Search

Abstract Bone metastasis is considered as a considerable challenge for breast cancer patients. Various in vitro and in vivo models have been developed to examine this occurrence. In vitro models are employed to simulate the intricate tumor microenvironment, investigate the interplay between cells and their adjacent microenvironment, and evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions for tumors. The endeavor to replicate the latency period of bone metastasis in animal models has presented a challenge, primarily due to the necessity of primary tumor removal and the presence of multiple potential metastatic sites. The utilization of novel bone metastasis models, including three-dimensional (3D) models, has been proposed as a promising approach to overcome the constraints associated with conventional 2D and animal models. However, existing 3D models are limited by various factors, such as irregular cellular proliferation, autofluorescence, and changes in genetic and epigenetic expression. The imperative for the advancement of future applications of 3D models lies in their standardization and automation. The utilization of artificial intelligence exhibits the capability to predict cellular behavior through the examination of substrate materials' chemical composition, geometry, and mechanical performance. The implementation of these algorithms possesses the capability to predict the progression and proliferation of cancer. This paper reviewed the mechanisms of bone metastasis following primary breast cancer. Current models of breast cancer bone metastasis, along with their challenges, as well as the future perspectives of using these models for translational drug development, were discussed.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to review the research conducted on biomechanical and pathomechanical variables of the limbs of people with patellofemoral syndrome and also to summarize and present information in a useful framework from past researches. Methods: The present study was systematic review. Keywords included: mechanics, pathomechanics of the lower limb, kinetics, kinematics, center of pressure and Electromyographic activity of lower limbs, patellofemoral syndrome on the sites of Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of science, PubMed and Magiranwas searched One hundred nine articles were obtained by using the keywords of the study, and according to the intended purpose and removing duplicate articles, 48 articles were obtained, and according to the desired purpose, in the three parts of the patellofemoral joint, Plantar pressure variables and surrounding patellofemoral muscles were classified and analyzed in terms of mechanics, damage, forces on the joint, electrical activity of muscles and equipment used in the research in the form of tables and text. Results: Displacement of the center of pressure in people with patellofemoral syndrome during using orthotics with corrective exercises was reduced. The main cause of pain in patellofemoral syndrome was the delay in the activity of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles relative to each other, which caused the abnormal displacement of the patella to the side and as a result increased the pressure on the patellofemoral joint and eventually caused pain. Closed kinetic chain exercises and biofeedback strengthened the mentioned muscles. Conclusion: Knowledge of the function of patellofemoral joint elements and orthoses and corrective exercises can help the mechanics and pathomechanics of people with patellofemoral syndrome. Corresponding Author: Mohsen Barghamdi View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Profile

Abstract Radiosensitizers are compounds or nanostructures, which can improve the efficiency of ionizing radiation to kill cells. Radiosensitization increases the susceptibility of cancer cells to radiation‐induced killing, while simultaneously reducing the potentially damaging effect on the cellular structure and function of the surrounding healthy tissues. Therefore, radiosensitizers are therapeutic agents used to boost the effectiveness of radiation treatment. The complexity and heterogeneity of cancer, and the multifactorial nature of its pathophysiology has led to many approaches to treatment. The effectiveness of each approach has been proven to some extent, but no definitive treatment to eradicate cancer has been discovered. The current review discusses a broad range of nano‐radiosensitizers, summarizing possible combinations of radiosensitizing NPs with several other types of cancer therapy options, focusing on the benefits and drawbacks, challenges, and future prospects.

Cancer stands as one of the most leading causes of death worldwide, while one of the most significant challenges in treating it is revealing novel alternatives to predict, diagnose, and eradicate tumor cell growth. Although various methods, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, are used today to treat cancer, its mortality rate is still high due to the numerous shortcomings of each approach. Regenerative medicine field, including tissue engineering, cell therapy, gene therapy, participate in cancer treatment and development of cancer models to improve the understanding of cancer biology. The final intention is to convey fundamental and laboratory research to effective clinical treatments, from the bench to the bedside. Proper interpretation of research attempts helps to lessen the burden of treatment and illness for patients. The purpose of this review is to investigate the role of regenerative medicine in accelerating and improving cancer treatment. This study examines the capabilities of regenerative medicine in providing novel cancer treatments and the effectiveness of these treatments to clarify this path as much as possible and promote advanced future research in this field.

Introduction: Osteosarcoma is a common bone malignancy in patients of all ages. Surgical and chemotherapy interventions fail to shrink tumor growth and metastasis. The development of efficient patient-specific therapeutic strategies for osteosarcoma is of great interest in tissue engineering and personalized medicine. The present manuscript aimed to review the advancements in tissue engineering and personalized medicine strategies to overcome osteosarcoma and the relevant biological aspects as well as the current tumor models in vitro and in vivo. Results: Tissue engineering and personalized medicine contribute to gene/cell engineering and cell-based therapies specific to genomic and proteomic profiles of individual patients to improve the current treatment options. Also, tissue engineering scaffolds provide physical support to missing bones, could trap cancer cells and deliver immune cells. Taken together, these strategies suppress tumor growth, angiogenic potential, and the subsequent metastasis as well as elicit desirable immune responses against tumor mass. Discussion: Advanced and high-throughput gene and protein identification technologies have facilitated the recognition of genomic and proteomic profiles of patients to design and develop patient-specific treatments. The pre-clinical studies showed promising outcomes to inhibit tumor growth and invasion but controversial results compared to clinical investigations make the importance of more clinical reports inevitable. The experimental tumor models assist the evolution of effective treatments by understanding the mechanisms of tumor progression. Conclusion: Tissue engineering and personalized medicine strategies seem encouraging alternatives to conventional therapies against osteosarcoma. Modeling the tumor microenvironment coupled with pre-clinical results give new intelligence into the translation of strategies into the clinic.