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Background: Cardiac catheterizations in horses are mainly performed in the right heart, as access to the left heart traditionally requires an arterial approach. Transseptal puncture (TSP) has been adapted for horses but data on follow‐up and closure of the iatrogenic atrial septal defect (iASD) are lacking. Hypothesis/Objectives: To perform TSP and assess postoperative complications and iASD closure over a minimum of 4 weeks. Animals: Eleven healthy adult horses. Methods: Transseptal puncture was performed under general anesthesia. Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were measured before and after puncture. Weekly, iASD closure was monitored using transthoracic and intracardiac echocardiography. Relationship between activated clotting time and anti‐factor Xa activity during postoperative enoxaparin treatment was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Results: Transseptal puncture was successfully achieved in all horses within a median duration of 22 (range, 10‐104) minutes. Balloon dilatation of the puncture site for sheath advancement was needed in 4 horses. Atrial arrhythmias occurred in 9/11 horses, including atrial premature depolarizations (N = 1), atrial tachycardia (N = 5), and fibrillation (N = 3). Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations increased after TSP, but remained under the reference value in 10/11 horses. Median time to iASD closure was 14 (1‐35) days. Activated clotting time correlated with anti‐factor Xa activity in vitro but not in vivo. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Transseptal puncture was successfully performed in all horses. The technique was safe and spontaneous iASD closure occurred in all horses. Clinical application of TSP will allow characterization and treatment of left‐sided arrhythmias in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cardiac catheterizations in horses are mainly performed in the right heart, as access to the left heart traditionally requires an arterial approach. Transseptal puncture (TSP) has been adapted for horses but data on follow‐up and closure of the iatrogenic atrial septal defect (iASD) are lacking. Hypothesis/Objectives To perform TSP and assess postoperative complications and iASD closure over a minimum of 4 weeks. Animals Eleven healthy adult horses. Methods Transseptal puncture was performed under general anesthesia. Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were measured before and after puncture. Weekly, iASD closure was monitored using transthoracic and intracardiac echocardiography. Relationship between activated clotting time and anti‐factor Xa activity during postoperative enoxaparin treatment was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Results Transseptal puncture was successfully achieved in all horses within a median duration of 22 (range, 10‐104) minutes. Balloon dilatation of the puncture site for sheath advancement was needed in 4 horses. Atrial arrhythmias occurred in 9/11 horses, including atrial premature depolarizations (N = 1), atrial tachycardia (N = 5), and fibrillation (N = 3). Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations increased after TSP, but remained under the reference value in 10/11 horses. Median time to iASD closure was 14 (1‐35) days. Activated clotting time correlated with anti‐factor Xa activity in vitro but not in vivo. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Transseptal puncture was successfully performed in all horses. The technique was safe and spontaneous iASD closure occurred in all horses. Clinical application of TSP will allow characterization and treatment of left‐sided arrhythmias in horses.

