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Advanced applied research on genetically modified (hereafter GM) insects is being undertaken to control insect vectors of human diseases such as mosquitoes. GM insect technologies are being developed in countries where there is a legal framework for genetically modified mosquitoes (hereafter GMM), but the beneficiaries of such insect technologies to control insect-borne diseases are most likely to be in malaria-endemic countries where the regulation of GM insect technologies is inadequate. Although no commercial release of GMM has been conducted in Africa yet, there may be prospects for the use of GMM to control malaria in malaria-endemic countries such as Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Mali and Uganda. Nigeria has the highest rate of deaths related to malaria in Africa and will potentially be targeted by companies seeking to introduce GMM as a public health tool in African countries. Research is being carried out on GMM in Burkina Faso, Mali and Uganda in collaboration with foreign companies. Whereas the control of diseases is certainly needed and there are potential public health benefits for GM insect technologies to address mosquito control, there are environmental and health concerns, and there is also the potential of the misuse of such technologies. Consequently, the use of GMM requires prior robust domestic, regional and international regulation. While the Cartagena Protocol on Transboundary Movements of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (hereafter the Cartagena Protocol) and voluntary guidelines on the testing of GM mosquitoes are applicable with respect to GM insect technologies, there is a lack of international and regional guidance on the regulation of such technologies. Domestic legislation tends to focus on GM crops and is inadequate for regulating GMM. This paper discusses the legal response for the above African countries which may perhaps use GMM as a public health tool and makes recommendations for the necessary regulatory response.

The cruise industry has become one of the fastest-growing segments of global tourism industry in recent years. Its growth has led to some concerns about its impact on the marine environment, as cruise ships cause no less pollution than regular ships. China’s cruise industry began late but has achieved fast development. However, there are still many challenges related to China’s environmental legislation, and there is no clear-cut legal framework for the environmental protection of cruise ships in the various regulations in China. The legal literature on this issue is insufficient, and this paper attempts to fill the gap. First, it provides an overview of the global cruise industry, including the basic situation of cruise pollution. Second, it briefly introduces the relevant international conventions, and Chinese laws and regulations. Third, it analyzes the recent environmental challenges that cruise ships have faced. The goal of this paper is to give a legal direction for how the cruise industry can grow in ways that are both sustainable and responsible.

This article studies the reuse of antiquities in al-Andalus during the VIII-X centuries. It puts forward to pay attention to the value given to the materials, considering written and archaeological sources, highlighting the existence of a first stage where reuse focused on decorative architectural elements with a constructive and decorative value, used massively in the buildings. However, at the end of the IX century it turned to be a change. The antiquities reused are distinctive, such as sarcophagi or statues, considered “mirabilia” and capable of evoking a reflection on the past. A fetua from the end of the ninth century illustrates about this change and points out the control of the Umayyads over these materials, whose most prominent testimony is the set of antiquities at Madīnat al-Zahrā’, En el presente artículo se estudia la reutilización de antigüedades en al-Ándalus durante los siglos VIII-X. Se propone prestar atención al valor dado a los materiales a través de las fuentes escritas y arqueológicas, poniendo de manifiesto la existencia de una primera etapa donde la reutilización afecta a elementos arquitectónicos decorativos con un valor constructivo y decorativo, empleados además de forma masiva en los edificios. No obstante, a finales del siglo IX se detecta un cambio. Las antigüedades reutilizadas son singulares, como sarcófagos o estatuas, consideradas “maravillas” y capaces de evocar una reflexión sobre el pasado. Una fetua de finales del siglo IX ilustra acerca de este cambio y evidencia el control de los Omeyas sobre estas piezas, cuyo testimonio más destacado es el conjunto de antigüedades de Madīnat al-Zahrā’.

