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INTRODUCTION: Growing research indicates transportation injury surveillance using police collision reporting alone underrepresents injury to vulnerable groups, including pedestrians, cyclists, and people of color. This reflects differing reporting patterns and non-clinicians’ challenge in accurately evaluating injury severity. To our knowledge, San Francisco is the first U.S. city to link and map hospital and police injury data. Analysis of linked data injury patterns informs interventions supporting traffic fatality and injury prevention goals. METHODS: Injury and fatality records 2013–2015 were collected from San Francisco Police, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), Medical Examiner, and Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG). Probabilistic linkage was conducted using LinkSolv9.0 on match variables collision/admission time, name, birthdate, sex, travel mode, and geographic collision location. RESULTS: From 2013-2015, this study identified 17,000+ transportation-related injuries on public roadways in San Francisco. Twenty-six percent (n = 4,415) appeared in both police and ZSFG sources. Linked injury records represent 39% of police records (N = 11,403) and 43% of hospital records (N = 10,223). Among hospital records, 34% of cyclist, 38% of motor vehicle occupant, 61% of pedestrian, and 54% of motorcyclist records linked with a police record. Linkage rate varied by travel mode even after controlling for injury severity. Transportation-injured ZSFG-treated patients lacking police reports were more often cyclists, male, Hispanic or Black, and less often occupants of motor vehicles compared to those with injuries captured only in police reports. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating hospital and EMS spatial data into injury surveillance systems historically reliant on police reports offers trifold benefits. First, linkage captures injuries absent in police data, adding data on populations empirically vulnerable to injury. Second, it improves injury severity assessment. Finally, linked data better informs and targets interventions serving injury-burdened populations and road users, advancing transportation injury prevention. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Linkage closes data gaps, improving ability to quantify injury and develop evidence-based interventions for vulnerable groups.

We investigated the risk of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)­ patients transmitting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to emergency medical service (EMS) providers, stratified by aerosol-generating procedures (AGP), in King County, Washington, USA, during February 16–July 31, 2020. We conducted a retrospective cohort investigation using a statewide COVID-19 registry and identified 1,115 encounters, 182 with ≥1 AGP. Overall, COVID-19 incidence among EMS personnel was 0.57 infections/10,000 person-days. Incidence per 10,000 person-days did not differ whether or not infection was attributed to a COVID-19 patient encounter (0.28 vs. 0.59; p>0.05). The 1 case attributed to a COVID-19 patient encounter occurred within an at-risk period and involved an AGP. We observed a very low risk for COVID-19 infection attributable to patient encounters among EMS first responders, supporting clinical strategies that maintain established practices for treating patients in emergency conditions.

BackgroundRigorous assessment of occupational COVID-19 risk and personal protective equipment (PPE) use are not well-described. We evaluated 9-1-1 emergency medical services (EMS) encounters for patients with COVID-19 to assess occupational exposure, programmatic strategies to reduce exposure, and PPE use.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort investigation of lab-confirmed COVID-19 patients in King County, WA who received 9-1-1 EMS responses from February 14, 2020 to March 26, 2020. We reviewed dispatch, EMS, and public health surveillance records to evaluate the temporal relationship between exposure and programmatic changes to EMS operations designed to identify high-risk patients, protect the workforce, and conserve PPE.ResultsThere were 274 EMS encounters for 220 unique COVID-19 patients involving 700 unique EMS providers with 988 EMS person-encounters. Use of “full” PPE including mask, eye protection, gown and gloves (MEGG) was 67%. There were 151 person-exposures among 129 individuals, who required 981 quarantine days. Of the 700 EMS providers, 3 (0.4%) tested positive within 14 days of encounter. Programmatic changes were associated with a temporal reduction in exposures. When stratified at the study encounters midpoint, 94% (142/151) of exposures occurred during the first 137 EMS encounters compared to 6% (9/151) during the second 137 EMS encounters (pConclusionLess than 0.5% of EMS providers experienced COVID-19 illness within 14 days of occupational encounter. Programmatic strategies were associated with a reduction in exposures, while achieving a measured use of PPE.