Radial artery access has been used for left heart catheterization (LHC) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for over 30 years. This method has gained popularity among operators due to superficial vessel anatomy, allowing for easy accessibility and compressibility, resulting in effective hemostasis. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent PCI due to ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), and chest pain (stable angina) from November 2013 to February 2023. We analyzed validated registries and found 7714 PCIs. Of these, 1230 were STEMI patients, 5585 were NSTE-ACS patients, and 899 were stable angina patients, forming the basis of our final analysis. In STEMI patients, there was a trend toward a higher rate of ventriculography with femoral access compared to radial access (53.4 % vs. 47.5 %, p = 0.06), which was also observed in NSTE-ACS patients (34.2 % vs. 31.8 %, p = 0.07). The use of central venous access was more common with femoral access in all three diagnoses, with significantly higher rates seen in STEMI patients (36.2 % vs. 7.6 %, p < 0.001), NSTE-ACS patients (19.3 % vs. 2.8 %, p < 0.001), and chest pain patients (26.4 % vs. 2.7 %, p < 0.001). The analysis revealed that operators may perform fewer ventriculography and RHC procedures when using radial access as compared to femoral access. While there is discrepancy in performing left ventriculography and RHC when using a radial artery, it is essential to emphasize that routinely performing ventriculography and hemodynamic assessment has not proven to impact outcomes, despite their contributions to proper decision-making and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced Alveolar Hemorrhage is a rare cause of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH). It requires to be considered in the differential diagnosis among patients presenting with DAH and prompt management, including the need for mechanical ventilation in severe cases. Here we present a case of severe DAH following percutaneous coronary intervention and Ticagrelor therapy that responded well to discontinuation of Ticagrelor

Despite considerable interest in the syndrome of acute left ventricular (LV) ballooning, its pathophysiology has remained ill-defined. In this review, we explore observational data describing two etiologies of acute LV ballooning: neurohumoral classic Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS), and acute severe unrelenting left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We describe the clinical presentation and varying pathophysiology of these presentations, explore how echocardiography and cardiac catheterization may help differentiate between the two etiologies, and detail differences in management. We highlight the significant overlap as well as key differentiating features of these conditions, with the aim to improve diagnostic awareness and accuracy and appropriately tailor therapy.

The congenital anomalous origin of the right coronary artery (AORCA) with an incongruous course is a rare malformation that can manifest as exertional chest pain, syncope, arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. We present a case of a 42-year-old male with a history of hypercholesterolemia who presented with chest pain and dizziness upon exertion for two weeks. The physical examination was unremarkable, and the patient was hemodynamically stable. Initial blood tests were normal. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus bradycardia at 56 bpm without ST or T wave changes. A cardiac stress test indicated antero-apical inducible ischemia with a moderate probability of stress-induced ischemia. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed an AORCA with a high interarterial course between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Subsequent left heart catheterization confirmed the anomalous origin and revealed atherosclerotic disease. This anomaly was identified as the cause of the patient's symptoms due to the compression of the right coronary artery (RCA). The patient was treated with aspirin and statin and underwent successful internal mammary artery-RCA bypass grafting. Postoperatively, the patient's symptoms resolved, and there were no further episodes of chest pain., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Bilal et al.)

Since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019, we have witnessed its multi-organ system involvement, not limiting itself to the lungs. We present a case of a patient with asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection who developed ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) due to coronary artery vasospasm. The patient exhibited symptoms of acute coronary syndrome, elevated troponins, and electrocardiographic changes consistent with STEMI. He was found to have significant coronary vasospasm on angiography that responded well to nitroglycerin. This case highlights the potential cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 infection, even when asymptomatic, and the importance of considering vasospasm as a possible mechanism in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome. We also elaborate on some potential pathophysiological mechanisms in which COVID-19 may lead to coronary vasospasm., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. HCA and UCF issued approval MS1216. This case report was approved for publishing by the HCA research advisory committee as well as HCA PubClear in which supporting documents including authorship consent forms and patient consent were signed. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Masarweh et al.)

Chest pain is a common and complex symptom that can arise from various etiologies, ranging from benign musculoskeletal conditions to life-threatening cardiovascular events. It is a hallmark symptom of myocardial infarction, angina, and other ischemic heart diseases, necessitating prompt and thorough evaluation. Ongoing chest pain post-procedures and medication administration presents a diagnostic challenge, as it may be indicative of an exacerbation of underlying conditions. We present the case of a 64-year-old Caucasian male who initially presented with severe and persistent chest pain suggestive of an anterior wall ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). He had a history of coronary artery disease and had recently undergone cardiac catheterization. Despite prompt administration of nitroglycerin and aspirin, the patient's symptoms persisted, prompting emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Subsequent to PCI, ongoing chest discomfort persisted, prompting further investigation, which revealed a concurrent lung mass and nodules on imaging. Additional interventions, including repeated PCI procedures and thoracentesis, were undertaken. Unfortunately, the patient's clinical course rapidly deteriorated, culminating in cardiac arrest and unsuccessful resuscitative efforts. This case highlights the complexities inherent in managing intricate cardiovascular conditions and emphasizes the critical importance of maintaining vigilance for concomitant pathologies., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Bilal et al.)

