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Currently, Ukraine is in the aspect for various directions of the regulations of the legal environment as a whole. Therefore, now in its history, it is expedient to find different directions of normative models for fighting corruption. Forming the normative-legal aspect of the historical period in Ukraine and the former USSR, it is extremely appropriate to allocate a number of fundamental, single-out directions. After all, the normative model of the fight against corruption is formed on the part of our state based on the behavior of individuals and the reproduction of deviations from the isolated legal aspect that they provide as a whole. This normative model is aimed at the era of „Stalinism”. Therefore, in order to overcome the fight against the formation of corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, human rights in general are greatly violated, because the aspectual totalitarianism was formed incompatible with their emergence. There are also positive aspects to the expediency of the formation: it was formed to study the educational discipline in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, an appropriate interaction between the isolated degree of human authority and the degree of aspectism in general. Inheritance of being brought to normative responsibility and bearing – implies for the persons who are closest to the top of the authorities in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine – the closer the entourage is to the top, the more it implies a very high risk of temptation. That is, the formation of the principle of implementation of the normative surface model responsibility: „top-down”, which is an extremely necessary means of implementing the social, legal and economic model of justice as a whole. Improving the educational environment in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine also expediently forms a model of fighting corruption in the economic direction – the realization of strong legal and economic responsibility of a person is necessary, according to the recommendations of the „leader”. For the necessary permissible time, such personalities formed the model party elites. This formed model forms the basis of directions during the times of Khrushchev and Brezhnev. It is also appropriate to recall two more specific features of the economic model created under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine: firstly, the formation of an individual in the permissible direction of his power requires a normative and legal argument, secondly, money in this model has only a secondary role or not have a conceptual aspect as a whole. Noting that the educational component in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine is a model of combating corruption, I ensure the impossibility of the desire to force people into power structures on the basis of personal considerations and irresponsibility; therefore, it contains the main arguments of public power and its resulting bribery of the individual as a whole. The educational component in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine forms a model of the fight against corruption, has complete impunity and the impossibility of argumentation in general. These arguments are formed in periods of rich revolutionary legal norms, when the newly created state did not receive the necessary management functions of leadership or deliberately creates only destructive trends in the economy. Normativity of the economy of the existence of this legal model is precisely the time of the administration of the Provisional Government, because reforms in education as a whole are expediently addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article deals with the actions of the administrative proceeding authorities justified by a state of higher necessity. In Poland, the state of higher necessity does not constitute a title for the encroachment of public administration bodies on the rights and obligations of persons without a legal basis. In terms of its essence, the state of force majeure under the Administrative Procedure Code is not uniformly understood. It may be treated narrowly or broadly. However, regardless of its treatment, it conditions the application of special and very often inherently exceptional solutions. This includes issuing decisions with the application of special regulations in matters of peace, security and public order, and sometimes in situations dictated by an even differently understood state of higher necessity. This article deals with the actions of the administrative proceeding authorities justified by a state of higher necessity. In Poland, the state of higher necessity does not constitute a title for the encroachment of public administration bodies on the rights and obligations of persons without a legal basis. In terms of its essence, the state of force majeure under the Administrative Procedure Code is not uniformly understood. It may be treated narrowly or broadly. However, regardless of its treatment, it conditions the application of special and very often inherently exceptional solutions. This includes issuing decisions with the application of special regulations in matters of peace, security and public order, and sometimes in situations dictated by an even differently understood state of higher necessity.

In this article we aimed to highlight the immense contribution of ruler Alexandru Ioan Cuza to the modernization of the national defense system of the young Romanian state resulting from the Union of January 1859. The ruler unified the Armies of Moldova and Wallachia and then undertook a set of measures that led to the quantitative and qualitative increase of the Army and the other components of the defense system. Numerous normative acts of European inspiration were adopted, exchanges of experience were made in the line of training, equipment and the foundations of a modern military education were laid. In 1866, Romania had a modern, well trained and equipped Army.

