27 results on '"Lehto, Juhani E."'
Search Results
2. Happiness and Depression in the Traditionally Bullied and Cyberbullied 12-Year-Old
- Author
-
Uusitalo-Malmivaara, Lotta and Lehto, Juhani E.
- Abstract
This study investigated the overall happiness, school-related happiness, and depression of traditionally bullied and cyberbullied 12-year-old Finnish students. Among the more than 700 participants, traditional bullying (26%) was more frequent than cyberbullying (18%). Receiving insulting text messages or being the subject of offensive comments on the Internet were the most common forms of cyberbullying. Often those who were cyberbullied were also victims of traditional bullying (the poly-victimized comprised 11% of all participants). We found no differences between genders in traditional bullying rates, but cyberbullying was more common among girls. Being victimized, in either form, was related to a decrease in all measures of psychological well-being, with the poly-victimized scoring the lowest. In particular, being victimized predicted depression, with the poly-victimized scoring the highest. The results indicate a clear need to intervene in early adolescents' culture of communicating via electronic devices and especially to identify victims of bullying in both the real and cyberworld.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Social Factors Explaining Children's Subjective Happiness and Depressive Symptoms
- Author
-
Uusitalo-Malmivaara, Lotta and Lehto, Juhani E.
- Abstract
In this study happiness and depression in 737 12-year-old Finnish children were predicted by relationships with family members and other people, the number of close friends and their experiences of parental fighting and drinking. There were no differences in happiness between the genders, but the girls were more depressed than the boys. Low happiness was predicted by confidential family relationships and the number of close friends in both genders. High happiness was predicted by confidential family relationships and confidential relationships with other people in the girls, and confidential family relationships and the number of close friends in the boys. Depression was accounted for by poor family relationships, the number of close friends and parental fighting in the girls. In the boys, depression was related to poor family relationships and the number of close friends. Thus, the factors explaining happiness and depression were partly different and not necessarily interrelated. The results confirm that the correlates of well-being differ between the genders already at the age of 12 and the girls are more sensitive to family discord than the boys.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Are Special Education Students Happy?
- Author
-
Uusitalo-Malmivaara, Lotta, Kankaanpaa, Paula, Makinen, Tuula, Raeluoto, Tiina, Rauttu, Karoliina, Tarhala, Veera, and Lehto, Juhani E.
- Abstract
This study compared the subjective and school-related happiness of 75 11- to 16-year-old special education students to 77 age- and gender-matched mainstream students using two quantitative measures. Additionally, the respondents chose from a list of 12 putative happy makers what they felt increased their happiness. Ten special education students also described their opinions on happiness qualitatively. In both quantitative measures, the special education students reported lower happiness than did their counterparts. Girls reported lower happiness than did boys in subjective happiness. Both educational groups valued money, success in school and leisure time. The most frequent choice of special education students was to have more friends. This paper discusses reasons for the relative unhappiness of special education children. (Contains 5 tables.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Some Factors Underlying Mathematical Performance: The Role of Visuospatial Working Memory and Non-Verbal Intelligence
- Author
-
Kyttala, Minna and Lehto, Juhani E.
- Abstract
Passive and active visuospatial working memory (VSWM) were investigated in relation to maths performance. The mental rotation task was employed as a measure of active VSWM whereas passive VSWM was investigated using a modified Corsi Blocks task and a matrix pattern task. The Raven Progressive Matrices Test measured fluid intelligence. A total of 128 students, aged 15-16, served as participants. Fluid intelligence and passive VSWM accounted for variance in overall maths performance. Active VSWM exhibited significant correlations with maths measures, but in a series of regression analyses most of its effect was observed to be mediated by fluid intelligence. Different subscores of mathematical skills (geometry, word problems, and mental arithmetic) were accounted for by fluid intelligence and different measure s of VSWM. The educational implications of the results are discussed. (Contains 5 figures and 3 tables.)
- Published
- 2008
6. Fluid/Spatial and Crystallized Intelligence in Relation to Domain-Specific Working Memory: A Latent-Variable Approach
- Author
-
Haavisto, Marja-Leena and Lehto, Juhani E.
