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This article aims to analyze the role of the General Rapporteur in the formulation of the Federal Budget from 2020 to 2022. The literature has given considerable attention to the participation of the Legislative Branch in the Brazilian budgetary process, focusing on individual budget amendments by federal deputies. However, this type of amendment does not represent the primary form of intervention by the National Congress in the budget. The amounts allocated for the General Rapporteur's amendments have occupied the largest share of this space, especially since 2020, due to political changes, demands for investments in specific areas, and external pressures on the budgetary process. Based on this, we ask: what is the role of the General Rapporteur in the annual budget? What is the purpose of their budget amendments? To answer this question, all resolutions of the National Congress concerning the rules governing the Legislative Branch's role in the budget were analyzed, as well as data on the budget amendments presented by the rapporteur during the period under review. In this context, the aim of this article is to identify the criteria adopted in the allocation of resources. The results of this study indicate two main findings. First, the criteria employed in the distribution of the rapporteur's amendments are predominantly political in nature. Second, the largest proportion of these resources is aimed at expanding the government's support base, similar to what occurs with individual and caucus amendments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In a globalized world, Legislative control over matters related to Mercosur and the European Union (EU) is important. However, its importance varies according to Regional Foreign Policy (RFP) decisions. This article investigates whether there are configurations, considering institutional design, political conditions, and economic factors, which explain the intensity of legislative participation in determining such matters. Specialists were consulted to select five decisions that represented significant changes for the regional dynamics of Mercosur and EU member countries. After defining the intentional sample of cases, necessary and sufficient conditions for the participation of the Legislature in RFP were identified through a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The results indicate that institutional design and economic factors matter, but prior debates in Parliaments on the subject are also relevant to explaining legislative action. This was corroborated by a Coincidence Analysis (CNA) that demonstrated that this variable makes up the causal chain of participation.

Objective: Indonesia has quite a serious nutritional problem which is characterized by the large number of cases of malnutrition in children under five, as a result this problem has become the attention of the Indonesian government so that it has become a national protas called stunting, so it must be resolved in an integrated manner across sectors. Unfortunately, this problem has not been resolved so stunting cases are still very high, one of which is Maros district which has the eighth number of stunting cases based on SSGI data for 2022. Method: Qualitative research is carried out in natural settings to seek information from executive and legislative experience based on knowledge, attitudes, actions and interests. We used indepth interviews, assisted by interview guides, and reviewed the rules to answer the research objectives. The researchers carried out a review of the regulations in the form of basic reading of the recommendations and outreach carried out by the relevant government. Results: Interestingly, government planning uses new methods, namely bottom up, participatory and top down. The reason given by the executive is that this method is the most effective method in government organizations because planning is made based on the Maros district government budget calendar. Conclusion: In analyzing the behavior of the Executive and the legislature, not all of them understand stunting program planning so their involvement is lacking and not all of them play an active role in the stunting program, even though they have an interest in improving the level of health in the people of Maros district by trying to achieve zero stunting for the sustainability of regional development in Maros district. Recommendation: Continuing research on the theme of Analysis of Community Behavior towards the Implementation of Stunting Program Planning in Maros Regency, we suggest to the regional government to accelerate the realization of community welfare through improving human resource services and health levels, overcoming poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is unbridled competition among countries to attract foreign direct investments (Sethi et al., 2003). Developing countries are continuously revising their legal framework and policies to prevail in such a dynamic environment. The legal framework for foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kosovo since the establishment of temporary institutions until today has undergone constant changes and amendments to persuade foreign investors for investment purposes. The efforts to address issues raised by investors have played a pivotal role by shaping the legal environment in such ways in order to lure foreign investors. The main purpose of this study is to assess the legal framework in Kosovo by comparing the post-war and post-independence periods. This study adapts qualitative methodology and uses secondary data. The research concludes that although the legal changes were aimed at attracting foreign investors, this goal is still not being realized successfully. The findings of this research are very relevant because they can greatly contribute to other countries by learning the right lessons from Kosovo's experience that can be used for other emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Public Administration & Social Management / Administração Pública e Gestão Social is the property of Administracao Publica e Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (JMPIS) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Route Educational & Social Science Journal (Ress Journal) is the property of Ress Academy Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The structure and organization of finance in Iran's bureaucratic system have a long history, but after the constitution in