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The collection of forensic evidence is perceived to be a panacea in sexual assault investigations and criminal prosecutions. However, research has shown an alarmingly different reality, whereby forensic evidence is rarely available, collected, tested, or available during criminal investigations and court procedures. Regardless, many states have begun implementing new policies to improve the collection and preservation of forensic evidence. This study explores the state of forensic evidence policies and legislation throughout the United States of America as they relate to sexual assaults through a content analysis of the nation’s state statutes. Following the 2016 legislative session statutes were found to be organized into two themes: 1) survivor-related statutes and 2) offender-related statutes. Though innovative forensic evidence policies were observed, much of this legislation appeared to be inconsistent with the reality of sexual assault and is best described as vague and inadequate. In view of these observations, this paper discusses policy implications and areas of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the use of neutrosophic cognitive maps in the jurisprudential examination of divorce in the National Court of Justice of Ecuador. The suggested technique intends to simulate the links between legal reasons and the psychological and emotional ramifications of divorce, therefore enhancing judicial decisionmaking. Resolution No. 0071 - 2018 - 38420 is evaluated to determine its influence on the protection of individual rights, presenting an original viewpoint on family law. The results gathered from the study underline the necessity to examine both the legal reasons and the psychological and emotional ramifications of divorce when making court judgments in this area. The findings reveal the important importance of variables such as legal and psychological assistance, family dynamics, and domestic violence in the divorce process. Furthermore, the efficiency of the neutrosophic cognitive mapping approach was proved to model complex and diverse interactions in this context, thus giving a helpful tool to increase the quality and depth of research in legal studies connected to divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In addition to controlling the utilization, safeguarding and securing all the wealth owned by the state of Indonesia due to geographical conditions and natural resources must also be carried out. In its implementation, the state of Indonesia cannot carry out its activities only based on mere power but must be based on the law. The purpose of this research is to analyze the legal basis that regulates the implementation of an integrated Early Warning System for the protection of Offshore Assets as National Vital Objects. The method used in this study is a qualitative method that can produce descriptive data to describe and describe the object being researched or an overview of the facts in the field. Then the results were obtained that shipping safety and responsibility. The implementation of VTS and AIS can improve shipping safety, which is a major obligation for ships and operators. With an early warning system, ships can avoid potential hazards such as collisions with objects at sea or bad weather, which can reduce the risk of accidents and financial losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allegations of serious human rights violations that occurred in Timor Leste after the 1999 Referendum became one of the black notes in Indonesia's history. At the time, Indonesia was facing serious accusations in the form of alleged Crimes Against Humanity, and an Ad Hoc Human Rights Court was established at the Central Jakarta District Court to prosecute the defendants in this case, but unfortunately the results of the trial were still far from the victims' expectations. Thus, it is important to conduct a more in-depth study of law and human rights from an academic perspective to get a complete picture of the legal construction of alleged crimes against humanity in Timor Leste. Moreover, serious human rights violations certainly require an in-depth legal analysis framework, not only the national legal framework but also the international legal framework and also precedents from previous international human rights crime tribunals. This is important, thus there are more references and analyzes that can provide an overview of human rights events that have occurred in Timor Leste, especially after the implementation of the 1999 Referendum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils are threatened both in Europe and worldwide, predominantly because of human activities (e.g., unsustainable management practices in the agricultural and forestry sectors, soil contamination from the industries and soil sealing due to urbanization and building of infrastructures). Soil degradation and loss come at a substantial cost and have many repercussions on other features of the environment, such as landscapes and ecosystems. All the above prompts the question of what EU law has done to manage and rectify the situation. After the issues encountered in the context of the Proposal for a Soil Framework Directive in the past, the Green Deal and the Soil Strategy seemed to infuse new energy into the soil policy agenda and made clear that the Commission was very much