- Abstract
Fluid/spatial intelligence, crystallized intelligence and their relationships to verbal and visuospatial working memory (WM) were studied. A total of 120 Finnish Air Force recruits participated in this study. Fluid/spatial intelligence was assessed using four different tasks, while crystallized intelligence was defined with the help of test scores of Finnish upper secondary school National Matriculation Tests in three different academic subjects and one additional Verbal Relations task. Complex WM span tasks were used to measure visuospatial and verbal WM capacities. Structural equation modeling indicated that verbal WM was related to crystallized intelligence when both WM tasks were included in the model, whereas performance on the visuospatial WM task was related to fluid/spatial intelligence, but not to crystallized intelligence. Verbal WM was not related to fluid intelligence when used as a single WM predictor. The results indicate that verbal WM might be related to verbal ability and learning at school, while visuospatial WM is relatively strongly related to nonverbal reasoning and spatial visualization. The current results further suggest that WM capacity is not a unitary system.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Listening Comprehension in Primary Level Grades Two, Four and Six.
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E. and Anttila, Minttu
- Abstract
Studied aspects of listening comprehension skills in 107 second, fourth, and sixth graders in Finland using the Sentence Verification technique. Findings, comparable with previous research, show age-related improvement in listening comprehension for narrative, but not expository, passages. Cluster analysis produced four comprehension strategies. (SLD)
- Published
- 2003
8. Sixth Grade Pupil's Phonological Processing and School Achievement in a Second and the Native Language.
- Author
-
Lumme, Kaisa and Lehto, Juhani E.
- Abstract
Studied phonological processing in relation to academic achievement in the native and a second language in 66 12-to-13-year-old Finnish students at the end of their sixth school year. Findings are in agreement with findings from other studies, demonstrating a fairly strong relationship between language competencies and phonological processing. (SLD)
- Published
- 2002
9. National Survey of Reading Comprehension in Finland.
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E., Scheinin, Patrik, Kupiainen, Sirkku, and Hautamaki, Jarkko
- Abstract
Examines the cognitively high-level text processing, or macro-processing, of expository passages. Investigates reading comprehension during the sixth and ninth school years. Finds that girls outperformed boys regardless of the comprehension measure and also finds that performance on both measures, but particularly on hierarchy-rating, correlated with school achievement. Discusses the educational implications of the survey. (SG)
- Published
- 2001
10. Hierarchy Rating as a Measure of Text Macroprocessing: Relationship with Working Memory and School Achievement.
- Author
-
Lyytinen, Sirkka and Lehto, Juhani E.
- Abstract
Investigates expository text macroprocessing and its relationship to working memory and school achievement by using a hierarchy-rating test. Indicates that the ability to identify expository text topics and main points are connected to Working Memory (WM). Finds that hierarchy-rating and multiple-choice task are strongly related to school achievement. (CMK)
- Published
- 1998
11. Animal Welfare Attitudes: effects of gender and diet in university samples from 22 countries
- Author
-
Randler, Christoph, Adan, Ana, Antofie, Maria-Mihaela, Arrona-Palacios, Arturo, Candido, Manecas, Boeve-de Pauw, Jelle, Chandrakar, Priti, Demirhan, Eda, Detsis, Vassilis, Di Milia, Lee, Fančovičová, Jana, Gericke, Niklas, Haldar, Prasun, Heidari, Zeinab, Jankowski, Konrad S., Lehto, Juhani E., Lundell-Creagh, Ryan, Medina-Jerez, William, Meule, Adrian, L. Milfont, Taciano, Orgilés, Mireia, Morales, Alexandra, Natale, Vincenzo, Ortiz-Jiménez, Xóchitl, Pande, Babita, Partonen, Timo, Pati, Atanu Kumar, Prokop, Pavol, Rahafar, Arash, Scheuch, Martin, Sahu, Subhashis, Tomažič, Iztok, Tonetti, Lorenzo, Vallejo Medina, Pablo, van Petegem, Peter, Vargas, Alejandro, Vollmer, Christian, Open University, Randler C., Adan A., Antofie M.-M., Arrona-Palacios A., Candido M., de Pauw J.B., Chandrakar P., Demirhan E., Detsis V., Di Milia L., Fancovicova J., Gericke N., Haldar P., Heidari Z., Jankowski K.S., Lehto J.E., Lundell-Creagh R., Medina-Jerez W., Meule A., Milfont T.L., Orgiles M., Morales A., Natale V., Ortiz-Jimenez X., Pande B., Partonen T., Pati A.K., Prokop P., Rahafar A., Scheuch M., Sahu S., Tomazic I., Tonetti L., Medina P.V., van Petegem P., Vargas A., and Vollmer C.