Iatrogenic complete heart blocks are rare but a reported complication of left heart catheterizations in patients with pre-existing right bundle branch blocks. We present the case of an 84-year-old male with a preexisting right bundle branch block who underwent a left heart catheterization for valve replacement evaluation. While attempting to engage the right coronary artery, the catheter instead crossed the aortic valve, causing the patient to become bradycardic to the 20s and hypotensive. The patient had a temporary transvenous pacer inserted and tolerated the rest of the procedure well. The cause of the complete heart block was thought to be due to the transient blockage of the left bundle branch due to ventricular septal irritation when the catheter crossed the aortic valve. When performing left heart angiograms in a patient with a right bundle branch block, operators should be prepared for a possible iatrogenic complete heart block., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Koirala et al.)

Coronary artery disease continues to remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Coronary blood supply is provided through the right and left main coronary arteries. The left main coronary artery (LMCA) in turn gives rise to the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCX) arteries. In some cases, LMCA may trifurcate into the ramus intermedius (RI) in addition to the LAD and LCX arteries. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture with subsequent clot formation and occlusion of coronary arteries are the underlying mechanisms of myocardial infarction. Though the clinical implications of the presence of ramus intermedius (RI) are controversial some data suggest that the RI is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation in the LMCA and the proximal LAD. Conversely, it has been proposed that the RI provides an additional collateral source of blood supply to the myocardium and may potentially contribute to improved survival. Case reports tout the benefits of RI, specifically in the setting of multivessel coronary artery occlusions. Whether it increases the risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation or whether it is protective has yet to be determined. We present a case of a 58-year-old male who presented with acute coronary syndrome and cardiogenic shock due to total ostial occlusion of LAD. The patient had also chronic total occlusions of the right coronary artery and LCX but a patent RI, which was the only source of blood supply to the myocardium and practically determined the patient's survival. Additionally, we performed a literature review to identify similar cases, to support RI's potentially protective role in enhancing survival., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Khachatryan et al.)

Background: In 2016, the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) released guidelines for identifying left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (DD), but its ability to detect early hemodynamic abnormalities is not well established, especially in the setting of subclinical coronary artery disease (CAD). We hypothesize that the accuracy of ASE categorization of early LVDD is affected by knowledge of whether CAD history is present. Methods: We studied 34 patients (age 62 ± 7 years) with NYHA class I to II symptoms and with transthoracic echocardiography without findings suggesting myocardial disease (all with preserved LV ejection fraction), who underwent cardiac catheterization with high‐fidelity LV pressure measurement. Echocardiographic images were evaluated for LVDD using ASE algorithm without and with knowledge of CAD history and angiography findings. CAD was considered as having DD for the algorithm. Results: CAD was identified in 22 patients at catheterization (65%). Using ASE guidelines without including history of CAD or angiographic results, 29 patients were DD−, 3 were DD+ (all grade II), and 2 were indeterminate. Inclusion of CAD history recategorized 59% (n = 20) patients to DD+ (all grade I) from DD− (P <.0001). Nineteen of the recategorized patients (95%) had increased isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT). The addition of echocardiographic IVRT improved discrimination between DD− and DD+, when the presence of CAD is unknown. Conclusions: 2016‐ASE algorithm reasonably accurately identifies early LVDD at rest as reflected by LV catheterization when CAD is disclosed, but without knowledge of the presence of CAD, it underdiagnoses DD+ grade I. The addition of IVRT may improve early LVDD diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) requires success across the entire chain of survival. Using a large state-wide registry, we characterized variation in clinical outcomes at hospital discharge in Michigan hospitals.Methods: We utilized the Michigan Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) and included adult OHCA subjects with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) from 2014 - 2017 that survived to hospital admission. 