ready for an ambitious step forward, in the form of a Soil Directive. However, while the proposed Directive covers important aspects of soil protection and remediation, it also falls short on several counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 408 of Indonesia's new Criminal Code restricts children's access to information about contraception, aiming to shield them from content unsuitable for their age. This regulation emphasizes adult responsibility in creating a secure environment for children. However, it has sparked debate about the potential negative effects on children's access to essential reproductive health information. Limiting this access could inadvertently raise the risks of unintended teenage pregnancies and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. The current policy presents a dilemma, balancing child protection with their right to comprehensive sexual education. It is evident there is a need to revise the law to better define the roles of parents and educators in providing reproductive health information and ensuring children receive safe, accurate, and age-appropriate education. Proposed changes include legal clarifications, development of suitable educational curricula, training for parents and educators in effective communication, partnerships with media for accurate information dissemination, and ongoing evaluation of sexual education programs. Additionally, advocacy and public awareness campaigns are crucial to foster open discussions on reproductive health. By fostering a supportive ecosystem through cross-sector collaboration, Indonesia can ensure that children's rights to informed and healthy development are balanced with protections against inappropriate content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Background] The growing role of information technology in the activities of legal practitioners, lawyers, notaries, and judicial authorities highlights the importance of addressing the problem. Additionally, the lack of comprehensive studies in modern legal literature regarding the essence of digital paid assistance in the field of legal activity underscores the need for research in this area. [Purpose] The study's purpose is to address the growing significance of information technology in various legal professions, including legal practitioners, lawyers, notaries, representatives of judicial authority, and law enforcement agencies. [Methodology/Approach/Design] The following research methods are the main ones in this scientific work: systemic-legal, formal-legal, comparatively legal, as well as historical, logical, and dialectical methods. Due to these methods, it became possible to determine the essence of digital paid services in the field of legal activity, to reveal their features, as well as identify their problems and develop ways to improve such services. [Findings] During the course of this study, several significant results were obtained. Firstly, the concept of digital paid legal services was elucidated, and the main types of such services were identified, along with their distinctive characteristics. Furthermore, the study highlighted both the positive and negative aspects of providing these services, emphasizing their significance in the development of legal science and the legal profession as a whole. [Originality/Value] The study is significant as it addresses the need for an effective legal framework to regulate digital services in the field of legal activity in Kazakhstan. It highlights the lack of comprehensive legislation and the slow integration of digital technologies into the legal sector. By exploring the challenges and providing recommendations, the study aims to facilitate the adoption of innovative technologies and improve the quality of legal services in the country.

This article explores the domain of legal analysis and its methodologies, emphasising the significance of generalisation in legal systems. It discusses the process of generalisation in relation to legal concepts and the development of ideal concepts that form the foundation of law. The article examines the role of logical induction and its similarities with semantic generalisation, highlighting their importance in legal decision-making. It also critiques the formal-deductive approach in legal practice and advocates for more adaptable models, incorporating fuzzy logic, non-monotonic defeasible reasoning, and artificial intelligence. The potential application of neural networks, specifically deep learning algorithms, in legal theory is also discussed. The article discusses how neural networks encode legal knowledge in their synaptic connections, while the syllogistic model condenses legal information into axioms. The article also highlights how neural networks assimilate novel experiences and exhibit evolutionary progression, unlike the deductive model of law. Additionally, the article examines the historical and theoretical foundations of jurisprudence that align with the basic principles of neural networks. It delves into the statistical analysis of legal phenomena and theories that view legal development as an evolutionary process. The article then explores Friedrich Hayek’s theory of law as an autonomous self-organising system and its compatibility with neural network models. It concludes by discussing the implications of Hayek’s theory on the role of a lawyer and the precision of neural networks.