El presente estudio pretende el análisis de la reciente Ley 8/2018, de 8 de octubre, de Medidas frente al Cambio Climático y para la Transición hacia un nuevo modelo energético en Andalucía, con el fin de considerar el sistema jurídico que establece y su significado tanto para el derecho ambiental de la Comunidad Autónoma como respecto del derecho estatal sobre cambio climático, en línea con las exigencias de la Unión Europea y el contexto internacional. Así, el objeto del estudio incluye la implicación de sujetos públicos y privados en la lucha contra el cambio climático, las estrategias combinadas de mitigación y adaptación previstas en la norma, así como los instrumentos jurídicos creados al efecto., This study aims to analyze the recent Law 8/2018, of October 8, on Measures against Climate Change and for the Transition towards a new energy model in Andalusia, in order to consider the legal system it establishes and its meaning, both for the environmental law of the Autonomous Community and for the relation to law of the State on climate change, in line with the demands of the European Union and the international context. Thus, the involvement of public and private subjects in the fight against climate change, the combined mitigation and adaptation strategies provided for in the standard are considered, as well as the legal instruments created for this purpose., El present estudi pretén l'anàlisi de la recent Llei 8/2018, de 8 d'octubre, de mesures davant el Canvi Climàtic i per a la Transició cap a un nou model energètic a Andalusia, per tal de considerar el sistema jurídic que estableix i el seu significat tant per al dret ambiental de la Comunitat Autònoma com respecte de el dret estatal sobre canvi climàtic, en línia amb les exigències de la Unió Europea i el context internacional. Es consideren, així, la implicació de subjectes públics i privats en la lluita contra el canvi climàtic i les estratègies combinades de mitigació i adaptació que preveu la norma, així com els instruments jurídics creats a l'efecte.

El objetivo principal del presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado es analizar las sectas coercitivas y los elementos que las configuran, con la intención de identificar y describir las dificultades jurídicas que existen en España para el abordaje de la responsabilidad del autor (líder de la secta). Para ello, se ha elaborado un marco teórico que permita tener una comprensión básica y suficiente sobre las sectas coercitivas, la persona que ejerce el liderazgo, las víctimas y la situación jurídicolegal de dichas agrupaciones en España; seguido de la realización de una investigación cualitativa en la que, mediante entrevistas a profesionales expertos y a un servicio de atención a víctimas, se enumeran las distintas dificultades existentes para el abordaje de la responsabilidad del líder en este país y las formas de intervención que se realizan con víctimas y líderes. Concluye este trabajo dando respuesta a los distintos objetivos establecidos y comprobando la hipótesis planteada al inicio. The main objective of this study is to analyze coercive cults and the elements that make them up, with the aim of identifying and describing the legal difficulties that exist in Spain in terms of the responsibility of the author (leader of the cult). To this end, a theoretical framework has been developed to provide a basic and sufficient understanding of coercive cults, the person exercising leadership, the victims and the legal situation of these groups in Spain; followed by the development of a qualitative investigation in which, through interviews with professional experts and a victim assistance service, the various difficulties encountered in addressing the responsibility of the leader in this country and the forms of intervention carried out with victims and leaders are listed. This project concludes by responding to the different objectives established and verifying the hypothesis proposed at the beginning.