The scientific paper is devoted to the problems of legal regulations of service in the USSR militia in the 20s of the 20th century. Legislative and by-laws adopted by the authorities of the Ukrainian SSR during the period under study were used. Some archival documents containing orders of the militia authorities regulating the service were introduced into scientific circulation. During the study period the distinct aspects of service in the Ukrainian SSR militia were identified. It was determined that in the 1920s, educational, political, and health criteria were established for Ukrainian SSR militia service candidates. The procedure for promotion and conditions of service career were established by the Rules of Service in the militia, which were approved by the NKVD of the USSR. The working hours and dismissal conditions of militia officers were regulated by departmental by-laws of the NKVD of the USSR and the collective agreement based on labor legislation. Attention was paid to the 1926 Regulation on the Militia, which stated the application of labor law standards to militia officers with specific exceptions outlined in the legislative act. It was determined that legal protection for militia officers during their duties was governed by the Criminal Codes of 1922 and 1927, along with the norms of the Administrative Code of 1927. The researcher believes that the 1926 Militia Regulation's provisions, which extended labor law norms to militia officers, are beneficial for updating the current legislation governing police service. It is suggested to consider the possibility of legal regulations of police service based on labor law norms with certain exceptions provided for in the legislation.

The article presents the stages of creation and development of the party system and political parties in Japan, as well as various definitions of the party system, and assesses the directions of evolution of the Japanese political system. In addition, the genesis and activities of the Liberal Democratic Party were outlined, as well as the topic of transparency and legal regulations in the area of financing political activities in Japan. In order to present the evolution of Japan's political system, one must deal not only with legal regulations regarding the party, electoral and political system, but also with issues such as political culture, history and various conditions, i.e. everything that influenced the evolution of a given political system. countries. Party systems remain closely related to the political systems within which they operate, which results in the observable difficulty with which their comparative analyzes or broader and more general characteristics are created.

Businesses and companies in Malaysia have embraced the use of AI technologies as a catalyst for growth and innovation, and it is increasingly becoming a transformative force from enhancing personalised learning experiences in educational settings to facilitating predictive analytics in banking and finance, medicine and healthcare, and judicial systems. Nevertheless, inherent issues have emerged such as data privacy, potential bias, infrastructural readiness, job displacements and the lack of regulatory guidelines. While the Malaysian government is making a concerted effort to address these issues through initiatives such as the AI-Rmap, the proposed AI Act, and a code of ethics and governance, these are still in the nascent stages of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Multi-criteria decision-making is prevalent across various life domains, marked by significant complexity in identifying viable solutions. This challenge becomes more pronounced in the context of individual rights, particularly for persons with disabilities. In Ecuador, despite the state's inclusive policies for this group, discrimination issues persist, even though they are part of the priority attention grou This study evaluates the effectiveness of legal regulations for people with disabilities using multi-criteria evaluation techniques. The TODIM and PROMETHEE methods were utilized, along with single-value neutrosophic sets based on neutrosophic logic, to appropriately handle indeterminate and inconsistent information typical of real-world scenarios. This approach demonstrates the efficacy of these techniques in solving complex real-life problems across various social sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management & Quality / Zarządzanie i Jakość is the property of Scientific Society of Organization & Management / Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji i Kierownictwa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought great changes to the lives of mankind. The emergence of AI as part of the rapid evolution of digital technology has led to major changes in the world's lives. This research examines the impact of AI digitalization on Indonesia's workforce and the role of regulation in mitigating negative impacts. It emphasizes the need for holistic evaluation of labor law and modernization of professional job training programs. The research results show that the use of AI in Indonesia is increasing in various sectors, including the employment sector. Moreover, data privacy protection is still inadequate to ensure data protection and privacy of AI technology users. Therefore, it is necessary to update and add regulations that regulate comprehensively, covering data protection, algorithm transparency, occupational safety and health, elimination and specific retraining related to AI, and labor rights relevant to technological developments. It is also necessary to implement new regulations that provide legal protection for the application of AI can minimize the occurrence of cybercrimes on customer data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislation in Indonesia has provided a lot of legal protection for beautycian doctors in the form of legal protection for the rights of beautycian doctors starting from the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the Civil Code, the Criminal Code, the -Consumer Protection Law, Medical Practice Law, Health Law, Hospital Law, Health Personnel Law, and supported in Minister of Health Regulation Number 269/Menkes/Per/III/2008 concerning Medical Records, Regulations Minister of Health Number 290/Menkes/Per/III/2008 concerning Approval of Medical Actions, Minister of Health Regulation No. 36 of 2012 concerning Medical Secrets, Supreme Court Regulation no. 