39 Michigan hospitals were included which managed >30 cases during the study period. Multilevel logistic regression, controlling for both subject characteristics and clustering of subjects within hospitals, assessed variation across hospitals in survival to hospital discharge and survival with cerebral performance category (CPC 1-2).Results: There were 5,486 CARES subjects that survived to hospital admission, and 4,690 met inclusion for analysis. Of 39 included hospitals, median survival to discharge was 31.3% (range 12.5%-46.7%) and median survival to discharge with CPC 1-2 was 25.0% (range 5.2%-42.2%). We identified 12-fold variation in the utilization of TTM by hospital (median 47.9%, range 6.7%-80.0%) for all admitted subjects. Similarly, there was nearly an eight-fold variation in LHC for all post-arrest subjects (median 22.1%, range 5.4%-42.2%). In multivariable analyses, median adjusted survival to discharge was 26.9% (range 18.1%-42.1%) and median adjusted survival to discharge with CPC 1-2 was 21.3% (range 9.6%-32.1%).Conclusion: We observed substantial variation in clinical outcomes at discharge between Michigan hospitals, including a four-fold range of survival and eight-fold range of survival with CPC 1-2. This variation was ameliorated but still persisted in adjusted modeling. Variation in post arrest survival by hospital was not fully explained by available covariates, which suggests the possibility of improving post-arrest clinical outcomes at some hospitals via quality improvement activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (AMICS) complicated by biventricular failure is poorly discussed in the literature. Case summary We present successful treatment of a 52-year-old old man presenting with AMICS following cardiac arrest and prolonged CPR via a Bipella approach for biventricular support and restoration of haemodynamic stability. Discussion This case demonstrates the importance of understanding the role of MCS in the management of cardiogenic shock; the value of the cardiac power output and pulmonary artery pulsatility index as haemodynamic metrics to assess the cardiac function of a patient with cardiogenic shock; and the importance of a Bipella MCS approach in high inpatient morbidity and mortality AMICS with biventricular failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundHospital procedures have been associated with cognitive change in older patients. This study aimed to document the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in individuals undergoing left heart catheterization (LHC) before the procedure and the incidence of cognitive decline to 3 months afterwards. Methods and ResultsWe conducted a prospective, observational, clinical investigation of elderly participants undergoing elective LHC. Cognition was assessed using a battery of written tests and a computerized cognitive battery before the LHC and then at 3 months afterwards. The computerized tests were also administered at 24 hours (or discharge) and 7 days after LHC. A control group of 51 community participants was recruited to calculate cognitive decline using the Reliable Change Index. Of 437 participants, mild cognitive impairment was identified in 226 (51.7%) before the procedure. Computerized tests detected an incidence of cognitive decline of 10.0% at 24 hours and 7.5% at 7 days. At 3 months, written tests detected an incidence of cognitive decline of 13.1% and computerized tests detected an incidence of 8.5%. Cognitive decline at 3 months using written tests was associated with increasing age, whereas computerized tests showed cognitive decline was associated with baseline amnestic mild cognitive impairment, diabetes mellitus, and prior coronary stenting. ConclusionsMore than half the patients aged >60 years presenting for LHC have mild cognitive impairment. LHC is followed by cognitive decline in 8% to 13% of individuals at 3 months after the procedure. Subtle cognitive decline both before and after LHC is common and may have important clinical implications. Clinical Trial Registration InformationURL: www.anzctr.org.au. Unique identifier: ACTRN12607000051448.