Ratifying a bill in the Judicial Commission of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) on setting registration fee of Dowry over 14 gold coins in the time of registering marriage contract (Nikah), each spouse 50% , and depositing it into the Fund of Providing Dowry for Needy Couples, has put the family law on the threshold of drastic transformation. Although this change is made to serve the legal institution of marriage and reduce the amount of dowry as well as facilitate the marriage process, but its functionality is under serious doubt and even it appears that its negative consequences far outweigh any positives. Bills ratified without considering the rights of the parties in the marriage contract not only could provide a platform for men to abuse but also create unfavorable situation for women and causes girls and women as well as men be reluctant towards the marriage compared to the past. This is the fact that women may assume that marriage not only limit their freedoms, but also their life could also be faced with financial and economic threats. Thus, they gain fewer financial benefits in their common life and in order to get rid of a wrong and unsuitable marriage, they must sacrifice their ownership and sustainheavy and unfair costs. Therefore, it is highly recommended for new bills, while holding a compressive approach towards liberty and contractual rights, to provide the goals of the legal system and secure the rights of both parties. Consequently, the current study by descriptive- analytic approach and by collecting data from the library sources, while attempts to survey the fundamental and legal aspects of this bill, also provides solutions and suggestions with the view on the couple's legal system of in France.

[Background] The growing role of information technology in the activities of legal practitioners, lawyers, notaries, and judicial authorities highlights the importance of addressing the problem. Additionally, the lack of comprehensive studies in modern legal literature regarding the essence of digital paid assistance in the field of legal activity underscores the need for research in this area. [Purpose] The study's purpose is to address the growing significance of information technology in various legal professions, including legal practitioners, lawyers, notaries, representatives of judicial authority, and law enforcement agencies. [Methodology/Approach/Design] The following research methods are the main ones in this scientific work: systemic-legal, formal-legal, comparatively legal, as well as historical, logical, and dialectical methods. Due to these methods, it became possible to determine the essence of digital paid services in the field of legal activity, to reveal their features, as well as identify their problems and develop ways to improve such services. [Findings] During the course of this study, several significant results were obtained. Firstly, the concept of digital paid legal services was elucidated, and the main types of such services were identified, along with their distinctive characteristics. Furthermore, the study highlighted both the positive and negative aspects of providing these services, emphasizing their significance in the development of legal science and the legal profession as a whole. [Originality/Value] The study is significant as it addresses the need for an effective legal framework to regulate digital services in the field of legal activity in Kazakhstan. It highlights the lack of comprehensive legislation and the slow integration of digital technologies into the legal sector. By exploring the challenges and providing recommendations, the study aims to facilitate the adoption of innovative technologies and improve the quality of legal services in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firearm violence has soared in American cities, but most states statutorily preempt municipal firearm regulation. This article describes a unique collaboration in Philadelphia among elected officials, public health researchers, and attorneys that has led to litigation based on original quantitative analyses and grounded in innovative constitutional theories and statutory interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research departs from the 2020 Boven Digoel Regional Head Election, where the regional head had committed criminal acts of corruption while serving as regional head for two periods, namely 2005-2010 and 2010-2013. Furthermore, when he was running again as regional head in 2020, he was a former convict. This corruption was disqualified by the constitutional court after he was re-elected as regional head because he did not meet the requirements of Per.PKPU No.1/2020. This research focuses on Per.PKPU No.1/2020. The type of research carried out by researchers uses normative legal research with conceptual, case and statutory approaches. The results of the research confirm that based on Per.PKPU No.1/2020 there is an exception which means that former corruption convicts can run for office after a five year gap period after being released from serving a criminal period in prison and former corruption convicts in Boven Digoel have fulfilled this exception. Based on the principles of popular sovereignty and democracy as regulated in Article 28C (2) UUD NRI 1945, the second amendment, former corruption convicts can participate in the state by nominating themselves as regional heads. This is reaffirmed in Article 1 (2) UUD NRI 1945. Based on Article 43 Law No.39/1999, former corruption convicts have the right to become regional leaders by nominating themselves as regional heads. Based on Article 28 (2) UUD NRI 1945, to fulfill justice, former corruption convicts are given the opportunity to become regional heads by fulfilling their human rights, such as the right to nominate themselves after a five-year hiatus from being a corruption convict.

