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Purpose CD8 + T cells in tumors are heterogenous and comprise multiple differentiation states. It has been reported that human tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells can express CD39 and more evidences proposed CD39 as a marker of exhausted and tumor reactive CD8 + T cells. However, no studies have delved into the spatial distribution of the CD39 + CD8 + T cell subsets in lung cancer, which could help to evaluate the immune microenvironment for developing the future immunotherapy approaches. Methods A total of 53 lung cancer patients prior to any therapy were included. A subset of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells marked by expression of the immunosuppressive ATP ecto-nucleotidase CD39 and PD-1 was analyzed. Neoplasm-superficial biopsy and intratumoral EBUS-TBNA were used to assess the peripheral and central tumor microenvironment respectively. Results The CD39 + CD8 + T cells were ubiquitously infiltrated in lung cancer tissue, as well as dominantly accumulated in peritumoral compartment of larger tumor. In comparison to their CD39- counterparts, CD39 + CD8 + T cells from both sites showed significantly higher expression of PD-1 in line with co-distribution of PD-1 + CD8 + T cell in TME of lung cancer. Particularly, most of CD39 + CD8 + T cells located at peripheral TME exhibited an exhausted phenotype compatible with PD-1 expression in contrast to the reported center of tumor. Furthermore, compared with CD39 + CD8 + T cells, PD-1 + CD39 + CD8 + T cells act as a better biomarker to predict response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Conclusion Spatial heterogeneity may be critical to elicit CD39 expression on lung cancer associated CD8 + T cells. More increased of PD-1 + CD39 + CD8 + T cells within peripheral TME constitute tumorigenic role and act as a candidate biomarker for immunotherapy to lung cancer.

Herein, we report an example of self-driven morphological transition and the unique dissociation behavior of polymeric assemblies. Polymeric nanogels were introduced into the shell of polymeric assemblies and used as a powerful platform to endow the assemblies with unique properties and behaviors. It is exhibited that the nanogel can host an intrananogel cross-linking reaction and thus contracts automatically to change the geometrical packing parameters of the building blocks, driving morphological transitions of the assemblies; the transitions are self-driven without any external stimuli. Additionally, when the nanogels in the shell expand, the assemblies dissociate into small fragments even when the core is in a frozen state; in existing studies, polymeric assemblies with a frozen core cannot dissociate, except the core becomes dynamic under the stimuli. Both the self-driven morphological transition and the dissociation behavior are unique and have never been reported before.

In this work, hybrid carbon/ZnxCo3−xO4 (ZCO) nanotube (HCNT) networks have been efficiently prepared, using highly pure, uniform and long core-crosslinked polymeric worm-like micelles (PWs) with a small diameter and a 3D interacting shell as the 1D template. The HCNTs have a diameter of 50 nm, a channel of 30 nm width, and a hybrid porous wall in which large amounts of open micropores (ca. 5 nm) and ZCO nanoparticles (NPs

A promising mesoporous cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) electrode material for supercapacitors has been synthesized via a chemical co-precipitation method using aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)(3)) as a precursor of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) hard template. The as-prepared CoFe2O4 materials were spherical-like nanoparticles with diameter of around 25 nm. Moreover, the as-prepared CoFe2O4 materials exhibited a high specific surface area (140.6 m(2) g(-1)) and high porosity (0.23 cm(3) g(-1)). The fabricated CoFe2O4 electrode showed typical pseudocapacitive behavior with a broad potential window (1.5 V), a high specific capacitance (142 F g(-1), 2 mV s(-1)) and a long cycling life (71.8% retention after 1000 cycles). (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We report a facile strategy to prepare graphene oxide (GO)/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite by in situ polymerization with the assistance of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2). The morphology and chemical structure of the synthesized samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, Raman, and UV–vis spectrophotometry. As a result, PANI nanoparticles uniformly cover the GO sheets with the help of SC CO2, and the formation mechanism is suggested. The morphologies of GO/PANI nanocomposites can be controlled through adjusting the concentration of aniline. The GO/PANI nanocomposite exhibits better specific capacitance and cycle stability than pure PANI and GO owing to the synergistic effect of GO and PANI nanoparticles, making it promising application in electrochemical devices.

Recently, the demand of large and medium Biogas Plants in China is increasing. In order to increase volumetric gas production rate, High gravimetric solid fermentation is becoming a hot focus for research, the difficulty is how to increase the solid content of fermenter substrates, at the same time, the amount of gas is not decreased. In this paper, we select pig manure, cow manure and chicken manure, and do experiment with the temperature at 35°C, the initial pH at 7, and 4 solid contents. We can determine every process figure and capacity in order to determine the optimal solid content. The results show that as the solid content increases, the conversion rate of TS, VS, TCOD, and SCOD decreases. Through comparative analysis, the optimal solid content of chicken manure ranges 6% to 8%, and the cow manure and pig manure are about 10%.

Mesoporous spinel cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanostructures were synthesized via a facile Al2O3-assisted hard-templating (HT) strategy. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectra (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and nitrogen sorption measurements. Their electrocatalytic performances towards H2O2 reduction reaction (HRR) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. The obtained CoFe2O4 materials exhibit a superior mesoporous nanostructure with a particle size of around 20 nm, a specific surface area (SSA) of 140.6 m2 g−1 and a mesopore volume of 0.2410 cm3 g−1, which favor their desirable electrocatalytic activity. A current density of 123 mA cm−2 at −0.39 V (vs. Hg/HgO) in 3 M NaOH and 0.5 M H2O2 electrolytes was delivered for HRR. Moreover, the CoFe2O4 electrode exhibits a good stability for the catalytic reaction, showing the promising applications for H2O2-based alkaline fuel cells (AFCs).