- Subjects
omnivore ,demography ,PERCEPTIONS ,sex difference ,Veterinary medicine ,CHILDREN ,Animal welfare attitude ,Husdjursvetenskap ,Article ,animal welfare ,convenience sample ,human experiment ,Sociology ,male ,Animal and Dairy Science ,SF600-1100 ,gender ,Psychology ,human ,animal welfare attitudes ,Biology ,412 Animal science, dairy science ,university student ,nonhuman ,SLAUGHTER ,PUBLIC-ATTITUDES ,adult ,questionnaire ,gender inequality ,CONSUMER ATTITUDES ,article ,respect ,WOMEN ,MEN ,vegan diet ,major clinical study ,human tissue ,TRANSPORT ,culture ,female ,empowerment ,human development ,QL1-991 ,ORIGINS ,animal scales ,diet ,Zoology ,BEHAVIOR - Abstract
Animal Welfare Attitudes (AWA) are defined as human attitudes towards the welfare of animals in different dimensions and settings. Demographic factors, such as age and gender are associated with AWA. The aim of this study was to assess gender differences among university students in a large convenience sample from twenty-two nations in AWA. A total of 7914 people participated in the study (5155 women, 2711 men, 48 diverse). Participants completed a questionnaire that collected demographic data, typical diet and responses to the Composite Respect for Animals Scale Short version (CRAS-S). In addition, we used a measure of gender empowerment from the Human Development Report. The largest variance in AWA was explained by diet, followed by country and gender. In terms of diet, 6385 participants reported to be omnivores, 296 as pescatarian, 637 ate a vegetarian diet and 434 were vegans (n = 162 without answer). Diet was related with CRAS-S scores, people with a vegan diet scored higher in AWA than omnivores. Women scored significantly higher on AWA than men. Furthermore, gender differences in AWA increased as gender inequality decreased.
- Published
- 2021
12. A test for children's goal-directed behavior: a pilot study
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E.
- Subjects
Health ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
A test for children's goal-directed behavior was developed, based on neuropsychological executive function research of Vilkki and Holst and on the frame work of Lewin's level-of-aspiration research. 46 12-yr.-old children were participants. Fluid Intelligence was expected to be linked to goal-directed behavior and a commonly used executive function task, the Wisconsin Card-sorting Test. A child was asked to set personal goals in a short-term memory task without prior knowledge about performance. Four different task versions were developed employing both verbal (memorizing series of words) and visuospatial (memorizing block sequences) material. The child set an individual goal for each memory trial. Goal-setting after successful and failed trials was investigated. Usually, the children lowered their goals after failures and set their goals higher or did not change them after successful trials. Compared to goal on a previous trial, Inadequate Responses included setting a goal higher after a failed trial and setting it lower after success. Fluid Intelligence was related to goal-directed behavior, viz., Inadequate Responses. It also correlated with scores on the Wisconsin Card-sorting Test. The results are in concordance with previous research. In addition to experimental executive function research, the novel test might be useful in research concerning children's motivation, self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning.
- Published
- 2004
13. School burnout and sleep in Finnish secondary school students
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E., primary, Kortesoja, Laura, additional, and Partonen, Timo, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Sleep Self-Report--Finnish Version
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E., primary and Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Social Factors Explaining Children’s Subjective Happiness and Depressive Symptoms
- Author
-
Uusitalo-Malmivaara, Lotta, primary and Lehto, Juhani E., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Rule detection in preschool-aged children
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E., primary and Uusitalo, Anna-Katariina, additional
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Gambling as an Executive Function Task
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E., primary and Elorinne, Eeva, additional
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Memories of school in adults with reading disabilities during childhood
- Author
-
Kovero, Camilla, primary, Hakkarainen, Heli, additional, and Lehto, Juhani E., additional
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E., primary, Juujärvi, Petri, additional, Kooistra, Libbe, additional, and Pulkkinen, Lea, additional
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Visuospatial working memory and early numeracy
- Author
-
Kyttälä, Minna, primary, Aunio, Pirjo, additional, Lehto, Juhani E., additional, Van Luit, Johannes, additional, and Hautamäki, Jarkko, additional
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Assessing dyslexia in Finnish high-school students: a pilot study
- Author
-
Lehtola, Riitta, primary and Lehto, Juhani E., additional
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Measuring mindfulness and well-being in adults: the role of age and meditation experience
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E., Lotta Maaria Uusitalo, and Saara Repo
23. Tekstinymmärtäminen ja äidinkielen arvosanat
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E., Patrik Mikael Scheinin, Sirkku Kupiainen, and Jarkko Hautamäki
24. Lukutaito ja tekstinymmärtäminen
- Author
-
Patrik Mikael Scheinin, Lehto, Juhani E., Sirkku Kupiainen, and Jarkko Hautamäki
25. Sleep, Depression, and Attention.
- Author
-
Lehto, Juhani E.