When a debtor is unable to pay their debts and cannot pay them, they may file for bankruptcy. In order to avoid harming connected parties, companies that have been declared bankrupt in this instance must be dissolved and have their legal entity status changed. When a limited liability company is declared bankrupt, it does not instantly cease operations and dissolve; rather, it continues to exist legally. In some situations, the limited liability company stays in business, avoids bankruptcy, and is still able to conduct its operations. This research poses two questions: first, what happens to a Limited Liability Company that files for bankruptcy? Second, what obligations does a Limited Liability Company have when a subsidiary files for bankruptcy? Normative juridical research methodology was applied in this instance. Secondary data is research in law that is done by reading existing literature. According to the study's findings, a general meeting of shareholders must be held before liquidation can begin. This means that, in the event that an LLC is declared bankrupt, its ability to manage and control its assets is also terminated.

This paper examines how to apply deep learning techniques to Mongolian bar exam questions. Several approaches that utilize eight different fine-tuned transformer models were demonstrated for recognizing textual inference in Mongolian bar exam questions. Among eight different models, the fine-tuned bert-base-multilingual-cased obtained the best accuracy of 0.7619. The fine-tuned bert-base-multilingual-cased was capable of recognizing "contradiction", with a recall of 0.7857 and an F1 score of 0.7674; it recognized "entailment" with a precision of 0.7750, a recall of 0.7381, and an F1 score of 0.7561. Moreover, the fine-tuned bert-large-mongolian-uncased showed balanced performance in recognizing textual inference in Mongolian bar exam questions, thus achieving a precision of 0.7561, a recall of 0.7381, and an F1 score of 0.7470 for recognizing "contradiction". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's economic and legal systems are facing a huge challenge to overcome the negative consequences imposed by recent social distortions. In 2020, what started as a health crisis quickly turned into an economicsocial problem where an express response was required to ensure the functioning of social actors. This economic-social crisis was followed in a short period by new security crises with additional consequences on national systems. The response to the newly created conditions requires a multidisciplinary approach that will include measures of a health, economic, social, and security nature, adopted on the principles of legislation and expediency within the national legal systems. These measures have their own direct or indirect tax component. The purpose of this paper is to perform a legal analysis of the tax measures taken in the national systems. The scope of the research covers the member states and candidate countries for membership in the European Union. The focus is on the more recent crisis period, with particular emphasis on the COVID-19 period. The analysis primarily focuses on the legal element of the tax measures, the procedure of their implementation, and their legal nature. Also analyzed are the challenges that they have on the taxpayers and the administrative authority for their performance. The method of comparison in the paper is used to compare the similarities and differences between the tax measures in the different national systems and to detect the legal challenges imposed by the established crisis conditions. At the end, conclusions are given about the current situation and recommendations on how the establishment of tax systems should be in the future in crisis conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This historical and legal analysis examines the phenomenon of forced sterilization in California between 1909 and 1979, a period marked by the implementation of eugenic policies aimed at improving the genetic composition of the population. Through a detailed examination of the legal frameworks, key court cases, and the socio-political context, this study reveals how eugenic ideology gained acceptance, which led to the sterilization of thousands of individuals under the guise of societal betterment. The analysis delves into the ethical, legal, and historical dimensions of these practices and it highlights the role of California as a focal point in the broader national and international discourse on eugenics and human rights. The gradual rejection of eugenic ideology as well as the shift towards recognizing and compensating victims reflect a critical reassessment of the past injustices and underscore the importance of ethical considerations in medical and legal practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides a legal analysis of the bankruptcy law in Indonesia and its impact on debtors, creditors, and the public. It discusses the stages involved in the bankruptcy settlement process, such as the application for bankruptcy, examination of the application, appointment of a receiver, distribution of debtor's assets, and the closing decision. The research concludes that the bankruptcy law in Indonesia offers fair and equitable protection to all parties involved. The article also mentions the use of the PKPU stage, which allows debtors and creditors to negotiate debt repayment plans before resorting to bankruptcy. For more in-depth information, the document titled "The Role of Balai Harta Peninggalan as Curator in The Management and Settlement of Bankrupt Assets" explores the role of Balai Harta Peninggalan as a curator in managing and settling bankrupt assets. [Extracted from the article]