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Court. The role of the Indonesian Doctors Association in supporting the beautycian doctor profession in resolving legal disputes is as a mediator in selecting expert witnesses. The Indonesian Doctors Association will help its members who are deemed guilty if according to the Indonesian Doctors Association the doctor has carried out procedures in accordance with their professional duties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important supporters of sustainable growth for economies are companies in various fields of activity. On the other hand, environmental pollution is a common problem brought about by economic growth in all countries. For this reason, it is necessary to determine the environmental sensitivity of companies seen as the engine of growth. This study aims to examine the effects of major economic sectors on environmental pollution with the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in Turkey during the period 1985–2017. Another aim of the study is to examine the legal responsibilities of companies in the context of environmental pollution. The study investigated the empirical relationship between variables with the help of Fourier unit root and cointegration tests that allow smooth structural breaks. The results show that the EKC hypothesis is valid only for construction companies. Moreover, construction companies have a negative impact on environmental quality. As a result of the study, various legal regulations were proposed for all companies examined, especially construction companies, to prevent environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to assess the level of sustainable development in individual countries in one of the regions of the Earth. The object of the study is the development in the Middle East and the e-commerce system. At the same time, the scientific task will be to form a system for an integral assessment of information and e-commerce in these countries in order to understand which countries are ready for the era of Industry 5.0 and which are not. We have determined that sustainable development is a long-term phenomenon in which countries must be prepared both from a technological and legal point of view for the new era of Industry 5.0. The research methodology involves the use of an integral assessment method to determine the level of sustainable development in the countries of the Middle East, and a standardization method to normalize selected indicators. As a result of the study, a methodological approach to assessing the level of sustainable development based on performance indicators of commercial activities in the region was presented. We selected several countries in the Middle East and determined their level of sustainable development based on indicators of commercial activity in the regions in order to understand which are ready for the era of Industry 5.0 and which are not. The study has a limitation by not taking into account all countries in the selected region of the Earth. Prospects for further research will be aimed at expanding the system for assessing the level of sustainable development for a larger number of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profession of psycho-oncologist in Poland is not sufficiently regulated by law. The issue is further complicated by the fact that this profession has not been classified by the legislature in the group of medical professions, but only in the group of allied health professions. Currently, according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health on guaranteed services in the field of hospital treatment, a psycho-oncologist is a person with higher medical education, i.e. a graduate of a medical university, for example a doctor or a nurse, who has fulfilled the additional condition of completing postgraduate studies in psycho-oncology. It is thus clear that the legal definition of the profession of a psycho-oncologist remaining in force is inconsistent with the regulation of this profession in force since 2018, resulting from the announcement of the same minister in the Polish Qualifications Framework (PQF -- Polska Rama Kwali- fikacji, abbrev. PRK). This is because the PQF limits the group of persons who may obtain a qualification in the area of psycho-oncological diagnosis and treatment to psychologists and psychiatrists only, thus limiting the group of persons authorised to practise the profession of a psycho-oncologist. An additional legal problem results from significant differences in the nature of the professions of a medical doctor and psychologist, due to the fact that the Act on the Profession of a Psychologist does not apply in practice, despite remaining in force formally. Thus, a psychologist who practises the profession of a psycho-oncologist, might additionally be a subject to the lack of legal regulation of their "foundation profession", for example due to the fact that it is impossible for a psychologist to obtain a licence to practise their profession, as there is no body to grant them such a licence. Finally, it should not be overlooked that, in addition to the two contradictory regulations of the profession of a psycho-oncologist mentioned above (Regulation of the Minister of Health