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Abstract Winter wild oat (Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne) has been considered the most common and troublesome weed in wheat fields of Iran. The widespread and continuous use of herbicides has led to the emergence and development of resistant biotypes in A. ludoviciana, making it one of the most important herbicide-resistant weeds within field crops. Considering the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying resistance to herbicides and identifying key proteins involved in the response to Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) and Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides in A. ludoviciana. This study aimed to identify the proteins involved in herbicide resistance in A. ludoviciana using the Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) technique. In this study, a total of 18,313 peptides were identified with ≤ 0.01 FDR, which could be classified into 484 protein groups. Additionally, 138 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in the resistant biotype (R), while 93 DEPs were identified in the susceptible biotype (S). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these DEPs mainly consisted of proteins related to photosynthesis, respiration, amino acid synthesis and translation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, defense proteins, and detoxification. Furthermore, enrichment pathway analysis using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) showed that the most important pathways included metabolic pathways, carbohydrate metabolism, secondary metabolites, amino acid synthesis, and photosynthesis. The function of DEPs indicated that some proteins, such as cytochrome P450, play a direct role in herbicide detoxification. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated the complex response of the resistant biotype to herbicides and its ability to increase antioxidant capacity through up-regulated detoxification proteins, particularly cytochrome P450 (Q6YSB4), and defense proteins, particularly superoxide dismutase (Q0DRV6) and polyamine oxidase (Q7XR46). In the resistant A. ludoviciana populations, in addition to the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems, other strategies such as reduced photosynthesis and respiration, increased transcription and translation activity, enhanced lipid metabolism, regulation of cellular processes and homeostasis, and up-regulation of proteins associated with signaling and ion channels play a role in resistance to herbicide. Overall these findings provide new insights into the role of different proteins in resistance to herbicides and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of herbicide resistance in A. ludoviciana.

To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid and nano iron chelate on the mucilage and carbohydrate values as well as some morpho-physiological traits of Viola aodorata L. species, a factorial experiment was defined based on randomized complete block design with three replications. After planting the seeds in pots, experimental treatments included foliar application of salicylic acid at three levels (0, 0.75 and 1.5 mg / L) as well as nano iron chelate at two levels (0 and 1 g / L) was applied at seedling stage. According to the results, the highest amounts of carotenoid, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b as well as the total chlorophyll, protein and catalase were observed in specimen treated with 1.5 mg / L salicylic acid. Moreover, the highest amounts of sodium, copper, mucilage and fresh plant weight were detected in specimen treated with 1g / L iron nano chelate. The results also demonstrated that the highest amount of carbohydrate was found in specimen treated with 1.5 mg / L salicylic acid and 1 g / L nano-iron chelate. In this investigation, the foliar application of salicylic acid (1.5 mg / L) and iron nano chelate (1 g / L) led to a 12 and 19 percent increase in the plant height compared to the untreated sample, respectively. Therefore, treatment with salicylic acid and nano-iron chelate could be recommended to increase the growth and medicinal properties of this plant species.

One of the most common and most critical mortality causes in modern society is gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. Helicobacter pylori is one of the most potent risk factors of gastric cancer. This bacterium can suppress the immune system by various pathogenic factors and mechanisms, lead to chronic inflammatory responses, and play a critical role in the induction of cancer. The first part of this article begins with a description of H. pylori carcinogenicity and in the next part, the roles of innate immunity pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokines, and inflammatory regulatory mechanisms in H. pylori infection are discussed. According to our current knowledge, screening and on-time diagnosis of the disease, timely treatment, and immediate eradication of H. pylori are the most critical ways to barricade gastric cancer progression. In the end, it is suggested that, considering the expensive costs of gastric cancer treatment, H. pylori diagnostic screening tests be done at least annually in middle-aged and at-risk people.

Abstract Background Flower color is one of the main characteristics of ornamental plants. Aurones are light yellow flavonoids produced in the petals of a limited number of plant species including snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus). As a commercially-recognized species, African violet can be found in various colors except yellow. This research, aiming at changing the petals’ color of African violet from white to yellow, was conducted using the simultaneous expressions of chalcone 4’-O-glucosyltransferase (4’CGT) and aureusidin synthase (AS1) genes without the need for silencing anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes via both transient and stable transfer methods. Results The transient gene transfer among transgenic plants led to a clear change of petals’ color from white to light yellow. This occurs while no change was observed in non-transgenic (Wild type) petals. In total, 15 positive transgenic plants, produced via stable gene transfer, were detected. Moreover, since their flower color was yellow, both genes were present. Meanwhile, the corresponding transformation yield was determined 20-30%. The transformation, expression and integration of genes among T0 transgenic plants were verified using the PCR, qRT-PCR and Southern blotting techniques, respectively. Furthermore, the probable color change of petals’ cross-section and existence of Aureusidin 6-O-glucoside (AOG) compound were determined using a light microscope and HPLC-DAD-MSn analysis, correspondingly. Conclusions Generally, the creation of aurones biosynthesis pathway is only viable through the simultaneous expression of genes which leads to color change of African violet’s petal from white to yellow. This conclusion can lead to an effective strategy to produce yellow color in ornamental plant species.