- Subjects
SLEEP deprivation ,SCHOOL children ,WEEKENDS ,SCHOOL week ,STRESS in children - Abstract
The article focuses on the Finnish study conducted to more than 400 11 and 12 years old children regarding sleep deprivation in school-aged children. The study shows that the children had nine hours and five minutes of sleep per night during school week, however, children only slept one hour and 14 minutes per night during weekend. The study reveals that short nights of sleep of school children during school week was due to poor attention.
- Published
- 2013
26. Lukemisen vaikeuden kuntoutus ensiluokkalaisilla : Kolme pedagogista interventiota
- Author
-
Uusitalo-Malmivaara, Lotta, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, Department of Applied Sciences of Education, Helsingin yliopisto, käyttäytymistieteellinen tiedekunta, soveltavan kasvatustieteen laitos, Erityispedagogiikka, Helsingfors universitet, beteendevetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för tillämpad pedagogik, Holopainen, Leena, Takala, Marjatta, and Lehto, Juhani E.
- Subjects
erityispedagogiikka - Abstract
Remediation of Reading Difficulties in Grade 1. Three Pedagogical Interventions Keywords: initial teaching, learning to read, reading difficulties, intervention, dyslexia, remediation of dyslexia, home reading, computerized training In this study three different reading interventions were tested for first-graders at risk of reading difficulties at school commencement. The intervention groups were compared together and with a control group receiving special education provided by the school. First intervention was a new approach called syllable rhythmics in which syllabic rhythm, phonological knowledge and letter-phoneme correspondence are emphasized. Syllable rhythmics is based on multi-sensory training elements aimed at finding the most functional modality for every child. The second intervention was computerized training of letter-sound correspondence with the Ekapeli learning game. The third intervention was home-based shared book reading, where every family was given a story book, and dialogic reading style reading and writing exercises were prepared for each chapter of the book. The participants were 80 first-graders in 19 classes in nine schools. The children were matched in four groups according to pre-test results: three intervention and one control. The interventions took ten weeks starting from September in grade 1. The first post-test including several measures of reading abilities was administered in December. The first delayed post-test was administered in March, the second in September in grade 2, and the third, “ALLU” test (reading test for primary school) was administered in March in grade 2. The intervention and control groups differed only slightly from each other in grade 1. However, girls progressed significantly more than boys in both word reading and reading comprehension in December and this difference remained in March. The children who had been cited as inattentive by their teachers also lagged behind the others in the post-tests in December and March. When participants were divided into two groups according to their initial letter knowledge at school entry, the weaker group (maximum 17 correctly named letters in pre-test) progressed more slowly in both word reading and reading comprehension in grade 1. Intervention group and gender had no interaction effect in grade 1. Instead, intervention group and attentiveness had an interaction effect on most test measures the inattentive students in the syllable rhythmic group doing worst and attentive students in the control group doing best in grade 1. The smallest difference between results of attentive and inattentive students was in the Ekapeli group. In grade 2 still only minor differences were found between the intervention groups and control group. The only significant difference was in non-word reading, with the syllable rhythmics group outperforming the other groups in the fall. The difference between girls’ and boys’ performances in both technical reading and text