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El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una nueva ecuación de regresión antropométrica para predecir el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC) en jugadores de fútbol americano utilizando como referencia un modelo de 3 compartimientos (M3C) de composición corporal. Participaron 90 jugadores de fútbol americano (edad 22.4 ± 1.7 años; altura 178.9 ± 6.4 cm; peso 91.9 ± 17.0 kg). Se les evaluó el contenido mineral óseo, la densidad corporal, el grosor de los pliegues cutáneos y el perímetro de la cintura y cadera. Se utilizó la ecuación de Lohman para calcular el porcentaje de grasa corporal a partir del M3C. Se utilizó el análisis stepwise y de regresión para seleccionar y desarrollar los modelos finales. La mejor ecuación fue PGC = 0.265 + (0.328 × SPAPS); SPAPS: suma de los pliegues cutáneos abdominal, pantorrilla y supraespinal (R2 = 0.83; raíz cuadrada de la medida estándar de error = 2.80; p = .000). La nueva ecuación no presentó errores sistemáticos ni proporcionales (intercepción: -3.85 a -0.46; pendiente: 1.01 a 1.22). El sesgo fue de 0.01 y los límites de concordancia fueron de ± 5.5 de PGC entre la nueva ecuación y el M3C. Desarrollamos una ecuación antropométrica nueva y específica para estimar el PGC en jugadores de fútbol americano utilizando sólo 3 pliegues cutáneos, basado en un mejor M3C como referencia. Abstract. The aim of this study was to develop a new anthropometric regression equation to predict the body fat percentage (BFP) in american football players using as a reference a 3-compartment model (3CM) of body composition. Ninety football players participated (age 22.4 ± 1.7 years; height 178.9 ± 6.4 cm; weight 91.9 ± 17.0 kg). The players were evaluated on bone mineral content, body density, skinfold thickness, and waist and hip perimeters. The Lohman equation was used to calculate body fat percentage from the 3CM. Stepwise and regression analysis was used to select and develop the final models. The best equation was: BFP = 0.265 + (0.328 × SFSUM); SFSUM: sum of the abdominal, calf, and supraspinale skinfolds (R2 = 0.83; square root of measure standard of error = 2.80; p = .000). The new equation did not present systematic or proportional error (intercept: -3.85 to -0.46; slope: 1.01 to 1.22). Bias was 0.01 and the limits of agreement were ± 5.5 of BFP between the new equation and the 3CM. We developed a new and specific anthropometric equation to estimate BFP in american football players using only 3 skinfolds and based on a better 3CM as a reference.

This paper presents a descriptive comparative correlational study, which analyzes documents to know professors - officials’ production in 6 years in physical education and Body Language Didactics in Spain in journals belonging to Web of Science and Scopus. The sample included 124 faculty members, 35 professors worked in the field of body language didactics and 89 in physical education. Regarding the objective of highlighting the average ratio of articles per professor, the study found that the rank ranges from six to fifteen. In the distribution by fields of knowledge, physical education has a higher h index. The mean of authors signing per article ranges from four to seven. The journals in which Spanish professors mostly publish are Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise and Archivos de Medicina del Deporte (Sports Medical Files) in the field of physical education. In body language didactics, they publish in (the international journal of medicine and science of physical activity and sports) Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. Results show that h index average values are much higher in Scopus. Finally, this paper concludes that Scopus is a necessary valid tool for Sports Science researchers, for it compliments Web of Science.