and the PQF), there also exists a third path to obtain the so-called psycho-oncologist certificate, awarded by the Polish Psycho-oncology Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Psychoonkologiczne -- PTPO). At present, persons certified via this path, who include, apart from psychologists and doctors, also representatives of other professions, such as nurses or clergy employed in hospices, will in the majority of cases not be able to formally practise the profession, because the legislature has not provided for the recognition of certificates issued by the PTPO as equivalent to obtaining a psycho-oncological qualification in the context of the above-mentioned regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to compare the regulations on sexual harassment of the main public universities of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, in order to establish their scope in three central lines: a) existence of a specific regulation on this type of violence, b) conceptualization of sexual harassment and, c) evaluation of the established mechanisms in relation to the model or vision of the prevailing legal approach regarding the rights of victims, the statute of limitations for this crime and finally, the conditions for the elevation and ratification of the complaints submitted. The methodological approach is qualitative, and the research is documentary based on primary sources related to the standards and protocols promulgated in HEIs and secondary sources. The research is limited to the period 1996-2020. It is concluded that the existing regulations respond to a guaranteed model of disciplinary procedures that does not consider the variable sex or the asymmetry of the relationships between the parties involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-tourism has become a key component in the tourism industry and allows travelers to easily access information about destinations and services via the Internet, facilitating their travel planning process. Through e-tourism, travelers can research destinations, plan trips, book accommodations, purchase transportation tickets, and explore tourist attractions through online resources. Also, this area helps tourism businesses to effectively promote their services, communicate with clients and manage reservations. E-tourism represents the integration of information and communication technologies in the tourism sector. This concept encompasses the application of digital technologies such as the Internet, mobile applications, online reservation systems, web platforms and social media to improve aspects of travel and tourism. The legal foundation of educational procedures utilizing artificial intelligence algorithms in e-tourism holds significant importance because of the multitude of potential legal complexities and obstacles that could emerge. The Republic of Serbia, like many other countries, is working on improving its regulations in order to enable the development of e-tourism and at the same time ensure the protection of the interests and safety of travelers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the current environment, financial sustainability remains one of the most important long-term goals for any country. That is why finding opportunities to achieve it remains relevant. The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations for regulating banks with foreign capital in Ukraine based on data from the European Union countries. The main scientific methods were analysis, descriptive, comparison, and special legal research methods. As part of the study, it was shown that the countries of the European Union are actively taking actions to improve the financial stability of the banking sector. For this purpose, separate directives were formed, such as the Capital Requirements Directive, Capital Requirements Regulation, and the Basel III standards. In addition, some other directives were considered that affect the specifics of taxation in the region, the principles of reporting, the level of reliability of banks, and the transparency of accounting. It was shown that the banking sector of the European Union still faces problems, in particular, low profitability and problems in cooperation between banks and government agencies. The paper also provided separate recommendations for Ukraine, aimed primarily at bringing its banking legislation in line with international standards. However, it is important to understand that adaptation should also consider the specific features of the Ukrainian situation and correspond to local characteristics. The conclusions drawn in the framework of the study can be used to form a long-term state policy in the field of financial sector management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative technologies that use artificial intelligence in transport solutions recently emerging around the world include, among others issues of autonomous vehicle driving. The use of autonomous vehicle technology affects the issues of civil liability (liability and insurance), road safety, natural environment (energy efficiency, renewable energy sources), data (access, exchange, protection, privacy), IT infrastructure (effective and reliable communication), employment (creation and loss of jobs, training of truck drivers in the use of automated vehicles). The development of new technologies related to artificial intelligence, including autonomous vehicles, generates inevitable changes in law, economy and society. It is inevitable due to the fact that autonomy is undoubtedly a means to achieve the goal of improving the efficiency sought in every area of life. The article presents arguments confirming the thesis that the basic factor inhibiting the implementation of autonomous vehicle technology is the problem of artificial intelligence, including its definition and legal regulation.

