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The paper analyzes the normative changes in the digitization of Public administration brought by Decree-Laws No. 76 of 2020 and No. 77 of 2020, which affected both the Digital Administration Code (CAD) and Law No. 241 of 1990. In particular, the role of these regulatory interventions in terms of strengthening the “right” to digital transition of Public administration and, more generally, digital rights (and corresponding duties) are investigated. To this end, after examining the legal nature of these subjective legal positions, the new Art. 18 bis CAD is analyzed, which introduces an unprecedented sanctioning power in the hands of AgID in case digital transition obligations are violated. Later, some reflections are made on the new Article 3 bis of Law No. 241 of 1990, which reinforces the constraint for public administrations to use information and communication technologies within the proceedings.

The article comments on a ruling by the Administrative Court about protected areas under the Birds Directive. The case concerned a deliberation of the Puglia Region with which an artificial wetland was qualified as Special Protection Areas (SPA) for the protection of the birdlife, without considering its man-made features. This essay explains and elaborates some passages of the judgement, especially, the one regarding the discretion of the Public Authority on land use limitation for environmental purposes and the consequences of such limitations.

The article analyzes the difficult coexistence between the new 5G mobile communication system and the current regulatory framework, provided by Law 36/2001 on electromagnetic pollution and the Electronic Communications Code. The paper, in particular, focuses on the restrictiveness of the exposure limits set by the legislator and on the power of local authorities regarding the localization of telephony plants, a power often exercised with the aim of providing greater health protection and in open conflict with the intent of the national legislator of promoting the development of new technologies in electronic communications.

There are concerns in maintaining adequate levels of physical activity in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). This could be related to the type of exercise delivered, different among studies, as the words used to describe it as treatment. We have analysed the state-of-art of the role of the exercise in AF by a mathematical analysis. This analysis documented the connections between topics and updated the available evidence through a systematic review of the current literature.A literature search was conducted using specific terms for studies published between 2000 and 2019. For the descriptive analysis of the current literature, we used the LExical Network analysed by the Graph THeory (LENGTH) method, while to perform our review we followed the PRISMA statement. Downs and Black Quality Index was also used to assess the quality of studies. The LENGTH approach indicated nonspecific terms as "exercise", "physical" and "activity" as more representative than "rehabilitation" to describe the intervention.The systematic review identified nine studies on 882 patients of moderate (n=4) to good (n=5) quality. Training consisted of a combination of supervised ambulatory and home-based outpatient programs, focused on aerobic elements (endurance and resistance training, walking, treadmill and bicycle ergometer). Significant improvements in 6-minute walking test distance and peak oxygen uptake and in quality of life were obtained, with high adherence to training and no serious/significant adverse events. Only one trial was based on cardiac rehabilitation principles.Adequate exercise training can get a favourable cardiovascular outcome in patients with AF.

The article regards the issue of environmental remediation of sites which were polluted before the Legislative Decree 22/1997 entered into force. Also known as Ronchi Decree, the above-mentioned legislation provided, for the first time, a set of rules in order to address the problem of ground pollution. However, the case of already contaminated sites was not taken into account and this led to different interpretations among courts and legal scholars. In the light of the recent ruling by the Council of State, the article analyses the hybrid nature of the environmental remediation and investigates the consequences of its retroactive applications, within the national and European framework. Above all, the threat to the need of certainty and foreseeability demanded by the supreme principle of legality.

Various lines of evidence accumulated over the past 30 years indicate that the cerebellum, long recognized as essential for motor control, also has considerable influence on perceptual processes. In this paper, we bring together experts from psychology and neuroscience, with the aim of providing a succinct but comprehensive overview of key findings related to the involvement of the cerebellum in sensory perception. The contributions cover such topics as anatomical and functional connectivity, evolutionary and comparative perspectives, visual and auditory processing, biological motion perception, nociception, self-motion, timing, predictive processing, and perceptual sequencing. While no single explanation has yet emerged concerning the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes, this consensus paper summarizes the impressive empirical evidence on this problem and highlights diversities as well as commonalities between existing hypotheses. In addition to work with healthy individuals and patients with cerebellar disorders, it is also apparent that several neurological conditions in which perceptual disturbances occur, including autism and schizophrenia, are associated with cerebellar pathology. A better understanding of the involvement of the cerebellum in perceptual processes will thus likely be important for identifying and treating perceptual deficits that may at present go unnoticed and untreated. This paper provides a useful framework for further debate and empirical investigations into the influence of the cerebellum on sensory perception.

Traditionally the cerebellum has been thought of as purely motoric. Previous research with paired-pulse (cerebellar-primary motor cortex [M1]) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has illustrated that when a muscle is at rest the cerebellum has an inhibitory influence on the motor cortex (Pinto & Chen, 2001); the inhibition is strong at an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 5 ms, and diminishes as the ISI increases. An active muscle, in contrast, exhibits little or no inhibition. Intriguingly, however, there is growing recognition that the cerebellum also plays a role in cognition (Molinari et al., 2002), including motor imagery (Luft et al., 1998; Lotze et al., 1999). We used paired-pulse TMS to explore the connectivity of the cerebellum with M1 during imagery. Corticospinal excitability was measured in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) of the right hand. Stimulation intensities of 5% below active motor threshold for pyramidal tract activation (conditioning stimulus, cerebellum) and 20% above resting motor threshold for FDI (test stimulus, M1) were used. Two ISIs were selected based on preliminary testing in which we obtained a clear inhibition of excitability in the resting FDI at an ISI of 5 ms, and no inhibition at 10 ms. Participants performed imagery of a motor task (kinesthetic imagery of their right index finger moving) and a static visual task (imagine standing in front of and looking at their house). Each imagery task was performed three times: in a block with a 5 ms ISI, a block with a 10 ms ISI, and a block with the test stimulus only. The data indicate that the pattern of temporal modulation found during rest is also found during the cognitive task of imagery: relative to the test pulse alone, MEPs were inhibited only when stimulation delivered with a 5 ms ISI. Thus, the connectivity of the cerebellum to the motor cortex during kinesthetic imagery appears to be similar to that present during rest rather than action.

Cerebellar involvement in spatial data management has been suggested on experimental and clinical grounds.To attempt a specific analysis of visuospatial abilities in a group of subjects with focal or atrophic cerebellar damage.Visuospatial performance was tested using the spatial subtests of the WAIS, the Benton line orientation test, and two tests of mental rotation of objects-the Minnesota paper form board test (MIN) and the differential aptitude test (DAT).In the Benton line orientation test, a test of sensory analysis and elementary perception, no deficits were present in subjects with cerebellar damage. In MIN, which analyses the capacity to process bidimensional complex figures mentally, and in the DAT, which is based on mental folding and manipulation of tridimensional stimuli, subjects with cerebellar damage were impaired.The results indicate that lesions of the cerebellar circuits affect visuospatial ability. The ability to rotate objects mentally is a possible functional substrate of the observed deficits. A comparison between visuospatial performance of subjects with focal right and left cerebellar lesions shows side differences in the characteristics of the visuospatial syndrome. Thus cerebellar influences on spatial cognition appear to act on multiple cognitive modules.