the years 1906 to 1922, a time when economic problems were very severe, the parliament (Majlis) played a new role in explaining approaches, and the process of drafting, approving, and enforcing laws. The legislative process was impacted by the economic needs of the country, political disorders, and the need to recreate a new structure and organization for the Ministry of Finance, which led to the involvement of finance brokers and representatives of the first to the fourth parliaments. A review of the legislative process of finance in this period shows that the political system of the country has been related to the coherence or disintegration of the organization of finance, the entry and exit of foreign brokers and advisors, new approaches and methods in finance and economic issues of the country. The legislative process of finance, the reform and consolidation of the administrative structure, and the role of entrepreneurs, finance brokers, and parliament are examined in a historical manner using documents, laws, and other library resources. The investigation and search among the obtained data indicate that from the beginning of the establishment of the parliament, economic reform and increase of income were discussed, and according to the government's reliance on tax revenues, it seems taxes must have been the most important reform decision in the years following the constitution. The results show that according to the legislation passed, politicians and parliamentarians prioritized reforming and consolidating the administrative structure, as well as forming the Ministry of Finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the failure of female legislative candidates from the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP) in the 2019 Legislative General Election in Ambon City. This research employs a qualitative approach with an explanatory research method. The research findings reveal that this failure can be attributed to several key factors. First, party recruitment and cadreship have not been optimally executed, leading to inadequate preparation for female candidates. Second, the political leadership of women within the party remains minimal, resulting in a lack of support and opportunities for female candidates. Third, the prominence of female figures is also limited, leading to reduced appeal and influence for female candidates. Finally, a low social base diminishes the electability potential of female candidates. The results of this research provide crucial insights into the role of women in politics within a local context and highlight the need for improvements in party recruitment, cadreship, and support for female candidates. Additionally, this study underscores the importance of employing an explanatory qualitative approach in analyzing political and gender-related issues.

Indonesia is a country that adheres to a democratic system, the administration of its government in regencies and cities is autonomous whose formation is determined by the laws. The functions of the legislative body, in this case, the Regency / City DPRP based on Article 149 of Law Number 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, including the functions of forming local regulations, budgeting, and supervision. In terms of supervision, it includes the provision of era 5.0 human resources. This research includes library research whose data sources are from laws and regulations and scientific articles. This research concludes that the role of legislative supervision needs to be optimized and strengthened in the era of Society 5.0. DPRD must maximize the supervision of local governments to prepare human resources that implement the use of technology to solve various service problems of the bureaucratic apparatus. This is in line with the concept of fiqh siyasah called Ahl-Al-Hall Wa-Aqd, which the people have trusted to represent them to oversee the running of the government properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the Peruvian party system between 2001 and 2016 and its effects on the functioning of the Congress of the Republic through different indicators of legislative activity, such as normative production, revision of decrees, and control of the executive and partisan conformation of the legislature and its governing bodies, among others. As a result, different stages in executive-legislative relations are evidenced, with a marked distancing and final isolation of the ruling party, which tends to increase instability and difficulty in deploying its government agenda. Congress had a high degree of instability, volatility, and growing difficulties in articulating majorities that would allow it to carry out its functions as a legislative power. The low institutionalization of the party system and the precarious structuring of these organizations explain, at least partially, the limiting effects on the functioning of the executive and legislative branches and their progressive distancing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislature–executive impasse is one of the challenges Nigeria's democracy has been facing since its transition back to civil rule on May 29, 1999. The polity has been witnessing conflicts between the legislature and the executive over budget matters. Despite certain provisions of the 1999 constitution aimed at rectifying some of the problems identified with legislature–executive relations in the previous Republics, the Fourth Republic also followed the confrontational and conflictual power relations between the executive and the legislature. This study seeks to look beyond a constitutional solution to manage the intermittent imbroglio between the legislature and the executive with a view to fostering good governance and development. The study relies on secondary data. The paper investigates the factors responsible for legislature–executive conflictual relations; and the effects of this impasse on budget, governance and development. It also examines the mechanisms for legislature–executive collaborative relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the evolving role of advanced practice nurses (APNs) in Jamaica, particularly nurse practitioners (NPs), in addressing the increasing incidence of noncommunicable diseases and the need for strengthened health systems. Topics include the challenges of regulatory frameworks for NPs, the efforts for legislative autonomy and prescriptive rights, and the advocacy work by the Jamaica Association of Nurse Practitioners to gain recognition.