Razvoj Interneta je omogućio prijelaz svakodnevnih interakcija te mnogih društvenih fenomena (i problema) u novi – cyber-prostor. Pa se tako osim tradicionalnih oblika nezakonitih ponašanja, u cyber-prostoru javljaju i novi oblici ponašanja upitne moralnosti. Određena obilježja samog Interneta i digitalne tehnologije olakšavaju činjenje kaznenih djela što može dovesti do rapidnog rasta opsega cyber-kriminaliteta. Etiološka objašnjenja uključuju već poznate teorije kriminaliteta i ponašanja poput: teorije učenja, teorije ličnosti i teorije rutinske aktivnosti. No, formiraju se i nove teorije koje se bave isključivo cyber-kriminalitetom. Prema tome, jedno od pitanja na koje će se nastojati odgovoriti u radu je: zašto osobe sudjeluju u aktivnostima cyber-kriminaliteta. Budući da postoji izražena heterogenost oblika ponašanja koja se smatraju cyber-kriminalitetom, kroz rad su opisana ponašanja koja su postojala i u „stvarnom“ prostoru (poput prijevare, krađe, nasilja i dječje pornografije), no koja prelaskom u cyber-prostor mijenjaju određena obilježja. Osim navedenog, u radu su opisana i djela „čistog“ cyber-kriminaliteta, poput „hakiranja“, „piratstva“ i „spama“. Prema tome, opisana je fenomenologija cyber-kriminaliteta te se odgovara na pitanje: o kakvim aktivnostima se točno radi. Razvoj kaznenopravnih okvira cyber-kriminaliteta se može proučavati na međunarodnoj i nacionalnoj razini, stoga je bitno odgovoriti na pitanje: kako su države pravno odgovarale na cyber-kriminalitet. Naposljetku, kako bi se kvalitetno iskoristilo znanje o novom obliku kriminaliteta, potrebno je proučiti i opisati smjernice za prevenciju određenih štetnih ponašanja u cyber-prostoru., Internet enabled the transition of human interactions and social phenomenons (and issues) from “real world” to cyberspace. So, apart from the traditional forms of illegal behavior, new forms of behavior emerge in cyberspace that are questionably moral. Certain features of the Internet and digital technology make criminal offenses easier to commit, consequently leading to a rapid increase in the scope of cybercrime. Etiological explanations include familiar theories of criminal behavior, such as: learning theories, studies of different personality traits and routine activity approach. But new theories that deal exclusively with cybercrime are also being created. Therefore, one of the issues that will be addressed in this paper is: Why are people involved in cybercrime activities. Since there are very different forms of behavior that are considered cybercrimes, this paper describes the crimes that existed in the “real world” (such as fraud, theft, violence and child pornography), but are changing their characteristics in the cyberspace. In addition, paper describes the “pure” cybercrimes, such as hacking, digital piracy and spam. Thus, addressing the issue of: What activities are considered to be cybercrime. The development of criminal justice frameworks for cybercrime can be studied at an international and national level, so it is important to address the issue of: How are different nations legally responding to this form of crime. Finally, in order to make a good use of studies done in this field, it is necessary to study and describe the guidelines for the prevention of harmful behaviors in the cyberspace.

Trabajo de fin de Máster. Máster en Estudios Interdisciplinares de Género. Curso académico 2018-2019, [ES]Este trabajo versa sobre la posibilidad de otorgar una respuesta legislativa a las conductas de acoso callejero en nuestro país. Entendiendo el acoso callejero como toda interacción que tiene lugar entre dos personas que no se conocen en el espacio público; cuyas conductas incluyen tanto gestos y comentarios sexistas o de connotación sexual, como tocamientos en partes íntimas y no íntimas, presiones con el cuerpo hacia la otra persona, persecuciones, exhibicionismo, masturbación pública y registro audiovisual sin consentimiento. Esta es una de las manifestaciones de violencia de género más normalizadas a nivel mundial, y por ello es preciso abordarlo jurídicamente. Países como Francia, Portugal, Bélgica y Marruecos tipifican el acoso callejero como un delito en su Código Penal; conducta que también se sancionan en las ordenanzas municipales de ciudades como Ámsterdam, Buenos Aires y Lima Metropolitana. Con el fin de valorar la posibilidad de abordar este problema desde la normativa española, se realizaron 14 entrevistas, cuya modalidad varía entre semiestructurada y estructurada según las necesidades de cada caso, a expertos/as en Derecho Penal y Procesal; y varias organizaciones internacionales y colectivos feministas. Las principal conclusión a la que se llegó tras el análisis de las entrevistas fue que en España no se considera la creación de un nuevo delito de acoso callejero, pues las conductas más graves pueden incluirse en los delitos de abuso sexual; coacciones; injurias; y descubrimiento y revelación de secretos., [EN]This paper proposes the possibility of granting a legislative response to street harassment behaviors in our country. Understanding street harassment as any interaction that takes place between two or more unknown people in the public space; whose behaviors include both sexist and sexual connotation gestures and comments, as well as intimate and non-intimate touching, pressures with the body towards the other person, persecutions, exhibitionism, public masturbation and unconscious audiovisual recording. This is one of the most normalized manifestations of gender violence worldwide, therefore it is necessary to address it legally. Countries such as France, Portugal, Belgium and Morocco typify street harassment as a crime in their Criminal Code; behaviors that are also sanctioned in the municipal ordinances of cities such as Amsterdam, Buenos Aires and Metropolitan Lima. In order to assess the possibility of addressing this problem from Spanish regulations, 14 interviews were conducted, whose modality varies between semi-structured and structured according to the needs of each case, to experts in Criminal and Procedural Law; and several international organizations and feminist groups. The main conclusion reached after the analysis of the interviews was that, in Spain, the creation of a new crime of street harassment is not considered, since the most serious behaviors can be included in the crimes of sexual abuse; coercion; injury; and discovery and revelation of secrets.