Tourism has become a mass industry that attracts over a billion people worldwide annually. With the increasing application of artificial intelligence, technology is accelerating changes in tourism, enhancing customer service, operational efficiency, and supporting sustainable practices. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) on the hospitality and tourism industry. Through the analysis of various aspects of GAI application in this sector, the paper explores potential benefits and challenges that this technology brings for companies, stakeholders, and users. Additionally, the paper addresses legal and ethical aspects of GAI usage, particularly concerning data protection, privacy, and compliance with relevant laws and regulations. A special focus is on the REFLECT model, which offers a holistic approach to the use of artificial intelligence, enabling companies to better understand and manage the implementation of this technology.

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A number of countries and states prohibit surrogacy except in cases of "medical necessity" or for those with specific medical conditions. Healthcare providers in some countries have similar policies restricting the provision of clinical assistance in surrogacy. This paper argues that surrogacy is never medically necessary in any ordinary understanding of this term. The author aims to show first that surrogacy per se is a socio-legal intervention and not a medical one and, second, that the intervention in question does not treat, prevent, or mitigate any actual or potential harm to health. Legal regulations and healthcare-provider policies of this kind therefore codify a fiction—one which both obscures the socio-legal motivations for surrogacy and inhibits critical examination of those motivations while mobilizing normative connotations of appeals to medical need. The persisting distinction, in law and in moral discourse, between "social" and "medical" surrogacy, is unjustified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the analysis is an attempt to find legal space for selected innovative activities for the benefit of the elderly. In addition to generally applicable legal regulations, attention was drawn to the fact that government programs are being introduced that bring interesting solutions for the elderly. The disadvantage of them, however, is that not all elderly people can use them. The article presents the ideas of social service centers, as well as selected social services: respite care, neighborhood services, personal assistance and telecare, which creates a chance for a safer and higher quality of life for the elderly. The purpose of the article is a legal analysis regarding activities for the elderly in the field of, among others, social services. The subject of the study is to find an answer to the question whether the current legal space is sufficient to implement innovative tasks or not. Legal changes regarding the evolution of the social assistance structure result in the availability of social services for clients. The emergence of new statutory solutions is exceptionally relevant and responds to the needs of an aging society. The answer to legal needs is the amendment to the Act of 12 March 2004 on social assistance. It remains to be seen whether it is sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of General Medicine & Health Sciences / Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu is the property of Witold Chodzki Institute of Rural Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zywnosc is the property of Polish Society of Food Technologists - Scientific Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery / Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of The Mineral & Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences / Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk is the property of Mineral & Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Innovative technologies that use artificial intelligence in transport solutions recently emerging around the world include, among others issues of autonomous vehicle driving. The use of autonomous vehicle technology affects the issues of civil liability (liability and insurance), road safety, natural environment (energy efficiency, renewable energy sources), data (access, exchange, protection, privacy), IT infrastructure (effective and reliable communication), employment (creation and loss of jobs, training of truck drivers in the use of automated vehicles). The development of new technologies related to artificial intelligence, including autonomous vehicles, generates inevitable changes in law, economy and society. It is inevitable due to the fact that autonomy is undoubtedly a means to achieve the goal of improving the efficiency sought in every area of life. The article presents arguments confirming the thesis that the basic factor inhibiting the implementation of autonomous vehicle technology is the problem of artificial intelligence, including its definition and legal regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-tourism has become a key component in the tourism industry and allows travelers to easily access information about destinations and services via the Internet, facilitating their travel planning process. Through e-tourism, travelers can research destinations, plan trips, book accommodations, purchase transportation tickets, and explore tourist attractions through online resources. Also, this area helps tourism businesses to effectively promote their services, communicate with clients and manage reservations. E-tourism represents the integration of information and communication technologies in the tourism sector. This concept encompasses the application of digital technologies such as the Internet, mobile applications, online reservation systems, web platforms and social media to improve aspects of travel and tourism. The legal foundation of educational procedures utilizing artificial intelligence algorithms in e-tourism holds significant importance because of the multitude of potential legal complexities and obstacles that could emerge. The Republic of Serbia, like many other countries, is working on improving its regulations in order to enable the development of e-tourism and at the same time ensure the protection of the interests and safety of travelers.