Modern agriculture necessitates the use of techniques and tools that pollute the environment less and improve the safety of food and feed production. In the field of plant protection, drones are attracting increasing attention due to their versatility and applicability in a variety of environmental and working conditions. Drone crop spraying techniques offer several advantages, including increased safety and cost effectiveness through autonomous and programmed operations based on specific schedules and routes. One of the main advantages of using drones for plant protection is their ability to monitor large areas of crops in a short amount of time. In addition to crop protection management, using drones for augmentative biocontrol facilitates the distribution of beneficial organisms to the exact locations where they are required, which can increase the effectiveness of biocontrol agents while reducing distribution costs. In this context, given the very limited commercial use of drones in the Western Balkans' agri-food sector, the use of drones in the agri-food industry is a topic that needs to be elaborated on and highly promoted. Additionally, the specific legal regulations in Serbia that currently limit the use of drones in agriculture must be outlined. Conventional crop production is still significantly more prevalent in Serbia, but given the region's continuous technological progress, there is no doubt that farmers' education and future investments in precision agriculture will most likely increase the use of state-of-the-art technologies and drones in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective -- As we approach the halfway point since the adoption of the 2030 Sustainable Agenda and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), our progress in achieving the objectives remains unsatisfactory. One of which pertains to the sixth SDG that envisions access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene as the most fundamental requirement for human health and well-being. Methodology -- Per the 2022 SDG report, the global water stress level stayed at an acceptable 18.6% in 2019, but regional disparities exist. Unless progress quadruples, billions will lack access to potable drinking water and sanitation by 2030 due to rapid population increase, urbanization, and rising water demands from the agricultural and industrial sectors. As the effective management of wastewater plays a crucial role in ensuring sustained access to clean water, Malaysia has implemented a series of national policies, legislations, and institutional arrangements to achieve an integrated wastewater legislative and governance framework. Findings -- It is critical that good practices for regulating wastewater treatment and management are analysed to address the gaps that exist that may hamper the promotion of effective and responsible wastewater management for sustainable water resources. This research is a review of Malaysia's existing wastewater governance and legislative framework. Novelty -- It is found that Malaysia's history with wastewater has seen much development to its current status, which enables increased coverage of access to clean water and basic sanitation. Nevertheless, existing problems in the wastewater industry prevent further expansion into niche areas such as wastewater reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the evolution of women's involvement in global politics, with a specific focus on their journey to leadership roles, using Indonesia as a case study. The research adopts a phenomenological paradigm and employs a qualitative methodology. Despite the existence of a 30% quota for women's representation, the progress in increasing the number of women in legislative roles has only marginally surpassed this benchmark. This slow development underscores the need to address the issue of women's representation, considering that certain policies lack a pro-women attitude, such as the Bill on the Elimination of Sexual Violence. By drawing from previous research, personal analysis, and interviews with women representatives in the Indonesian Parliament for East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), this research seeks to comprehend the obstacles encountered by women during campaigns and the implications of these challenges for their political representation. Additionally, the study investigates why the set quotas are not being met and the impact of the increasing yet still insufficient representation of women on government policies. Preliminary findings indicate a rise in women's political representation, but the anticipated substantial impact on pro-women policies is yet to be