Background: Radiation exposure during invasive cardiovascular procedures remains an important health care issue. Lead aprons and shields (LAS) are used to decrease radiation exposure but leave large portions of the body unshielded. The Rampart IC M1128 is a portable radiation shielding system that may significantly attenuate radiation exposure., Methods: Catheterization laboratory teams were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to perform elective invasive cardiovascular procedures utilizing either traditional LAS or the Rampart IC M1128. Radiation exposure was measured using real-time dosimetry monitoring in prespecified anatomic locations on 3 operators (position 1: first operator/fellow; position 2: second operator/attending; and position 3: catheterization laboratory nurse/technologist). Radiation exposure was measured on a per-case basis., Results: In total, 100 consecutive cases were randomized in this study (47 Rampart; 53 LAS). There was no difference in fluoroscopy time (12.3 minutes for Rampart vs 15.4 minutes for LAS; P = .52), dose area product (288 Gy⋅cm 2 for Rampart vs 376.5 Gy⋅cm 2 for LAS; P = .52), or scatter radiation (38.8 mRem for Rampart vs 46.8 mRem for LAS; P = .61) between the groups. There was significantly lower total body radiation (in milliroentgen equivalent man) exposure using the Rampart than that using LAS for each team member: position 1-0.1 mRem for Rampart vs 2.2 mRem for LAS; P < .001; position 2-0.1 mRem Rampart vs 3.2 mRem LAS; P < .001; and position 3-0.0 mRem for Rampart vs 0.8 mRem for LAS; P < .001., Conclusions: During routine clinical procedures, the Rampart system significantly decreases total body radiation exposure compared with traditional LAS., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Despite considerable interest in the syndrome of acute left ventricular (LV) ballooning, its pathophysiology has remained ill-defined. In this review, we explore observational data describing two etiologies of acute LV ballooning: neurohumoral classic Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS), and acute severe unrelenting left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We describe the clinical presentation and varying pathophysiology of these presentations, explore how echocardiography and cardiac catheterization may help differentiate between the two etiologies, and detail differences in management. We highlight the significant overlap as well as key differentiating features of these conditions, with the aim to improve diagnostic awareness and accuracy and appropriately tailor therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

Background: The extent of diastolic dysfunction is of clinical importance in the risk stratification and management of patients with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC). Standard echocardiographic indices of diastolic dysfunction have robust predictive ability in assorted disease states, but have not been validated in TC. The aim of this study was to compare Doppler metrics of diastolic function against catheterization-measured filling pressures in TC., Methods: Patients with TC who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated using echocardiography and catheterization performed within 24 hours. Both left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure and LV pre-A diastolic pressure were obtained from catheterization tracings. The echocardiographic parameters for diastolic function were extracted using the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations and a previously validated regression equation for mean left atrial pressure (mLAP)., Results: A total of 51 patients with TC were included. Patients were predominantly women (72.5%), with a mean age of 58 ± 13 years and a mean ejection fraction of 24 ± 10 %. E/e' ratio (septal, average, and lateral) and calculated mLAP correlated positively with catheterization LV pre-A, with fair to moderate correlation (coefficient range, 0.38-0.44). The t-test mean difference between LV pre-A pressure and calculated mLAP was 0.77 ± 7.34 mm Hg (95% CI, ±14.68 mm Hg) suggesting inconsistent measures. mLAP also exhibited poor diagnostic ability to discriminate elevated LV pre-A diastolic pressure, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.50-0.88)., Conclusions: Commonly used echocardiographic parameters for diastolic function demonstrated less-than-optimal correlation, with poor sensitivity and specificity, compared with invasively measured LV end-diastolic pressure or LV pre-A wave diastolic pressure in patients with TC. Precise characterization of LV filling pressure in patients with TC using contemporary noninvasive echocardiographic parameters appears challenging. Invasive measurements of filling pressure should remain the gold standard for optimal risk stratification and management of patients with TC., (Copyright © 2022 American Society of Echocardiography. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Aim of this study was to assess the difference in terms of presentation and in-hospital course between patients with right vs. left dominant arterial circulation presenting with STE-ACS and undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Methodology: A total of 2680 patients presenting with STE-ACS and undergoing PPCI in our tertiary care cardiac centre were enrolled in the study. Patients were categorised into right vs. left dominant circulation on left heart catheterization. Patients with co-dominance were excluded. Demographic, clinical characteristics, presentation, and hospital course of the two groups were compared. Results: Out of 2680 patients, there were 2079 (77.6%) males and mean age was 55.73±10.86 years. On coronary angiogram 10.7% (287) were found to have left dominant circulation and 89.3% (2393) had right dominant circulation. At presentation, 178 patients were in Killip III-IV out of which 19.7% (35) had left dominant circulation while remaining 80.3% (143) had right dominant circulation (p<0.001). There were no difference in other clinical profile and risk factors between the two groups. LVEDP was significantly higher (24.22±10.72mmHg vs. 22.68±11.28 mmHg; p=0.028) and LVEF was significantly lower (39.41±9.04% vs. 41.31±9.05%; p=0.001) in left dominance as compared to right dominance. However, single vessel disease was more common in left dominant system (39.7% vs. 33.5%; p=0.039). The frequency of adverse outcomes was higher, but insignificant, in right dominant as compared to left dominant system with slow flow (14.1% vs. 12.5%; p=0.477), heart failure (8.1% vs. 7.3%; p=0.625), and CIN (4.0% vs. 2.8%; p=0.310), respectively. Overall in-hospital mortality rate was observed to be 3.8% (101) with 3.8% (92/2393) in right system vs. 3.1% (9/287) in left system (p=0.551). Conclusion: Left dominant system exhibit relatively more unstable presentation with higher rate of Killip III/IV at presentation, higher LVEDP (mmHg), and lower LVEF (%). However, no significant increase in complications and outcomes is witnessed possibly due to higher prevalence of single vessel disease. However, careful handling of left main during intervention is warranted due lack of support from right system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have highlighted that dyspneic patients comprise a high-risk subgroup of patients referred for cardiac stress testing. Even after adjusting for the presence and degree of coronary artery disease the risk of cardiac and all-cause mortality is at least three- to fivefold higher in dyspneic patients compared to asymptomatic or those with chest pain. Stress echocardiography is uniquely positioned to characterize all potential cardiovascular etiologies of dyspnea from global and regional systolic dysfunction, myocardial ischemia to valvular heart disease, pulmonary hypertension and diastolic dysfunction. Various data point to diastolic dysfunction and associated heart failure as the major potential etiology for dyspnea as well as the likely cause of the heightened mortality risk. Doppler echocardiography at rest and with stress can now characterize the hemodynamics of diastolic dysfunction and close the loop on the comprehensive assessment of the patient who has exertional shortness of breath. This review discusses the role of the Doppler echocardiographic diastolic stress test in the evaluation of patients with cardiac dyspnea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Transseptal catheterization (TSP-C) is a demanding procedure and at the same time one of the key points of atrial fibrillation ablation, an increasingly diffused procedure. This study prospectively evaluates the usefulness of a novel sharp-tip, J-shaped 0.014″ transseptal guidewire (TSP-GW) to facilitate TSP-C in case of resistant atrial septum (AS). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Myocardial calcification is a manifestation of either metastatic or dystrophic calcium deposition in the myocardium. Dystrophic calcification of the myocardium is most commonly seen in long-term survivors of substantial myocardial infarctions. Current literature has reported only 3 cases of myocardial calcification with normal coronary arteries. We present a case of an 80-year-old woman with multiple admissions over a 5-year period for congestive heart failure. She was found to have a normal left ventricular ejection fraction and normal coronary arteries on left heart catheterization. A high resolution computed tomography (CT) study of the chest revealed extensive left ventricular myocardial calcifications, which were not present 4 years earlier on CT. The patient's history and clinical presentation revealed no etiologic factors for her calcified myocardium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]