家庭における女性に対する暴力は、世界的に深刻な問題である。ミャンマーでは、家庭内暴力は個人的な問題として捉えられ、特別な法律はない。本稿は主に、家庭内暴力の被害に遭った妻の法的対応に焦点を当てている。近年の地方裁判所のデータによると、家庭内暴力による離婚訴訟が増えている一方、家庭内暴力を原因とする刑事訴訟は減少している。ミャンマーでは、刑事事件として追訴されるか、民事事件として離婚に訴えるかの2つの方法しかない。夫は妻に対して暴力をふるっても、暴力が深刻でない限り刑事事件として起訴されることは殆どない。妻が訴訟を起こさない理由は、恥や罪悪感、経済的理由、家族関係を維持したいこと、子供の問題、そして裁判、法律について無知であるためである。また、一度訴えても取り下げてしまうので、加害者へは軽い刑罰にしかならない。被害者を保護・救済するためには、市民の意識や法律知識を高めるべきである。

El presente estudio pretende el análisis de la reciente Ley 8/2018, de 8 de octubre, de Medidas frente al Cambio Climático y para la Transición hacia un nuevo modelo energético en Andalucía, con el fin de considerar el sistema jurídico que establece y su significado tanto para el derecho ambiental de la Comunidad Autónoma como respecto del derecho estatal sobre cambio climático, en línea con las exigencias de la Unión Europea y el contexto internacional. Así, el objeto del estudio incluye la implicación de sujetos públicos y privados en la lucha contra el cambio climático, las estrategias combinadas de mitigación y adaptación previstas en la norma, así como los instrumentos jurídicos creados al efecto. This study aims to analyze the recent Law 8/2018, of October 8, on Measures against Climate Change and for the Transition towards a new energy model in Andalusia, in order to consider the legal system it establishes and its meaning, both for the environmental law of the Autonomous Community and for the relation to law of the State on climate change, in line with the demands of the European Union and the international context. Thus, the involvement of public and private subjects in the fight against climate change, the combined mitigation and adaptation strategies provided for in the standard are considered, as well as the legal instruments created for this purpose. El present estudi pretén l'anàlisi de la recent Llei 8/2018, de 8 d'octubre, de mesures davant el Canvi Climàtic i per a la Transició cap a un nou model energètic a Andalusia, per tal de considerar el sistema jurídic que estableix i el seu significat tant per al dret ambiental de la Comunitat Autònoma com respecte de el dret estatal sobre canvi climàtic, en línia amb les exigències de la Unió Europea i el context internacional. Es consideren, així, la implicació de subjectes públics i privats en la lluita contra el canvi climàtic i les estratègies combinades de mitigació i adaptació que preveu la norma, així com els instruments jurídics creats a l'efecte.