observed. This study highlights the significance of the role of political parties in nurturing competent women leaders. Its aim is to provide recommendations to the Indonesian Parliament and commissions, particularly those addressing women's health and employment issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey is source of energy for bees and natural sweet substance with many benefits in human consumption. It is also used as a part of apitherapy, because it is rich in carbohydrates enzymes, trace elements, organic acids, dextrins, phytochemicals (flavonoids, phenolic acids, essential oils), vitamins and even prebiotics oligosaccharides. The stated use of honey demands high quality and safety of honey and honey products. Criteria for quality of honey is precise and regulated in Codex Alimentarius, where are defined honey, types of honey and parameters for quality of honey. For European Union (EU) members Council Directive 2001/110/EC is in effect, for United States of America (USA) it is United States Standards for Grades of Extracted Honey Effective date May 23, 1985, for China it is National Standards of the People's Republic of China, GB 14963-2011, National Food Safety Standard, for Serbia Rulebook on quality and other requirements for honey, other bee products, preparations based on honey and other bee products (Pravilnik o kvalitetu meda i drugih proizvoda pčela („Sl. glasnik RS" 101/2015). Regarding microelements and toxic elements there are criteria for EU countries, similar to USA and China, defining criteria only for content of Pb in honey set to 1 mg/kg maximum residue level (MRL). National criteria for several microelements and toxic elements were present in our legislative, but over the time national criteria has been synchronized with EU criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper Legislative Optimization (LO) algorithm has been applied for solving the power loss lessening problem. Legislative Optimization (LO) algorithm is stimulated by the election procedure legislative body. Every citizen in the country had a wish and will to vote in order to elect a democratic government. There will be formation of political party, identification of constituency for contesting, campaign for the election etc. In this paper these procedure are imitated and mathematically formulated to design the Legislative Optimization (LO) algorithm. Exclamation stratagem is based on discrete arguments, is integrated in the Legislative Optimization (LO) algorithm. Exclamation stratagem will overcome the inadequacies dwindling into local optimal solution. Subsequent to the usage of the exclamation stratagem a derivative optimum solution is engendered and it equated with the elucidation engendered by Legislative Optimization (LO) algorithm. If the elucidation is superior to engendered solutions by LO approach, then it will be swapped; or else, the solution engendered by Legislative Optimization (LO) algorithm will be engaged. Procurement of a virtuous equilibrium between exploration and exploitation is the important constituent of optimization methods. Comprehensive exploration includes the examination of new-fangled probable zones. Consecutively, it is risky to uphold the multiplicity of the populace. Confined exploitation encompasses probing for a great meticulousness elucidation in a minor zone, which is exposed through comprehensive examination. Extreme comprehensive exploration leads to sluggish convergence promptness, however disproportionate confined exploitation fallouts in early convergence..In initial period of iterations, a loftier Acclimatize factor value can create a superior stride, which points to sturdier comprehensive exploration. At this period, the deteriorating promptness of Acclimatize factor requires to be loftier. In last phase iterations, a minor Acclimatize factor value can create a minor stride, which points to sturdier confined exploitation. Nevertheless, the minor Acclimatize factor value tip-offs to an inferior populace multiplicity and fallouts in an upper possibility at confined optimum value. Legitimacy of the Legislative Optimization (LO) algorithm is corroborated in IEEE test systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La production législative vise toujours à satisfaire des attentes ou des aspirations de ses concitoyens. Dans chaque pays, les priorités politiques influencent significativement et de manière spécifique, la production législative. Tel est le cas de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) à travers son Assemblée Nationale où, à travers deux cas d’illustration, cette étude met en relief des enjeux enregistrés au cours de la législature 2006-2011.