comprehension disappeared in grade 2. The difference between the inattentive and attentive students cold no longer be found in technical reading, and the difference became smaller in text comprehension as well. The difference between two groups divided according to their initial letter knowledge disappeared in technical reading but remained significant in text comprehension measures in the ALLU test in the spring of grade 2. In all, the children in the study did better in the ALLU test than expected according to ALLU test norms. Being the weakest readers in their classes in the pre-test, 52.3 % reached the normal reading ability level. In the norm group 72.3 % of all students attained normal reading ability. The results of this study indicate that different types of remediation programs can be effective, and that special education has been apparently useful. The results suggest careful consideration of first-graders’ initial reading abilities (especially letter knowledge) and possible failure of attention; remediation should be individually targeted while flexibly using different methods. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kolmen erilaisen lukemisen kuntoutusmenetelmän vaikuttavuutta ensiluokkalaisilla, joilla koulun alkaessa havaittiin lukemisen vaikeuden riski. Tulokset osoittavat, että useanlaiset menetelmät voivat olla tehokkaita, sillä lapset menestyivät kaikilla kolmella eri menetelmällä ilman suuria ryhmien välisiä eroja. Lisäksi ne lapset, jotka saivat vain koulunsa tavanomaista lukemisen erityisopetusta, kehittyivät myös. Lukemisessa edistymiseen vaikutti ensimmäisellä luokalla eniten tarkkaavuus ja lukemista edeltävistä taidoista kirjainten tuntemus ennen koulun alkua. Tytöt menestyivät koko ensimmäisen luokan poikia paremmin, mutta pojat kuroivat eron kiinni toisen luokan alussa. Tulosten perusteella lukemisen kuntoutus tulisi rakentaa yksilöllisesti huomioiden lähtötaso, kyky hyötyä opetuksesta ja kodin mahdollisuus tukea lasta. Lukemisen kuntoutusmenetelminä tässä tutkimuksessa kokeiltiin uutta, tavujen rytmisyyttä korostavaa, kielellistä tietoisuutta ja kirjain-äänneyhteyttä harjoittavaa tavurytmiikkaa. Tavurytmiikkaohjelma rakennettiin monikanavaisista harjoitteista, joiden avulla pyrittiin tavoittamaan kullekin lapselle parhaiten toimiva aistikanava. Toisena kuntoutusmuotona käytettiin kirjain-äänneyhteyttä harjoittavaa Ekapeli-tietokonepeliä. Kolmantena kuntoutusmuotona oli vanhempien aktivointi ääneen lukemiseen. Perheille annettiin tarinakirja, jonka jokaiseen lukuun tehtiin tekstiä laajentavaan keskusteluun kannustavat luku- ja kirjoitusohjeet. Tutkimukseen osallistui 80 ensiluokkalaista yhdeksän eri espoolaiskoulun 19 luokalta. Oppilaat jaettiin alkutestauksen perusteella neljään samankaltaiseen ryhmään, joista kolme osallistui kuntoutukseen neljännen toimiessa kontrolliryhmänä, joka sai vain koulunsa erityisopetusta. Kuntoutus alkoi ensimmäisen luokan syyskuussa jatkuen 10 viikkoa. Joulukuussa oppilaat testattiin uudestaan lukemisen eri osa-alueilta. Ensimmäinen viivästetty lopputestaus tehtiin ensimmäisen luokan maaliskuussa, toinen toisen luokan syyskuussa ja kolmas toisen luokan maaliskuussa. Tutkimusryhmät erosivat toisistaan ja kontrolliryhmästä vain vähän ensimmäisen kouluvuoden aikana. Sen sijaan tyttöjen ja poikien välille syntyi merkitsevä ero sekä teknisen lukemisen että tekstinymmärryksen taidoissa joulukuussa, ja ero säilyi maaliskuun testaukseen asti. Samoin opettajien tarkkaamattomiksi nimenneet oppilaat jäivät jälkeen tarkkaavaisista heti joulukuun lopputestissä, ja ero kasvoi maaliskuun lopputestissä. Sukupuolten menestykseen ei vaikuttanut käytetty kuntoutusmuoto. Sen sijaan tutkimusryhmään kuulumisella ja tarkkaavuudella oli yhdysvaikutus siten, että tavurytmiikkaryhmän tarkkaamattomat menestyivät koko ensimmäisen luokan heikoiten ja kontrolliryhmän tarkkaavaiset keskimäärin parhaiten. Pienin ero tarkkaavaisten ja tarkkaamattomien välillä oli Ekapeli-ryhmässä. Kun tutkimusjoukkoa tarkasteltiin jaettuna kahteen ryhmään koulun alkaessa osattujen kirjainten määrän perusteella, havaittiin