Post-exercise elevations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and I (cTnI) are often used in isolation but interpreted interchangeably. Research suggests, however, that post-exercise cTn kinetic might differ with each isoform. In this cross-sectional observational study, we collected blood samples before, immediately after (5 minutes), and at 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hour post-exercise in a mixed cohort of 56 participants after a distance-trial of 60 min continuous swimming (age range from 14 to 22, 57.1% female). Cardiac troponin kinetics were modelled using Bayesian mixed-effects models to estimate time to peak (TTP) and peak concentration (PC) for each isoform, while controlling for participants sex, tanner stage and average relative heart rate during the test. Exercise induced an elevation of cTnT and cTnI in 93% and 75% of the participants, respectively. Cardiac troponin T peaked earlier, at 2.9 h (CI: 2.6 - 3.2 h) post-exercise, whereas cTnI peaked later, at 4.5 h (CI: 4.2 - 4.9 h). Peak concentrations for cTnT and cTnI were 2.5 ng/L, CI: 0 - 11.2 ng/L and 2.16 ng/L, CI: 0 - 22.7 ng/L, respectively. Additionally, we did not observe a systematic effect of sex and maturational status mediating cTn responses.

This study aimed to analyse the longitudinal association of amateur cycling training volume with health by comparing the proximity of participation in a high-demand cycling event. Variations in cycling training volume, behavioural cardiometabolic risk factors, and physical and psychosocial health were examined. Cyclists decreased their training volume by approximately 40% and their total physical activity volumes by approximately 20%, while controls maintained (~5%). A time*group interaction was found for men's physical conditioning, body mass index and anxiety and, independent of gender, for behavioural cardiometabolic risk factors. Variation in cycling training volume was positively correlated with variation in physical conditioning and total physical activity and negatively correlated with variation in body mass index. The high level of cycling training volume developed at the time coinciding with a high demand cycling event predisposes to better physical health and behavioural cardiometabolic risk factors, without negatively affect psychosocial health, compared with six month later.

OBJECTIVE To study the longitudinal stability of exercise addiction and its health effects in apparently healthy amateur endurance cyclists from pre- to 6-month post-competition. METHODS In total, 330 (30 women) adult cyclists were divided into 4 groups based on scores on the Exercise Addiction Inventory at both periods: nonrisk (n = 262, 79.1%), transient (n = 35, 10.6%), emerging (n = 14, 4.2%) and persistent (n = 20, 6.1%). RESULTS The prevalence of high-risk exercise addiction was reduced postcompetition (16.7% vs 10.3%, P = 0.017). Of the cyclists with a high precompetition risk of exercise addiction, 63.6% (35/55) had a transient addiction associated with favorable effects on mental quality of life (effect size [ES] = 0.52, 95% confidence interval: [0.20, 0.86]) and sleep quality (ES = -0.50 [-0.89, -0.12]) and avoided the worsening of depression symptom severity compared to the remaining groups (ES range = 0.51-0.65). The 5.1% (14/275) of cyclists with a precompetition low risk of exercise addiction presented emerging exercise addiction that was associated with a worsened mental quality of life compared to the remaining groups (ES ranged 0.59-0.91), sleep quality compared to the nonrisk (ES = -0.56 [-0.02, -1.10]) and transient (ES = -0.72 [-1.36, -0.08]) groups and anxiety symptom severity compared to the persistent group (ES = 0.51 [1.20, -0.19]). CONCLUSIONS Exercise addiction had a marked transitory component at 6-month postcompetition with associated health benefits in amateur endurance cyclists.

Purpose: The authors evaluated the impact of acute exercise and 24-hour recovery on serum concentration of cardiac troponins T and I (cTnT and cTnI) and N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in healthy children and adolescents. The authors also determined the proportion of participants exceeding the upper reference limits and acute myocardial infarction cutoff for each assay. Method: Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were systematically searched up to November 2017. Studies were screened and quality-assessed; the data was systematically extracted and analyzed. Results: From 751 studies initially identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. All 3 biomarkers were increased significantly after exercise. A decrease from postexercise to 24 hours was noted in cTnT and cTnI, although this decrease was only statistically significant for cTnT. The upper reference limit was exceeded by 76% of participants for cTnT, a 51% for cTnI, and a 13% for NT-proBNP. Furthermore, the cutoff value for acute myocardial infarction was exceeded by 39% for cTnT and a 11% for cTnI. Postexercise peak values of cTnT were associated with duration and intensity (Q(3) = 28.3, P Q(2) = 11.9, P = .003). Conclusion: Exercise results in the appearance of elevated levels of cTnT, cTnI, and NT-proBNP in children and adolescents. Postexercise elevations of cTnT and NT-proBNP are associated with exercise duration and intensity.