The Russian Federation ratified in 2012 the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2006. In this regard, the study of measures taken by the Russian Federation to create conditions for persons with disabilities and children with disabilities to lead an independent lifestyle, for the scientific substantiation of subsequent measures and the development of relevant legal regulations to ensure the ability of disabled people to lead an independent lifestyle in their chosen place of residence and integration into the local community in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is extremely relevant.The purpose of the study is to scientifically substantiate the legislative, regulatory and methodological support for the realization of the rights of people with disabilities to lead an independent life, involving the choice of a place of residence, integration into the local community.Research methods: comparative legal, logical, historical, statistical. Research material: international legal acts, federal and regional legislation on providing disabled people and children with disabilities with the opportunity to lead an independent lifestyle, data on the number of disabled people living in stationary social service organizations.Research results. A non-complex elaboration in the legislation of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of issues of providing disabled people with the opportunity to lead an independent lifestyle has been established, specific shortcomings in the legal regulation of issues of ensuring the possibility of leading an independent lifestyle of disabled people have been identified at the federal and regional levels, normative and methodological acts have been developed that made it possible to start working out issues providing conditions and mechanisms for the implementation of an independent lifestyle for disabled people in their chosen place of residence, a positive trend has been established in the introduction of new technologies for the preparation and organization of assisted living for disabled people in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation as part of pilot projects. Based on the results obtained, the draft Concept and the Set of Measures were developed to expand the opportunities for disabled people to lead an independent lifestyle in their chosen place of residence.Conclusion. In the country, at the federal and regional levels, the implementation of the provisions of the Convention has been carried out, expanding the realization of the rights of disabled people to lead an independent life in the local community and consistently creating conditions for the disabled to lead an independent lifestyle, introducing innovative technologies for preparing people with disabilities for independent living and monitoring of their implementation.

İnsanoğlunun yaratılış gayesi Allah’a kulluk olup bu amaçla yüce Allah, insanları bir takım ibâdetlerle mükellef kılmıştır. Kur’an’la belirlenmiş olmalarına rağmen söz konusu ibâdetlerin açıklama ve uygulamaları sünnetle ortaya konmuştur. Bu ibâdetlerin açıklama ve uygulamaları sünnet ile belirlenmiştir. Çünkü sünnet teşrî yetkisine sahip olup, Kur’an’dan sonra İslam dininin ikinci temel kaynağıdır. Bu itibarla sünnetin ibâdetler noktasında belirleyici olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Kulluğun göstergesi ibâdetler insanların doğasına uygun bir şekilde vaz‘ edilmiş bu konuda bir aşırılık ve zorluk gösterilmemiştir. Hatta ibâdetlerle ilgili bazı kolaylıkların sağlandığı görülmektedir. Kur’an’da bu kolaylıklardan bir kısmına değinilmiş fakat ayrıntılı bilgi verilmemiştir. Sünnet ise bu konuda gerekli beyanatta bulunmuş ve uygulamalı olarak da göstermiştir. Bu ibâdetler içerisinde hac ibâdetine de bazı kolaylıklar sağlanmıştır. Zira hac, belirli bir mekân ve zamanla sınırlı, diğer ibâdetleri de kapsayıcı, bir o kadar da ayrıntılı özelliğe sahiptir. Bu bağlamda sünnetin, hac ibâdetine sağladığı kolaylıklara temas edilecektir. Böylelikle sünnetin teşrî yönüne vurgu yapılarak söz konusu ibâdete ne gibi kolaylıklar sağladığı izah edilmeye çalışılacak ve ibâdetler konusundaki belirleyici yönüne değinilecektir.

This study examined the conditions that motivate candidates to go negative during a parliamentary election campaign. We argue that by‐elections encourage candidates to engage in more negative campaigning. Three mechanisms might explain the alleged link: time pressure, media exposure, and voter turnout. Two main factors jointly determine which candidates rely heavily on negative campaigning during by‐elections: candidate characteristics and electoral competition. New data collected from press coverage of Taiwanese legislative elections (2008–2022), covering 318 campaigns in single‐member electoral districts, were analysed using the qualitative comparative analysis method. We modelled negative campaigning as a combination of a list of potential causal conditions. Thereafter, process‐tracing methods were applied to analyse a typical case to demonstrate the internal causal mechanism. The qualitative comparative analysis results and the case study indicate that increased electoral competition causes parachute candidates to criticise political opponents during a by‐election campaign, with less emphasis on their own policy proposals. These results suggest that researchers should pay close attention to important contextual factors that underlie candidates’ strategic choices, particularly during by‐elections.