Market abuse encompasses trading based on insider information and market manipulation. Such unfair market activities can endanger the entire market and, in their most intense and most pronounced form, seriously disrupt market dynamics, conferring undue advantages to certain participants, thus undermining principles of fair competition. Therefore, when defining legal regulations in the field of market abuse prohibition in a country, understanding the morphology of the market is crucial. It is important to consider both positive and negative consequences for the country’s market economy, if the goal is to form a transparent, integrated and efficient market, which would be attractive to investors based on such characteristics and thereby contribute to the economic growth and development of the country. The Republic of Serbia still lacks sufficiently developed mechanisms and appropriate legal solutions necessary for the functioning of a market economy, but its advantage lies in the model, experience, and judicial practice of developed markets within the member states of the European Union.

The place of women in society and civilization has been a subject of discussion from Ancient Greece to the present, with different perspectives. It is a universal reality that women's position in society is more disadvantaged than men, especially within the cultural infrastructure. The definitions of women's roles in social and political life are directly proportional to their presence in workforce. Therefore, the inclusion of women in workforce is closely related to the level of development of a society. For this reason, the implementation of legal regulations and tax incentives that primarily enable women to be more active in business life and provide convenience to women will undoubtedly have an important role in the development of a country. This study investigates the role of legal regulations and tax incentives in increasing women's employment and provides a framework for the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary supplements can provide the necessary nutrients for groups of people who need them, but their use comes with a few risks, such as excessive or unwarranted utilization, side effects, unwanted interactions, and the promotion of unhealthy behaviors or neglecting professional health care. This cross-sectional study analyzed 49 TV advertisements on three major news channels in Romania regarding their compliance with European and national laws concerning the advertisement of dietary supplements. A list of criteria was extracted from the current laws in Romania and was used to check the video promotional materials' compliance systematically. Despite more than half of the commercials complying with the technical criteria, it was found that a concerning amount of advertisements targeted people with various or specific pathologies, while a third of the ads included non-compliant words or representations associated with pathologies and medical professionals or institutions. As a practical implication, the study suggests a need for more consistent and closer surveillance of dietary supplement commercials broadcasted in the Romanian media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Treaties & Documents / Razprave in Gradivo is the property of Institut za Narodnostna Vprasanja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Acta Iuris Stetinensis is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. The mid-to-late 19th century was witnessing transformations that had begun during the reign of Alexander II, and the former were to affect virtually all aspects of Russian public life — including those relating to the then religious situation. Goals. So, the article attempts analytical insights into religious affairs of Buryats and Kalmyks throughout the mentioned period, examines archival documents and legislative acts of the Russian Government to identify the legal status of the Buddhist Church, reviews some essentials pertaining to control over the Buddhist clergy. Materials and methods. The work considers a variety of archival documents, including statistical data and materials of the First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897 and the Regulations on Lamaist Clergy (1853). Theoretically and methodologically, the study employs the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism, such general research approaches as structural and systems ones, including methods of historical and religious investigation. The study covers actual historical contexts, describes positions of the Buddhist denomination among Mongolic peoples of Russia, i.e. Buryats and Kalmyks Buddhists, the latter’s legal status, numbers of believers, monks and temples. Special attention is paid to specific features of Kalmyk and Buryat Buddhist communities, their relations with Russia’s authorities in 1855–1897. Results. The completed analysis concludes that in domestic religious affairs the Government was guided not only by confessional issues proper but also by the then foreign policy agenda. The latter factor was directly related to Russia’s economic interests in Asia — the maintenance of the status quo in advantageous trade with China. The examined documents attest to these were primarily aimed at isolating Kalmyks and Buryats from Buddhist centers and hierarchs of Mongolia and Tibet; secondly, at limiting the rapid spread of Buddhism; and thirdly, at establishing control over the Church and regulating economic and administrative activities of Buddhist monasteries. Conclusions. Despite all the restrictions, the examined period in the history of Buddhism across the Russian Empire was characterized by that Buddhist monasteries would consolidate Kalmyk and Buryat peoples and become centers of cultural interaction with neighboring countries and communities. By the late 19th century Buddhism became a remarkable religious and political force that had its impacts on lives of Buryats and Kalmyks — and largely shaped their ethnic identities. As for Buryats, the period was marked by a strengthening of the unified Buddhist church system that grew independent of foreign centers and developed individual governance tools completely concentrated in the hands of a single executive — Pandita Khambo Lama. The Regulations on Kalmyk People’s Governance (1847) established some undivided clerical authority of the Lama of the Kalmyk People over the bulk of the ethnic community, except for the local group of Don Kalmyk Cossacks clerically headed by Senior Bakshi Lama of theirs.