Objectives To determine the influence of maturational status on the release of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) induced by a bout of 30 min, high-intensity, continuous exercise. Design Quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study. Methods Seventy male, young, well trained swimmers (age range 7–18 years, training experience 1–11 years) were classified by maturational stages: Tanner stage I (n = 14), II (n = 15), III (n = 15), IV (n = 13), and V (n = 13). Participants underwent a distance-trial of 30 min continuous swimming, and cTnT was measured before, immediately after and 3 h after exercise. Changes in cTnT over time were compared among groups, and associated with exercise load. Results Basal cTnT was higher in Tanner-V (3.8–8.1 ng/L) compared with I (1.5–5.5ng/L, p

Objetivo: determinar las asociaciones transversales entre la práctica o no de deporte ysegún el tipo de competición y de deporte con la calidad relacionada con la salud (CVRS)durante la adolescencia temprana.Metodología: evaluamos en 7613 adolescentes (3685 chicas), 2738 de 11-13 años y 4875de 14-16 años la CVRS (Kid-Screen-52). 815 sujetos no hacían deporte, 2951 hacíandeporte no competitivo y 3847 competían en deportes individuales y colectivos demodalidades incluidas en el programa de los JJOO de verano y que fueron categorizadoscomo continuos, técnicos, equipo, gimnásticos, combate, potencia y raqueta.Resultados: los adolescentes que no realizaban deporte mostraron peor CVRS que losque realizaban deporte no competitivo (p = 0.000). Los adolescentes que realizabandeporte no competitivo mostraron peor CVRS que los que realizaban deporte competitivo(p = 0.000). No se observaron diferencias especialmente relevantes en la CVRS entre losadolescentes que competían en deportes individuales o colectivos, ni en función del tipode deporte. La CVRS en chicas fue menor que la de los chicos en las dimensiones físicay psicológica, pero mejor en el ámbito social. En ambos sexos la CVRS empeoró alincrementar la edad de los adolescentes. El sexo y la edad no tuvieron influencia relevanteen la asociación entre la CVRS con la práctica de deporte, tipo de competición y tipo dedeporte.Conclusiones: la práctica de deporte, especialmente de deporte competitivo está asociadocon mejor CVRS en sujetos de ambos sexos durante la adolescencia temprana, sininfluencia relevante del tipo de competición y del tipo de deporte.

Este estudio investiga la utilización de los servicios de psicología en equipos de la primera división española, ligas de balonmano, baloncesto, voleibol, fútbol sala, fútbol y hockey sobre hierba. Se realizaron entrevistas personales para determinar la composición de los equipos multidisciplinares. El ratio de respuesta fue del 81,% (77 de 94). Aunque la mayoría de equipos tienen diferentes profesionales empleados en régimen de dedicación exclusiva, sólo el 15,6% de estos equipos tienen un psicólogo del deporte. Por otra parte, sólo tres equipos tienen a tiempo completo un psicólogo deportivo. Estos resultados indican que, en comparación con otros servicios profesionales, gerentes y / o entrenadores no perciben la necesidad de servicios psicológicos. Hemos descartado la hipótesis de que la mayoría de los equipos no contratan a psicólogos debido a razones financieras. Las asociaciones de psicología deportiva deberían proporcionar la importancia del psicólogo para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo.