This paper is based on the study dedicated to the legal nature of the DLT (distributed ledger technologies), and in particular to Blockchain as its most popular example, the basic elements and models of the technology, the main spheres of its application in the framework of space activity in order to guarantee realization of rights and compliance with obligations of public and private space actors in the process of conducting the outer space activities, as well as legislative innovations to regulate the utilization of Blockchain in different countries, international standards, practices and promising legal mechanisms. The authors consider usage of different types of Blockchain ledgers (public ledger with authorized access and with/without special validator) to implement different tasks in the process of space activity regulation, such as guaranteeing fulfillment of terms and conditions of foreign economic agreements on the basis of smart contracts concluded between business entities and for maintaining the state register of space objects. The research proposes several scenarios that are acceptable both in terms of technical characteristics of Blochchain and legal requirements under which a number of central authorities can exercise their powers to regulate space activities using DLT. The most precise attention is focused on considering the compliance of the space authorization requirements, ensuring the registration of space objects and the implementation of foreign trade agreements within the space sector of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Süleyman Demirel Law Review / Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia Política is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

EIA is an important regulatory tool which can play a key role in achieving of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and it is defined as a tool used to predict the likely impact of a project or development on the environment. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Rwanda. Data were collected using a descriptive survey design. A structured questionnaire was developed, pretested and administered to a sample of 110 respondents using purposive sampling technique. Of the 110 questionnaires administered 82 were retrieved and analyzed into frequencies and simple percentages using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel 2016 version. The study showed that 1188 EIA clearances were issued between 2011 and 2019 while 3085 EIA certificates were issued between 2006 and 2019. The survey revealed that EIA experts in Rwanda largely gain experience from the construction, water and sanitation, and agriculture sectors. Though the legislation covering EIA in Rwanda is very strong, the study showed that the only way to improve the effectiveness of EIA is to strengthen the quality of documentation and to offer electronic services as well as incorporating EIA results into decision‐making mechanisms. The study also identified insufficient monitoring of environmental management plans (45% of respondents), poor follow‐ups (30%), inexperienced practitioners in EIA implementation and auditing (30%), lack of professionalism by EIA practitioners (30%), and poor public participation (25%). This could potentially hinder EIA effectiveness. The study therefore recommends that quality documentation and electronic services as well as follow‐up to review projects be enforced to improve EIA effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first year of President Guillermo Lasso in office in Ecuador was marked by the structural weakness of his administration while facing political instability, corruption scandals and drug trafficking along with an enpowerment within the opposition sectors and social actors. The Executive-Legislative confrontation and the deadlock in the political system have prevented Lasso from implementing substantial policy and reforms. The aim of this article is to explore the factors explaining the weakness of Lasso’s government and to analyze the political behavior and the channeling of demands of the indigenous movement through the use of violence. First, we present the elements representing the weakness of the Ecuadorian government and its strategies to survive along with its struggles with corruption and drug trafficking. We then analyze the role of the indigenous movement and the institutionalization of contentious politics in Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Scientific Development for Studies & Research (JSD) is the property of Journal of Scientific Development for Studies & Research (JSD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article outlines the core tenets of the Russian criminal law doctrine in treating punishment as a means of prosecution. With an account of the inconsistent interpretations of punishment offered by Russian criminal law scholars, a critical analysis of its legislative definition was carried out. A special focus was laid on the key features of the list of punishments set out in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a legally established and hierarchically ordered system of criminal penalties for deciding on the nature and intricacies of the defendant’s criminal liability, as well as possible commutation and remission. With this approach, certain types of punishment can be studied for their specific character and classified on various grounds delineated in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and professional literature. The obtained results also shed light on such a topical issue of today’s Russian criminal policy and procedure as how to distinguish between different types of punishment that imply no social exclusion.

