidence map of PCB exposure and noncancer health endpoints across 15 organs/systems. A comprehensive literature search yielded 62,599 records. After electronic prioritization steps, 17,037 studies were manually screened at the title and abstract level. An additional 900 studies identified by experts or supplemental searches were also included. After full-text screening of 3889 references, 1586 studies met the PECO criteria. Relevant study details such as the endpoints assessed, exposure duration, and species were extracted into literature summary tables. This review compiles and organizes the human and mammalian studies from these tables into an evidence map for noncancer health endpoints and PCB mixture exposure to identify areas of robust research as well as areas of uncertainty that would benefit from future investigation. Summary data are available online as interactive visuals with downloadable metadata. Sufficient research is available to inform PCB hazard assessments for most organs/systems, but the amount of data to inform associations with specific endpoints differs. Furthermore, despite many years of research, sparse data exist for inhalation and dermal exposures, which are highly relevant human exposure routes. This evidence map provides a foundation for future systematic reviews and noncancer hazard assessments of PCB mixtures and for strategic planning of research to inform areas of greater uncertainty., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: SKS, PR, CRK, PJL, PFL, AS, MT, MSB, JT, TAJ, LR, JM, AFK, RB, RS, SS, CL, KS, and BI report financial support provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency under Contract 68HERC19D0003 to ICF. PJL reports a relationship with Friedman Rubin Associates that includes: paid expert testimony. CRK reports a relationship with Bausch Health Companies Inc US that includes: employment and equity or stocks., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
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- 2023
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50. Oxidized linoleic acid metabolites regulate neuronal morphogenesis in vitro.
- Author
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da Costa Souza F, Grodzki ACG, Morgan RK, Zhang Z, Taha AY, and Lein PJ
- Subjects
- Male, Rats, Animals, Neuroglia metabolism, Linoleic Acid metabolism, Linoleic Acid pharmacology, Neurons metabolism
- Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) is an essential nutrient for optimal infant growth and brain development. The effects of LA in the brain are thought to be mediated by oxygenated metabolites of LA known as oxidized LA metabolites (OXLAMs), but evidence is lacking to directly support this hypothesis. This study investigated whether OXLAMs modulate key neurodevelopmental processes including axon outgrowth, dendritic arborization, cell viability and synaptic connectivity. Primary cortical neuron-glia co-cultures from postnatal day 0-1 male and female rats were exposed for 48h to the following OXLAMs: 1) 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE); 2) 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE); 3) 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (9,10-DiHOME); 4) 12(13)-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12(13)-EpOME); 5) 9,10,13-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (9,10,13-TriHOME); 6) 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid (9-OxoODE); and 7) 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-DiHOME). Axonal outgrowth, evaluated by Tau-1 immunostaining, was increased by 9-HODE, but decreased by 12,13-DiHOME in male but not female neurons. Dendrite arborization, evaluated by MAP2B-eGFP expression, was affected by 9-HODE, 9-OxoODE, and 12(13)-EpOME in male neurons and, by 12(13)-EpOME in female neurons. Neither cell viability nor synaptic connectivity were significantly altered by OXLAMs. Overall, this study shows select OXLAMs modulate neuron morphology in a sex-dependent manner, with male neurons being more susceptible., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Pamela J. Lein reports financial support was provided by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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