This study aimed to assess the differences in psychosocial health and cardiometabolic risk during adulthood in women based on previously organised sport (OS) participation during adolescence and current activity levels, with emphasis on participation in aesthetic sports. The study included 1947 women aged 18-55 years who were categorised into four groups: 355 aesthetic athletes during adolescence, 494 non- aesthetic athletes during adolescence, 791 non-athletes during adolescence with similar current levels of physical activity (PA) to OS groups and 307 currently inactive non-athletes during adolescence. Participants answered questionnaires regarding sport participation, psychosocial health and cardiometabolic risk. The results show that non-athletes during adolescence who are currently inactive reported significantly lower psychosocial health and higher cardiometabolic risk scores. Women with currently homogenous PA levels (

Training load (TL) metrics are usually assessed to estimate the individual, physiological and psychological, acute, and adaptive responses to training. Cardiac troponins (cTn) reflect myocardial damage and are routinely analyzed for the clinical diagnosis of myocardial injury. The association between TL and post-exercise cTn elevations is scarcely investigated in young athletes, especially after playing common team sports such as soccer. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between TL measurements during a small-sided soccer game and the subsequent increase in cTn in young players. Twenty male soccer players (age 11.9 &plusmn, 2 years, height 151 &plusmn, 13 cm, weight 43 &plusmn, 13 kg) were monitored during a 5 &times, 5 small-sided game and had blood samples drawn before, immediately after, and 3 h after exercise for a posterior analysis of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). Internal, external, and mixed metrics of TL were obtained from the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and GPS player tracking. The results show that the concentration of hs-cTnT peaked at 3 h post-exercise in all participants. The magnitude of hs-cTnT elevation was mainly explained by the exercise duration in the maximal heart rate zone (Maximum Probability of Effect (MPE) = 92.5%), time in the high-speed zone (MPE = 90.4 %), and distance in the high-speed zone (MPE = 90.45%). Our results support the idea that common metrics of TL in soccer, easily obtained using player tracking systems, are strongly associated with the release of hs-cTnT in children and adolescents.

La práctica deportiva durante la adolescencia se ha asociado con la mejora de numerosos parámetros de salud física, siendo mas confusa la relación con parámetros de salud mental. Especialmente, algunos estudios sugieren que un volumen de entrenamiento elevado puede asociarse con mayores síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, pero esto requiere confirmarse con un mayor número de estudios. Especial atención requieren las deportistas que compiten al máximo nivel en deportes gimnásticos donde los trastornos de ansiedad y depresión pueden verse incrementados en asociación con los trastornos alimenticios. El objeto de este estudio es determinar si las deportistas que compiten en deportes gimnásticos tienen mayores síntomas de ansiedad que las practicantes en otros deportes.

The objective of this study was to compare the release of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) after a football 7 match between two cohorts of children and adult players. Thirty-six male football players (children = 24, adult = 12) played a football 7 match, and cTnT was measured before, and 3 h after exercise. Concentrations of cTnT were compared between groups and time, and correlated with participants&rsquo, characteristics, as well as internal and external exercise load. Cardiac troponin T was elevated in all participants (p &lt, 0.001), and exceeded the upper reference limit for myocardial infarction in 25 (~70%) of them. Baseline concentrations were higher in adults (p &lt, 0.001), but the elevation of cTnT was comparable between the groups (p = 0.37). Age (p &lt, 0.001), body mass (p = 0.001) and height (p &lt, 0.001), and training experience (p = 0.001) were associated to baseline cTnT values, while distance (p &lt, 0.001), mean speed (p &lt, 0.001), and peak (p = 0.013) and mean (p = 0.016) heart rate were associated to the elevation of cTnT. The present study suggests that a football 7 match evoked elevations of cTnT during the subsequent hours in healthy players regardless of their age. However, adults might present higher resting values of cTnT than children. In addition, results suggest that the exercise-induced elevations of cTnT might be mediated by exercise load but not participant characteristics.