In this research article we delve into the aspects of trade practices paying particular attention to environmental considerations. With the pressing challenges posed by climate change and environmental degradation worldwide it becomes crucial to evaluate how international trade law can contribute to promoting practices. We explore the frameworks, treaties and mechanisms that govern trade and examine their effectiveness, in tackling environmental concerns. Additionally we shed light on emerging trends and potential areas, for reform to foster a trade system that is more environmentally conscious and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this manuscript, we analyze 62 US federal cases from 1990 to 2020 that implicate the issue of religious freedom and LGBT rights. Popular and scholarly commentary on the advancement of LGBT rights in the twenty-first century has speculated a rise in religious exemption litigation as a strategy to oppose such rights. Yet, we lack empirical data to confirm or reject this assumption and to understand patterns and trends within such cases. Methods: We perform bivariate analyses to examine trends with regard to how the court rules on these cases. Results: Our findings show that religious litigants are not very successful in court. Our findings also illustrate the following trends: religious litigants who are anti-LGBT experience more success in the courts compared to those who are pro-LGBT; courts are more likely to rule in favor of religious litigants if they are businesses and if cases involve wedding-related services or adoption/foster care; and cases involving the First Amendment Free Speech clause are most likely to succeed. Conclusions: These results suggest that federal courts are fairly consistent in not ruling in favor of religious-based legal claims. Yet, the cases that are successful reflect how the law upholds Christian hegemonic understandings of gender and sexuality. Policy Implications: Given that the Supreme Court has yet to provide a definitive answer to whether exemptions must be granted to religious actors opposed to non-discrimination laws related to sexual orientation and gender identity, this question will likely continue to be contested in American politics and future lawsuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on analyzing the construction of the parliamentary inquiry right (hak angket) within the context of the controversial Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi, MK) Decision No. 90/PUU-XXI/2023 in Indonesia. The decision, which interprets the age requirement for presidential and vice-presidential candidates, has sparked debates about the potential misuse of MK's authority. The study aims to understand the legal construction of the DPR’s parliamentary inquiry in light of the 1945 Constitution and relevant legislations, and to assess its implications on the oversight function of representative institutions. Employing a normative legal research methodology, the study analyzed legislation, legal concepts, and conducted expert interviews and content analysis. The findings reveal that the parliamentary inquiry, as a constitutional right of the DPR stipulated in Article 20A paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, is utilized to assess the impact of MK Decision No. 90/PUU-XXI/2023 on Indonesia’s democracy and electoral system. The study highlights the need for DPR to observe legal provisions and ensure transparency and accountability in its inquiry process, emphasizing the significance of balancing democratic principles, transparency, and protection of citizens’ political rights in the oversight mechanism. Highlights: • Parliamentary Inquiry and Democracy: Exploration of the DPR's inquiry right in relation to MK's decision, emphasizing its importance for democratic accountability. • Legal and Democratic Implications: Focus on the legal boundaries and democratic significance of applying the inquiry to a judicial decision. • Transparency and Accountability: Highlighting the need for transparency and accountability in the parliamentary inquiry process. Keywords: Parliamentary Inquiry, Constitutional Court Decision, Legal Analysis, Indonesian Democracy, Oversight Function

This study aims to conduct a legal analysis regarding the empowerment of SMEs in obtaining protection for collective trademark rights. This article uses doctrinal research (normative juridical), using primary and secondary legal materials and non-doctrinal using primary data. The results of the research and discussion show that empowering MSMEs through collective brand protection needs to be considered from both normative and empirical aspects. From the normative aspect, there are still inconsistent arrangements and unclear norms. while at the empirical level the provision of collective brand protection for MSMe is relatively difficult to realize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea has encountered various non-traditional security threats, prompting calls for an augmented military role in addressing them. Nevertheless, given the persistent presence of traditional threats, the pivotal discourse surrounding the ROK military's role in addressing