heikomman kirjaintasoryhmän (enintään 17 osattua kirjainta alkuseulassa) jäävän jälkeen sekä teknisessä lukemisessa että tekstinymmärtämisessä koko ensimmäisen luokan ajan. Toisella luokalla tutkimusryhmät erosivat edelleen toisistaan vähän. Ainoa merkitsevä ero oli syksyllä teknisen lukemisen testissä, jossa mitään merkitsemättömät sanat oli löydettävä merkityksellisten sanojen joukosta. Siinä tavurytmiikkaryhmä menestyi parhaiten. Ero tyttöjen ja poikien välillä sekä teknisessä lukutaidossa että tekstinymmärryksessä hävisi toisen luokan aikana kokonaan. Ero tarkkaamattomien ja tarkkaavaisten välillä hävisi teknisessä lukutaidossa ja pieneni tekstinymmärryksessä. Kirjaintasoryhmien välinen ero hävisi teknisessä lukutaidossa mutta säilyi merkitsevänä vielä kevään tekstinymmärryksessä. Kaikkiaan tutkimukseen osallistuneiden lasten menestys toisen luokan lukutestissä oli parempi kuin normiaineisto antoi odottaa. Luokkiensa heikoimpina alkuseulan perusteella tutkimukseen valikoituneista lapsista 52,3 % oli lukutestin mukaan normaalilukijoita, kun normiaineistossa vastaava luku kaikilla oppilailla on 72,3 %. Ilmeisesti erityisopetuksesta on ollut hyötyä, vaikka menestystä toisen luokan keväällä sekä teknisessä lukemisessa että tekstinymmärryksessä ennusti ennen koulua mitatuista muuttujista parhaiten ei-verbaali älykkyys. Lisäksi tavurytmiikkaryhmään kuuluminen ennusti teknisen lukemisen taitoa ja tarkkaavuus tekstinymmärtämistä toisen luokan keväällä.
- Published
- 2009
27. Visuaalis-spatiaalisten työmuistivalmiuksien yhteys (esi)matemaattisiin taitoihin ja merkitys osana matemaattisilta taidoiltaan heikkojen lasten ja nuorten kognitiivista profiilia
- Author
-
Kyttälä, Minna, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, Department of Applied Sciences of Education, Helsingin yliopisto, käyttäytymistieteellinen tiedekunta, soveltavan kasvatustieteen laitos, erityispedagogiikka, Helsingfors universitet, beteendevetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för tillämpad pedagogik, Vauras, Marja, Hautamäki, Jarkko, and Lehto, Juhani E.
- Subjects
erityispedagogiikka - Abstract
Tämän itsenäisistä osatutkimuksista koostuvan tutkimussarjan tavoitteena oli pyrkiä täydentämään kuvaa matemaattisilta taidoiltaan heikkojen lasten ja nuorten tiedonkäsittelyvalmiuksista selvittämällä, ovatko visuaalis-spatiaaliset työmuistivalmiudet yhteydessä matemaattiseen suoriutumiseen. Teoreettinen viitekehys rakentui Baddeleyn (1986, 1997) kolmikomponenttimallin ympärille. Työmuistikäsitys oli kuitenkin esikuvaansa laajempi sisällyttäen visuaalis-spatiaaliseen työmuistiin Cornoldin ja Vecchin (2003) termein sekä passiiviset varastotoiminnot että aktiiviset prosessointitoiminnot. Yhteyksiä työmuistin ja matemaattisten taitojen välillä tarkasteltiin viiden eri osatutkimuksen avulla. Kaksi ensimmäistä keskittyivät alle kouluikäisten lukukäsitteen hallinnan ja visuaalis-spatiaalisten työmuistivalmiuksen tutkimiseen ja kolme jälkimmäistä peruskoulun yhdeksäsluokkalaisten matemaattisten taitojen ja visuaalis-spatiaalisten työmuistitaitojen välisten yhteyksien selvittämiseen. Tutkimussarjan avulla pyrittiin selvittämään, ovatko visuaalis-spatiaaliset työmuistivalmiudet yhteydessä matemaattiseen suoriutumiseen sekä esi- että yläkouluiässä (osatutkimukset I, II, III, IV, V), onko yhteys spesifi rajoittuen tiettyjen visuaalis-spatiaalisten valmiuksien ja matemaattisen suoriutumisen välille vai onko se yleinen koskien matemaattisia taitoja ja koko visuaalis-spatiaalista työmuistia (osatutkimukset I, II, III, IV, V) tai työmuistia laajemmin (osatutkimukset II, III) sekä onko yhteys työmuistispesifi vai selitettävissä älykkyyden kaltaisella yleisellä päättelykapasiteetilla (osatutkimukset I, II, IV). Tutkimussarjan tulokset osoittavat, että kyky säilyttää ja käsitellä hetkellisesti visuaalis-spatiaalista informaatiota on yhteydessä matemaattiseen suoriutumiseen eikä yhteyttä voida selittää yksinomaan joustavalla älykkyydellä. Suoriutuminen visuaalis-spatiaalista työmuistia mittaavissa tehtävissä on yhteydessä sekä alle kouluikäisten esimatemaattisten