We studied the prevalence and possible association between exercise addiction and health in indoor cycling practitioners. In 1014 (492 women) adult indoor cyclists and 926 (597 women) controls with low levels of physical activity according to the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, we examined the risk of exercise addiction according to the Exercise Addiction Inventory and several health outcomes through a web-based experiment. The prevalence of a high risk of exercise addiction in cyclists was 13.3%, and it was higher in men than in women (16.5% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.002). Women cyclists with a high risk of exercise addiction had higher levels of physical activity (p &lt, 0.001, effect size = &minus, 0.62, 95% CI: (&minus, 0.91, &minus, 0.32)) and anxiety symptom severity (p = 0.001, Effect Size (ES) = &minus, 0.59 (&minus, 0.89, &minus, 0.30)) than those with a low risk. For both sexes, cyclists with a low risk of exercise addiction had better social function, emotional role, and anxiety symptom severity compared with the controls (all p &lt, 0.002, ES ranged from 0.25 to 0.47). Higher anxiety symptom severity and cardiorespiratory fitness were the main determinants of exercise addiction in cyclists (both p &lt, 0.001). Our data suggest the importance of considering exercise addiction in indoor cyclists.

This study used a power rack device to evaluate the effects of 2 different approaches to resisted swim training loads on swimming strength and performance. Sixteen male, youth national-level swimmers (mean age, 16.22 ± 2.63 years; body height, 169 ± 10.20 cm; body mass, 61.33 ± 9.90 kg) completed a 6-week specific strength-training program, and were then randomly assigned to one of the two groups: a standard training group (GS, n = 8) and a flat pyramid-loading pattern group (GP, n = 8). Strength and power tests along with specific swimming tests (50-m crawl and 50-m competition-style time trials) were conducted at baseline (pre-test), before the third week (mid-test), and after 6 weeks of intervention (post-test). Isokinetic swim bench tests were conducted to obtain measurements of force production and power, and 1RM tests with the power rack system were conducted to measure the maximum drag load (MDL) and specific swimming power. Following 6 weeks of intervention, the mean MDL increased (p < 0.05) by 13.94%. Scores for the 50-m competition style and 50-m crawl time trials improved by 0.32% and 0.78%, respectively, in the GP; however, those changes were not statistically significant. The GS significantly increased their time in the 50-m competition style by 2.59%, and their isokinetic force production decreased by 14.47% (p < 0.05). The 6-week strength-training program performed with the power rack device in a pyramidal organization was more effective than a standard linear load organization in terms of producing improvements in the MDL; however, it did not produce significant improvements in performance. The use of a strength-training program with a pyramidal organization can be recommended for specific strength-training in young swimmers during a preparatory period. However, in our study, that program did not produce significant changes in 50-m crawl and main competition style performance.

Purpose:To analyze differences in sleep quality and duration by athletic status and sex, and to examine the association between physical activity (PA) recommendation and sleep in adolescents.Methods:A total of 267 adolescents [13.9 (0.3) y] from Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud (DADOS) study (129 girls) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Athletes competed regularly in organized sport events and trained ≥3 days per week, but nonathletes did not compete. PA was assessed by GENEActiv accelerometer. PA values were dichotomized into inactive (5 (poor quality) or ≤5 (good quality). Sleep duration was objectively measured by accelerometer.Results:Sleep quality and duration were not statistically different between athletes [median (Mdn) = 4.0, interquartile range (IQR) = 3.0–6.0 and Mdn = 8.0, IQR = 7.4–8.6 h, respectively] and nonathletes (Mdn = 5.0, IQR = 3.0–7.0 and Mdn = 7.9; IQR = 7.3–8.6 h, respectively), P > .05. Nonathlete or inactive adolescents did not show higher risk for poor sleep quality or short sleep duration than athletes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.68–2.00 and OR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.56–1.55, respectively] or active peers (OR = 1.39; 95% CI, 0.66–2.89 and OR = 1.62; 95% CI, 0.78–3.37, respectively).Conclusions:In our group of adolescents, competitive sport practice did not alter sleep patterns. PA recommendations for adolescents may not discriminate between good and poor sleepers.