Land is an indispensable resource in any human activity, and its area is limited and permanently located. For this reason, it is the duty of the state to protect agricultural land to ensure food security for citizens. For this purpose, there are e.g., legal solutions in agricultural real estate trading. Analyzing the rules for transferring rights to agricultural land, three main periods can be distinguished, which differed in the degree of their liberalization and the scope of unification of agricultural land trade between natural persons and with the land resource of the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury. The main idea was to create regulations that treated family farms in a special way, favored the improvement of the area structure and the transfer of agricultural land to people who offered opportunities for effective farming, and prevented excessive concentration. Mechanisms and instruments for achieving the goals varied. However, they were generally associated with a reduction in the freedom to trade in agricultural land, also privately. Nevertheless, the transfer of rights to agricultural real estate took place in two separate segments (private and with treasury land). The differences persisted also after the entry into force on April 30, 2016 of the strict rules in agricultural land trading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educational Challenges is the property of H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. The profession of psycho-oncologist in Poland is not sufficiently regulated by law. Current solutions in the system involve contradictory regulations on obtaining qualifications to practice, which produces in effect systemic chaos and result in limited availability of services provided to oncology patients and their families by practitioners of this demanding profession. Material and methods. A survey conducted among psycho-oncologists concerning their professional identity was used in order to examine their opinion on the current legal regulations of this profession and the possible consequences of incoherent law solutions. The study used an original anonymous questionnaire entitled Survey on selected aspects of the psycho-oncology profession in the context of its scope and method of legal regulation and the Job Satisfaction Scale questionnaire. Results. The study showed that the inconsistency in legal regulations may result in restricted access to this profession, indicated doubts concerning the legal credentials required to use the professional title of psycho-oncologist and the lack of symmetry in individual competencies of practitioners with different underlying profession. Conclusions. The research confirmed the organizational chaos which negatively affects the way psycho-oncologists practice their profession. As a consequence the legislator intervention is required in order to modify the legal regulation of this profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the article is to define a methodical approach to the evaluation of international trade within the framework of ensuring the sustainable development of EU countries in the context of the formation of a marketing strategy. The object of the study is the system of international trade regulation of the EU countries. The article aims to develop a methodical approach for evaluating international trade, with the goal of promoting sustainable development in EU countries in the context of the formation of a marketing strategy. The methodology includes the method of intellectual analysis using the technique of the association method. The use of the association method allows, at the first stage of analysis, to identify possible hidden dependencies and patterns in a large array of statistical data. The main result of the study is the presented graph, which is able to determine hidden dependencies and regularities in the framework of international trade optimization through a large array of data. The innovativeness of the research involves the application of a modern methodical approach to the economic and legal regulation of international trade optimization within the framework of sustainable development through the search for hidden dependencies and regularities in the data. The study is limited by taking into account the specifics of the economic and legal regulation of international trade only within the EU countries. Further research should be devoted to the system of regulation of international trade around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of the study lies in the growing demand for safe and high-quality bee products, primarily honey, and the non-admission of low-quality products that can harm the health of consumers in the Ukrainian and European Union markets. In Ukraine, sunflower and rapeseed honey are in the greatest demand in export potential. The purpose of the study is to determine the compliance of rapeseed and sunflower honey obtained in Ukraine with the requirements of national and European Food legislation. To achieve this purpose, organoleptic methods of natural honey research