non-traditional security threats remains little explored. We investigate what the Korean people think about the ROK military's role in responding to non-traditional security threats through surveys. In addition, we subdivide a situation against the non-traditional security threats between peacetime and wartime into several stages (i.e., peacetime, disaster, accident, chaos of public order, impossibility of maintaining public order, and wartime) to analyze what role the ROK military would play at each stage under current law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption remains a pervasive global issue with far-reaching consequences for societies, economies, and the rule of law. To effectively understand and combat this complex phenomenon, a robust methodological foundation is essential for socio-philosophical and legal analysis. This article explores the key aspects of corruption analysis, highlighting the multidimensional nature of the problem. It emphasizes the need to examine systemic factors such as institutional weaknesses and transparency deficits, alongside understanding the individual and collective motivations that drive corrupt behavior. The article advocates for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates empirical research, theoretical frameworks, and ethical considerations to unravel the intricate dynamics of corruption. By delving into the economic, social, and political impacts of corruption, this analysis contributes to a comprehensive understanding of corruption's roots and consequences. The insights derived from this methodological exploration can inform the development of effective strategies to combat corruption and strengthen the foundations of a just and accountable society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the role that commercial banks play in today's financial and banking system, this article discusses the activity of commercial banks with regard to how money (commercial bank money) is created. By exploring the nature of the fractional reserve banking system, this article establishes that commercial banks are not mere financial intermediaries but rather exclusive money creators. A critical legal analysis of this money creation process concludes, with solid supporting arguments, that commercial bank money is riddled with legal violations and harmful socioeconomic effects, which are inevitably borne by the individual and society in the form of 'privatizing the profits of money creation' and 'socializing the losses and its outrageous financial burden'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic legal text classification systems have been proposed in the literature to address knowledge extraction from judgments and detect their aspects. However, most of these systems are black boxes even when their models are interpretable. This may raise concerns about their trustworthiness. Accordingly, this work contributes with a system combining Natural Language Processing (nlp) with Machine Learning (ml) to classify legal texts in an explainable manner. We analyze the features involved in the decision and the threshold bifurcation values of the decision paths of tree structures and present this information to the users in natural language. This is the first work on automatic analysis of legal texts combining nlp and ml along with Explainable Artificial Intelligence techniques to automatically make the models’ decisions understandable to end users. Furthermore, legal experts have validated our solution, and this knowledge has also been incorporated into the explanation process as “expert-in-the-loop” dictionaries. Experimental results on an annotated data set in law categories by jurisdiction demonstrate that our system yields competitive classification performance, with accuracy values well above 90%, and that its automatic explanations are easily understandable even to non-expert users.

This paper examines how to apply deep learning techniques to Mongolian bar exam questions. Several approaches that utilize eight different fine-tuned transformer models were demonstrated for recognizing textual inference in Mongolian bar exam questions. Among eight different models, the fine-tuned bert-base-multilingual-cased obtained the best accuracy of 0.7619. The fine-tuned bert-base-multilingual-cased was capable of recognizing “contradiction”, with a recall of 0.7857 and an F1 score of 0.7674; it recognized “entailment” with a precision of 0.7750, a recall of 0.7381, and an F1 score of 0.7561. Moreover, the fine-tuned bert-large-mongolian-uncased showed balanced performance in recognizing textual inference in Mongolian bar exam questions, thus achieving a precision of 0.7561, a recall of 0.7381, and an F1 score of 0.7470 for recognizing “contradiction”.

The article analyzes the legal experience of space science and education in China and Ukraine. It is proved that the legal and organizational regulation of the space industry of China and Ukraine reflects different trends. China has progressed in space science and education, while Ukraine has stagnated. China has taken the best of Soviet and Western expertise. Ukraine was left with the worst achievements of the Soviet-era public administration and did not introduce the competitive mechanisms of Western society. It is concluded that individual scientists and designers in Ukraine have preserved their outstanding potential in space research. Ukrainian space education has a long and illustrious history.

Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture Number 6 of 2021 Concerning the Technical Guidelines for Regular School Operational Assistance states that the purpose of providing BOS Funds is to help with school operational costs, increase flexibility and quality of learning for students. The government hopes that every poor citizen can get an education and experience a better teaching and learning process. school operations in North Halmahera Regency. This study uses qualitative research. The population study was all schools in West Kao District, North Halmahera Regency with a sample of 11 schools. This research was conducted from June to August 2022. The research instruments were interviews and observations. The results showed that the use of BOS funds had not been effective so that the quality of education was still relatively low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal and historian perspective on the Nazi Germany deeds regarding the disabled people are of vital importance. Understanding how and in what circumstances did the Nazis industrialized death through various legal and quasi-legal proceedings can lead to more in-depth and thorough knowledge about one of the darkest hours of humanity. The disabled community served as a training wheel for the Nazi machinery which systematically and from day one of its rule aimed at deconstructing the “defect” part of the society. Through this smooth political and legal escalation of the de-humanization of a major societal group such as the disabled, the Nazis achieved the needed understanding and know-how on how to proceed with a large-scale genocidal practice which ultimately lead to the horrific scenes of the Holocaust. From legal standpoint the Nazi regime made all the needed judicial steps to ensure that their anti-humane policies are firmly within the boundaries of the law. Nevertheless, this so-called “law” was no more than mere quasi-legal texts that had no real foundation in the grand understanding of what lawful and just systems of rule mean. This, however, did not stop the Nazis of exploiting their vulgarization of the law to justify the smooth and steady escalation of destroying various parts of humanity that were deemed unfavorably by the regime. This was founded in the trust of science argument and what “science” meant in that context was the fully-scaled governmental weaponization of the pseudoscience “eugenics”. Stepping on the “good practices” from the US and Great Britain, the Nazis implemented a government-backed policies in line with the callings of the eugenics. These two aspects – the eugenics as a (pseudo)scientific foundation together with the needed practice and developing of know-how on mass scale genocide – lead to the involuntary sterilization of hundreds of thousands of disabled people, as well as the so-called “euthanasia” of thousands upon thousands of people from the same group. The eugenics and the newly founded capacity of genocidal practices led, in part, to the horrors of the Holocaust. This leads to the conclusion that understanding how the Nazis legally abused their power to de-humanize and eventually destroy the most vulnerable part of the society – the disabled people – is needed in order to organize the overall understanding of how the Nazi regime operated. The practices of the Nazi Germany are formally legal – being organized through seemingly legal texts – but are in no way, form, or shape in alignment with the understanding of a constitutional state. The government should ensure that the personal rights are unalienable and the state is not allpowerful and without check. Without these guarantees the pseudo-legality of the system is just that – pseudo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract - The article is a brief analysis of the legal understanding and functioning of the concept of "family office" at the present time. In the work, the author starts from the definition - what is a "family office", gives statistical data on the organizational forms operating in this way, discusses the specifics of the "family office", the identification of the "family office" against the background of the Polish Law on Foundations and the Law on Investment Funds and Management of Alternative Investment Funds, and addresses the issue of conflicts of interest of the "family office" arising from the Law on Investment Funds and Management of Alternative Investment Funds. The work answers the question - whether in Poland it is possible to create "family office" entities by wealthy families similar to such entities in Western countries.

A significant minority of jurisdictions in the United States offer extreme emotional disturbance (EED) as a partial defense to murder. The form of this defense, as established by statute and case law, varies widely among jurisdictions. Empirical research on EED is scant with little guidance to forensic mental health professionals on how to approach and conceptualize potential EED cases. This paper addresses these issues by being the first known published work to (1) set forth a contemporary map of the varying definitions and scope of EED across the United States, (2) translate legal terminology into constructs accessible to forensic evaluators, and (3) provide legal and clinical analyses of sample EED cases to highlight key differences in the form of the defense and the admissibility of evidence between jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law schools are forming the minds of future lawyers. It is not possible to prepare students for every single situation they may face in legal practice. Therefore, law schools should focus on teaching students how to think like lawyers. This concept is very popular in American legal literature and the aim of this article is to discuss possible meanings of this concept within a Czech context. Firstly, I focus on legal education in the USA where thinking like a lawyer is connected with a specific teaching method -- case method. Secondly, I introduce possible aspects of thinking like a lawyer within the Czech context. Specifying what thinking like a lawyer means should help focus on it in everyday legal education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neutrosophic Computing & Machine Learning is the property of Multimedia Larga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)