Key Points Question What is the clinical presentation to emergency medical services among persons with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings This cohort study of 124 patients with COVID-19 revealed that most patients with COVID-19 presenting to emergency medical services were older and had multiple chronic health conditions. Initial concern, symptoms, and examination findings were heterogeneous and not consistently characterized as febrile respiratory illness. Meaning The findings of this study suggest that the conventional description of febrile respiratory illness may not adequately identify COVID-19 in the prehospital emergency setting., This cohort study describes patient characteristics and prehospital presentation of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cared for by emergency medical services (EMS) in King County, Washington., Importance The ability to identify patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the prehospital emergency setting could inform strategies for infection control and use of personal protective equipment. However, little is known about the presentation of patients with COVID-19 requiring emergency care, particularly those who used 911 emergency medical services (EMS). Objective To describe patient characteristics and prehospital presentation of patients with COVID-19 cared for by EMS. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included 124 patients who required 911 EMS care for COVID-19 in King County, Washington, a large metropolitan region covering 2300 square miles with 2.2 million residents in urban, suburban, and rural areas, between February 1, 2020, and March 18, 2020. Exposures COVID-19 was diagnosed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from nasopharyngeal swabs. Test results were available a median (interquartile range) of 5 (3-9) days after the EMS encounter. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of clinical characteristics, symptoms, examination signs, and EMS impression and care. Results Of the 775 confirmed COVID-19 cases in King County, EMS responded to 124 (16.0%), with a total of 147 unique 911 encounters. The mean (SD) age was 75.7 (13.2) years, 66 patients (53.2%) were women, 47 patients (37.9%) had 3 or more chronic health conditions, and 57 patients (46.0%) resided in a long-term care facility. Based on EMS evaluation, 43 of 147 encounters (29.3%) had no symptoms of fever, cough, or shortness of breath. Based on individual examination findings, fever, tachypnea, or hypoxia were only present in a limited portion of cases, as follows: 43 of 84 encounters (51.2%), 42 of 131 (32.1%), and 60 of 112 (53.6%), respectively. Advanced care was typically not required, although in 24 encounters (16.3%), patients received care associated with aerosol-generating procedures. As of June 1, 2020, mortality among the study cohort was 52.4% (65 patients). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this cohort study suggest that screening based on conventional COVID-19 symptoms or corresponding examination findings of febrile respiratory illness may not possess the necessary sensitivity for early diagnostic suspicion, at least in the prehospital emergency setting. The findings have potential implications for early identification of COVID-19 and effective strategies to mitigate infectious risk during emergency care.

Objective To measure the incidence and risk factors of AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses (AOIs) in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (1993-1995), early-HAART (1996-2000), and late-HAART (2001-2008) periods. Design Prospective cohort analysis of AIDS surveillance data. Methods Individuals living with, or diagnosed with AIDS from 1993 through 2008 were included. Poisson regression models were used to estimate annual incidence rates of the eight most frequently occurring AOIs, and to compare these rates in the pre-HAART (1993-1995), early-HAART (1996-2000), and late-HAART (2001-2008) periods. Results There were 18 733 individuals with AIDS included; 5788 were diagnosed prior to 1993 and 12 945 were diagnosed between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2008. The incidence rates of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, wasting syndrome, Kaposi's sarcoma, HIV encephalopathy, cytomegalovirus retinitis, cytomegalovirus, and esophageal candidiasis decreased during the study period, with the largest declines observed between the pre-HAART and early-HAART periods. Incidence rates also decreased between the early-HAART and late-HAART periods, though not as sharply. Incidence rate reductions between the earliest and latest period ranged from 84 to 99%. Conclusions Steep declines in incidence of AOIs were found following the introduction of HAART and continued into the late-HAART era. These declines reflect the impact of HIV diagnosis and treatment on a population level.