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A 29-year-old man presented with intermittent mild dull aching non-radiating epigastric pain of 3 months duration. No aggravating factors were present and the pain was relieved on analgesic medications. There was no history of fever, constitutional, urological or sexual symptoms. Also, there was

The aberrancies concerning the number, origin and course of the testicular arteries are found in an incidence of approximately 4.7-20% in the literature and are documented less frequently than the respective variations of the homonymous veins. In the current study, a very rare complex of testicular arteries' variations isdescribed, in which the occurrence of bilateral double testicular arteries is recorded. Particularly, apart from the normal testicular arteries on each side, we observed an additional right testicular artery originated from the ipsilateral renal artery and an additional left testicular artery taking its origin from the abdominal aorta just above the renal artery's origin site; the latter additional testicular artery arched above the left renal vein. Both, the bilateral double testicular arteries accompanied the testicular vein on each side as their satellite arteries. We discuss the potential embryological development of that complex of arterial variants, their likely clinical and surgical applications, as well as we proceed on a brief review of the relevant literature.

Surgeons should have a thorough knowledge regarding the morphologic variations of the testicular arteries as any injury to this artery during surgery might cause testicular atrophy. We report in here an unusual course of left testicular artery and discuss its embryological basis and its clinical implications. The left testicular artery had a high origin from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta at the level of origin of renal artery. In its further course, the left testicular artery passed through a hiatus present in the left renal vein. This unusual course of the testicular artery through the vascular hiatus might lead to its entrapment and is worth reporting in efforts to educate clinicians involved in abdominal and urogenital surgical procedures.

The occurrence of the accessory left renal artery (ALR) and its giving origin to the left testicular artery (LTA) is not a common variation. We report a rare type of course and branching of an ALR which was observed in an approximately 65-year-old male cadaver of the Indian origin. The left kidney (LK) was supplied by two renal arteries (RA). The main RA arose from the abdominal aorta (AA) and then reached the LK by passing above the renal vein. It gave three segmental branches before entering into the hilum. The ALR was smaller in size than the main RA and it arose from the AA below the level of the main RA. It hooked around the left renal vein (LRV) and entered into the hilum without branching, passing posterior the renal vein. ARA presented a peculiar S shape in its course. Further, the ALR gave origin to LTA at its middle segment. The LRV was normal in formation, course and drainage. Knowledge of the unusual perihilar vascular variations of the kidney is of significance during the radiologic and angiographic and surgical procedures.

During our routine dissections to prepare teaching materials for our students we encountered three abnormal patterns of the testicular arteries in three Afro Trinidadian males. In the first case the right and left testicular arteries arose from accessory renal arteries. Their course to the testis remained unchanged. In the second case the left testicular artery arose from the left renal artery. The course of the artery also remained unchanged. In the third case an additional right testicular artery was identified arising from the ventral aspect of the abdominal aorta at the same level with the normal right testicular artery. This is the first set of abnormal patterns that have been encountered since the inception of the Anatomy department almost twenty years ago.

An unusual case of variation in origin of Left Testicular artery from left renal artery and normal course below downwards. Accurate information regarding these variation is important during vascular and re-constuctive surgery and also for urology and has its importance in preventing complications in various surgical procedures.

We tested our laparoscopy-assisted "open" ligation (LOL) technique on testicular vessels.We ligated the left testicular artery and vein (TAV) in 8-week-old male Wister rats using LOL (LOL group; n=10) or laparotomy (open group; n=10). In LOL, a 0-degree laparoscope was introduced through a 5-mm epigastric trocar. A 3-mm grasper was used to expose the left TAV. A lapa-her-closure (LHC) needle loaded with 3-0 SurgiPro was directly inserted into the left lower quadrant where the left TAV should be and advanced under the vessels, and the suture material was released leaving one end outside. The LHC was then withdrawn a little and advanced again over the vessels to grasp the end of the suture material just released to bring it outside. This was proximally repeated. The two ends of both sutures were conventionally tied outside, and the knot was passed through the insertion site and tightened around the vessels. In the open group, the left TAV were ligated using two 3-0 SurgiPro ties. In both groups, the right side was left intact. All rats were sacrificed 2 weeks postoperatively, and both testes were examined with hematoxylin and eosin.Treatment time was 5-7 minutes for LOL and 7-8 minutes for the open group. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. No adhesions were present between the ligated vessels and bowel in any rat. Histopathology of all left testes showed coagulative necrosis of germinal cells and seminiferous tubules; all right testes were normal.LOL appears to be as effective as open ligation and may find application for treating varicocele.

In a 42 year-old male cadaver, the left testicular artery was found to originate from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta at the level of origin of the left renal artery. It ran parallel and just inferior to the left renal artery and gave off a branch which supplied the left suprarenal gland. The course, relations and branching of this suprarenal branch differed from the very rare cases found in the literature. Awareness of the possible existence of such variations of the testicular arteries is of great importance during surgical procedures.

In a Japanese male, the left testicular artery originated from the aorta as high as 1 cm cranial to the origin of the left inferior phrenic artery. The testicular artery emitted two branches, one to the costal part of the diaphragm and the other to the suprarenal gland. This testicular artery is the most highly positioned one that has ever been reported.

Introduction Variations in the number and course of the testicular arteries, often coexisting with variations of the other branches arising from the abdominal aorta, are still reported to be of interest to urology surgeons. Case presentation During a routine dissection course, an unusual origin of the double left testicular artery was observed in the cadaver of a 68-year-old Caucasian man who donated his body to the Institute of Anatomy. Conclusions A deeper understanding of the variations of the testicular arteries is necessary for all physicians whose practice is related to the testicles and their vascular stalk.