Drought stress is the most important factor in decreasing crop yield in most parts of the world. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on some morphological and physiological traits of sesame plant, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, the effects of different levels of drought stress (5%, 10%, 15%, and 25% field capacity) were investigated on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase, some photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid), some osmotic regulators including proline, and some morphological parameters (number of leaves, root length, stem height, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, dry weight of root, fresh weight of root, fresh weight of shoots, dry weight of shoots, fresh weight of plant, and dry weight of plant). After planting in pots, drought stress (5%, 10%, 15% and 25% of field capacity) was applied at seedling (four-leaf) stage and then the desired traits were measured. Statistical analyses showed that drought stress had a significant effect on all physiological and morphological features at 1% level. Morphological traits and photosynthetic pigments decreased with increasing drought stress (irrigation up to 5% of field capacity). Increasing drought stress levels increased root length in sesame. The highest root length (3.375 cm) was related to 5% of field capacity irrigation and the lowest root length (2.5 cm) was related to control (25% of field capacity irrigation). The highest levels of antioxidant enzymes and proline were also observed at the highest levels of drought stress (5% of field capacity irrigation). Based on the findings, the plant's growth measurements are recommended to be carried out at various developmental stages to find the effects of stress at each stage so as to get an appropriate understanding of the effects of stress on the plant.

Abstract Background Proso millet is a highly nutritious cereal considered an essential component of processed foods. It is also recognized with high water-use efficiency as well as short growing seasons. This research was primarily aimed at investigating the genetic diversity among genotypes based on evaluating those important traits proposed in previous researches under both normal and salinity- stress conditions. Use of Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers as well as evaluating the association between markers and the investigated traits under both conditions was also another purpose of this research. Results According to the phenotypic correlation coefficients, the seed yield had the highest correlation with the forage and biological yields under both conditions. By disintegrating those traits investigated under normal and salinity-stress conditions into principal component analysis, it was found that the first four principal components justified more than 59.94 and 62.48% of the whole variance, respectively. The dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis displayed three groups of genotypes under both normal and salinity- stress conditions. Then, association analyses were conducted on 143 proso millet genotypes and 15 agronomic traits as well as 514 polymorphic AFLP markers (out of 866 created bands) generated by 11 primer combinations (out of the initial 20 primer combinations) EcoRI/MseI. The results obtained by mixed linear model (MLM) indicated that under normal conditions, the M14/E10–45 and M14/E10–60 markers had strong associations with seed yield. A similar trend was also observed for M14/E10–45 and M14/E11–44 markers in relation to forage yield. On the other hand, M14/E10–14, M14/E10–64 markers (for seed yield) and M14/E10–64 marker (for forage yield), had significant and stable association in all environments under salinity-stress conditions. Moreover, a number of markers showed considerable associations and stability under both normal and salinity stress conditions. Conclusions According to the analysis of phenotypic data, the wide germplasm of Iranian proso millet has significant variation in terms of measured traits. It can be concluded that markers showing strong associations with traits under salinity-stress conditions are suitable candidates to be used in future marker-assisted selection (MAS) studies to improve salinity-resistance genotypes of Panicum miliaceum in arid and semiarid areas.

In order to compare the group of 27 cultivars of mangoes in southern of Iran (Kerman and Hormozgan), physiological traits of leaves and fruits, mango measured on the basis of universal descriptor. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of genotype on the traits of chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, electrolyte leakage, anthocyanins, leaf, pH fruit, soluble solids, vitamin C (ascorbic acid),TSS fruit juices, pH fruits as well as the kernel traits (kernel length, kernel thickness, kernel width, kernel weight and kernel dry weight) was significant in 1% probability level. The results of the comparison of the averages showed that the highest amount of ascorbic acid, total soluble solids and total leaf chlorophyll belonged to the Sindyderi, twin and Kharvest genotype respectively. In average of kernel length and width, Nabati 1 genotype has the minimum with (3/9 Cm) and Anonym 1 the maximum (11/66 Cm), and the Nabati1 genotype and Langra, respectively, had the minimum and the maximum (2/8 and 4/7 Cm) in Between the genotypes studied. Also, the maximum yields of tree were obtained from Snyderi genotype (260 kg), although there were no significant difference with Shahani 2 genotype (240 kg). Cluster analysis based on the average distance between groups (UPGMA), genotypes in the interval of 7/09 in four groups.