This article analyzes the historical development of Chilean congressional leadership offices (1834-1924), while testing a proposition of the theory of legislati ve institutionalization that says that legislatures gradually move to-ward greater boundedness over time. The indicator of boundedness is the length of the apprenticeship of congressional leaders. Lateral entry, short office tenure, and returning leaders became distinctive features in the case at hand. Institutional design and exchanges between the legislat ure and the environment determine legislative institutionaliz ation, so a legislature insti-tutionalizes by acquiring stability, permanence, distinctiveness, and sustain-ability in a polity.

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Problems regarding gender equality in Indonesia enter various domains and fields, one of which is in the realm of Legislative politics. The existence of women in the legislative sphere is often underestimated. Therefore, a survey was conducted on students' perceptions as agents of change in responding to women's participation in the legislative membership, especially in the DPRD. The case study was in the Malang City DPRD. This survey uses a descriptive qualitative method of case studies in the Malang City DPRD. Based on the results of a survey conducted by students from various faculties and different universities, they agree that the presence of women in DPRD membership will contribute to the policies formulated by legislative institutions in the future.

State School Nurse Consultants provide leadership and technical assistance in many areas related to safety, education, and well-being of students. One area of assistance includes health surveillance and disease prevention. During the pandemic, summer of 2020, the legislative co-chairs of the New Jersey State School Nurses Association advocated for a State School Nurse Consultant position at the New Jersey Department of Education. The story of their relentless pursuit of legislation that would support this position is shared in this article archiving one of the most tumultuous times in recent school nursing history. Successful passage of a law to establish the position of a State School Nurse Consultant was only the initial step in a life-lesson about advocacy, patience, and collaboration. Learn about the roses and thorns of school nursing legislative advocacy and consider joining your affiliates' legislative team! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista do Centro Acadêmico Afonso Pena (CAAP Journal) is the property of Revista do Centro Academico Afonso Pena/CAAP Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tesla Revista Científica is the property of Puerto Madero Editorial Academica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The power of a particular parliamentary chamber is determined by its competences, with law-making being most important. In Poland, the adoption of a bicameral solution was not without controversy. There are many theses in the doctrine that puts into question the adopted order, proposing an attempt to remodel the system. The present study represents an attempt to compare the legislative function of the Senate of Poland, Czech Republic and Romania. The research hypothesis is that the Polish second chamber's competences are most limited in this respect. The choice of these countries is led by their geographical proximity - they are located in Central and Eastern Europe and share a common history. Besides, they also have similar cultural links often. These countries also have bicameral parliaments being uncommon in the region. It is worth noting that these countries had the second chambers of the parliament in their current form since 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of seats in national legislatures around the world rarely changes. Yet, in Africa, a substantial number of countries have regularly increased the size of their legislatures, and these increases have become more common in recent years. Previous research on political offices in Africa's electoral autocracies has suggested that their numbers and increases are largely motivated by patronage and clientelist considerations. Is this also the case for national legislatures? Curiously, very little political science scholarship exists on legislature size, either in Africa or the rest of the world. Using a mixture of descriptive statistics to present a new database, as well as econometrics and three case studies, we find that legislative expansion can be linked to executive branch manipulation. Presidents have found it politically useful to expand the size of African legislatures to weaken and/or control it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of institutionalization features of strategic planning of economic policy, particularly Ukrainian foreign economic policy, identifying problems in this direction and forming proposals for their decision. Using the comparative method, the experience of strategic planning of Swiss foreign economic policy, as a country that undoubtedly deserves the status of one of the world's leading economic centers, and Ukraine is analyzed and compared. It is proved that the lack of institutionalization of strategic planning in Ukraine leads to a breach of consistency and coherence in the implementation by state authorities as economic policy in general, and its separate directions, in particular the foreign economic policy. Based on the Swiss experience, the expediency of using the cascade model in the process of strategic planning for the implementation of state foreign policy, as well as of Ukrainian legal regulation modernization by strengthening the legal mechanisms of adoption of strategic documents is argued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]