taitojen hallintaan että peruskoulun yhdeksäsluokkalaisten matematiikan taitoihin. Matemaattisilta taidoiltaan heikkojen lasten ja nuorten visuaalis-spatiaalisten työmuistiresurssien heikkoudet vaikuttavat kuitenkin olevan sangen spesifejä rajoittuen tietyntyyppisissä muistitehtävissä vaadittaviin valmiuksiin; kaikissa visuaalis-spatiaalisen työmuistin valmiuksia mittaavissa tehtävissä suoriutuminen ei ole yhteydessä matemaattisiin taitoihin. Työmuistivalmiuksissa ilmenevät erot sekä alle kouluikäisten että kouluikäisten matemaattisilta taidoiltaan heikkojen ja normaalisuoriutujien välillä näyttävät olevan kuitenkin jossain määrin yhteydessä kielellisiin taitoihin viitaten vaikeuksien tietynlaiseen kasautumiseen; niillä matemaattisesti heikoilla, joilla on myös kielellisiä vaikeuksia, on keskimäärin laajemmat työmuistiheikkoudet. Osalla matematiikassa heikosti suoriutuvista on näin ollen selvästi keskimääräistä heikommat visuaalis-spatiaaliset työmuistivalmiudet, ja tämä heikkous saattaa olla yksi mahdollinen syy tai vaikeuksia lisäävä tekijä heikon matemaattisen suoriutumisen taustalla. Visuaalis-spatiaalisen työmuistin heikkous merkitsee konkreettisesti vähemmän mentaalista prosessointitilaa, joka rajoittaa oppimista ja suoritustilanteita. Tiedonkäsittelyvalmiuksien heikkous liittyy nimenomaan oppimisnopeuteen, ei asioiden opittavuuteen sinänsä. Mikäli oppimisympäristö ottaa huomioon valmiuksien rajallisuuden, työmuistiheikkoudet eivät todennäköisesti estä asioiden oppimista sinänsä. Avainsanat: Työmuisti, visuaalis-spatiaalinen työmuisti, matemaattiset taidot, lukukäsite, matematiikan oppimisvaikeudet The purpose of the research project was to investigate whether visuospatial working memory resources are related to mathematical skills. The theoretical framework was based on the three-component model of Alan Baddeley (1986, 1997) supplied with modality specific central executive functions (e.g. Shah & Miyake, 1996; Jarvis & Gathercole, 2003) and both passive storage and active processing functions according to the conceptualisation of Cornoldi and Vecchi (2003). The association between visuospatial working memory and mathematical performance was investigated by five empirical studies. Two of them aimed at investigating the relationship between early numeracy and visuospatial working memory skills and three of them examined the association between mathematical skills and visuospatial working memory resources in ninth-grade pupils. The first study (I) investigated the relationship between visuospatial working memory and early numeracy in preschool aged children. Study II examined the cognitive (working memory) profile of the preschool aged children with difficulties in mathematics (MD). The third study (III) investigated the relationship between both visuospatial and verbal working memory skills and mathematical performance. Study IV examined the association between passive and active visuospatial working memory resources, fluid intelligence and mathematical skills. The fifth study (V) investigated the visuospatial working memory profile of the ninth-grade pupils with difficulties in mathematics (MD). The results of the empirical studies showed that performance in visuospatial working memory tasks is related to mathematical skills in both preschool aged children and school aged adolescents. Both preschool-aged children and upper-grade adolescents with mathematical difficulties had poor visuospatial working memory resources compared to their age-matched peers with normal performance in mathematics. The visuospatial working memory profile of the MD children and adolescents was related to language skills. The results are discussed by a general (visuospatial) WM deficit of the MD children and adolescents with poor language or reading skills and a specific visuospatial WM deficit of the MD children with normal language or reading skills. Keywords: Working memory, visuospatial working memory, mathematical skills, number sense, mathematical learning difficulties
- Published
- 2008
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.