were used and the diastase number, acidity, content of pollen grains, mass fraction of water, mass fraction of reducing sugars, sucrose, and hydroxymethylfurfural were determined. Analysis of rapeseed honey for the presence of genetically modified pollen was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction method in real time. It was established that prototypes of sunflower honey from Vinnytsia, Odesa, and Kyiv regions met the requirements of the national standard and European Food legislation, without signs of fraud. Currently, the use of genetically modified organisms is subject to regulation. Samples of rapeseed honey taken from the Vinnytsia, Odesa, and Kyiv regions did not contain genetically modified deoxyribonucleic acid. In terms of physical and chemical parameters, rapeseed honey met the requirements of the national standard. Honey collected in the Kyiv and Vinnytsia regions had an average water content of more than 18.5%, which meets the requirements for first-grade honey according to the national standard. Honey collected in the Odesa region corresponded to the indicators of the top-grade honey, the water content in it averaged 17.7%. According to the main physical and chemical indicators, rapeseed honey collected in Ukraine also meets the requirements of European food legislation. In addition, rapeseed and sunflower honey from the Vinnytsia, Odesa, and Kyiv regions are natural and can be sold not only in Ukraine but also on the territory of the European Union and the World Trade Organisation

The article presents selected aspects of the functioning of local government in Poland under the conditions of the epidemic in connection with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. More space is devoted to the systemic aspects, while the substantive and procedural aspects have only been signalled, because their development goes beyond the scope of this study. The objective of this research paper is to provide an answer to the question to what extent the current regulations, taking into account the new legal regulations, enable the implementation of public tasks and how the new regulations modify the current tasks. The article formulates the thesis that the current regulations may be applied under epidemic conditions, but after making modifications necessary to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of the functioning of local government. The regulation concerning the functioning of local self-government in the state of an epidemic is scattered and requires ordering. During the state of epidemic there was a strengthening of digitalization in the sphere of performing public tasks.

Imperfection of procedure for implementing prejudice during the judicial review of cases could cause instability of practice, which indicates relevance of the research topic regarding formulation of clear criteria for the mechanism of applying prejudice at one’s own discretion in the enforcement of financial provisions of law. In view of the above, the purpose of the article is to identify peculiarities of discretionary powers bias in enforcement of financial provisions of law. The basis of the methodological toolkit is general philosophical (dialectical, hermeneutic), general scientific formal (empirical in the form of observation, description and comparison; axiomatic; hypothetical-deductive; formalization; unity of historical and logical) and specific scientific methods (formal-logical; comparative-legal; system-structural), as well as the methodology of revocation and monitoring of a preliminary judgment, which allows to investigate theoretical and practical issues of discretionary powers in the enforcement of financial and legal norms in unity of their substantive component and external form of reflection. Classification of prejudice has been proposed by: level of law enforcement; legal force of prejudice; meaning of established factual circumstances that are included in the subject of proof; nature of accusation; subject. The psychological dimension of using prejudicial categories has been studied as a metacognitive activity for establishing and taking into account values of prejudice in view of accuracy of empirical generalizations, formulating judgments to identify future consequences of decision-making with prejudicial categories given in the original decision. The article outlines the mechanism for implementing legal policy regarding the use of financial prejudicial categories, which should be based primarily on the instrumental and procedural characteristics of this model of legal influence. It has been established that in the organizational and legal aspect, conditions for the entry of the national market segment into the cross-border space are formed by streamlining interaction procedures of the subjects of legal relations through appropriate forms of legal influence. The practical value of the results is that they could be used to determine the procedure for using prejudice at the supranational and national levels, in particular, in the context of applying the practice of the Court of the European Union