in this study was tried Different tomato varieties based on phytochemical and morphological traits as well as antioxidant properties of leaf In the form of two germination experiments in laboratory and pot plants in a greenhouse, completely randomized in three replications. Totally two experiments, different varieties of tomatoes were different (P

Phenolic compounds, especially those with plant origin, constitute an essential part of the human diet due to their antioxidant properties. Antioxidants protect biological systems (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, lipoproteins) against free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Some medicinal plants contain so high amounts of antioxidants that their use can be considerably effective for human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of flooding extraction method on phenolic compounds, flavonoids and the level of free radical scavenging properties of medicinal plants including Thyme, Hamadani Yarrow, Shirazi mountain thyme, Yarrow, Chamomile, Saffron corm hyssop Sagebrush, wormwood, Artemisia and Ziziphora clinopodioiedes, in four extraction solvents including water, methanol, acetone and ethanol. The results showed that methanol and water solvents had the highest and the lowest total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity, respectively. The results also showed that methanol extraction of Shirazi thyme and water extraction of Wormwood plant had the highest and the lowest phenol and flavonoids contents, respectively. The results of trapping the free radicals of DPPH indicated that the methanol extract of Shirazi thyme and aqueous extract of wormwood had the highest and the lowest inhibition activities, respectively. Therefore, the selection of solvent type can affect the rate of the extraction of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant activity.

RAPD and ISSR markers were used in the present study to determine genetic relationship and distance between some populations of Carum carvi. Amplification of genomic DNA all population using RAPD analysis yielded 126 fragments, where TIBMBA02 and TIBMBA08 had the minimum number of fragments (7) and TIBMBC05 had the maximum number of fragments, (22). ISSR marker yielded 79 fragments, where UBC112 and UBC809had the minimum (1) and maximum (15) fragments, respectively. The Diversity Index value of RAPD primers ranged from 0.8 (TIBMBA02) to 0.94 (TIBMBC05) and also Shanoon Diversity and Nei diversity were 0.57 and 0.38, respectively. In ISSR primers The Diversity Index value ranged from 0.0 (UBC112) to 0.92 (UBC809) and also Shanoon Diversity and Nei diversity were 0.57 and 0.39 respectively. According to ISSR and RAPD markers in combination, maximum genetic similarity (0.48) was observed between Kerman and Jandagh Carum carvi while the minimum similarity (0.115) was observed between Kerman and Neishabour Carum carvi with average 0.315. Also, cluster analysis segregated all populations into 3 groups according to geographical zone.

We studied the correlation of synonymous codon usage (SCU) on gene expression levels under drought stress in rice. Sixty genes related to drought stress (with high, intermediate and low expression) were selected from rice meta-analysis data and various codon usage indices such as the effective number of codon usage (ENC), codon adaptation index (CAI) and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) were calculated. We found that in genes highly expressing under drought 1) GC content was higher, 2) ENC value was lower, 3) the preferred codons of some amino acids changed and 4) the RSCU ratio of GC-end codons relative to AT-end codons for 18 amino acids increased significantly compared with those in other genes. We introduce ARSCU as the Average ratio of RSCUs of GC-end codons to AT-end codons in each gene that could significantly separate high-expression genes under drought from low-expression genes. ARSCU is calculated using the program ARSCU-Calculator developed by our group to help predicting expression level of rice genes under drought. An index above ARSCU threshold is expected to indicate that the gene under study may belong to the "high expression group under drought". This information may be applied for codon optimization of genes for rice genetic engineering. To validate these findings, we further used 60 other genes (randomly selected subset of 43233 genes studied for their response to drought stress). ARSCU value was able to predict the level of expression at 88.33% of the cases. Using third set of 60 genes selected amongst high expressing genes not related to drought, only 31.65% of the genes showed ARSCU value of higher than the set threshold. This indicates that the phenomenon we described in this report may be unique for drought related genes. To justify the observed correlation between CUB and high expressing genes under drought, possible role of tRNA post transcriptional modification and tRFs was hypothesized as possible underlying biological mechanism.